Events, Verisoph

1740 War of the Austrian Succession begins ai_extracted 2 cit. no story The War of the Austrian Succession began in 1740, coinciding with the First Silesian War and the accession of Frederick II (the Great). Clausewitz used this date as the beginning of his historical examples. ●●

1740 Information history in 1740 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story of Words: Tolkien and the Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006. ●●

1740 British national anthem as the earliest of its kind ai_extracted 1 cit. Hobsbawm notes that many national symbols are recent constructs tied to the rise of the nation-state. He dates the British national anthem to around 1740, calling it seemingly the earliest national anthem, while the national flag descended from the French revolutionary tricolour. ●

c. 1741 Omani rule and the Mazrui governors of Mombasa 5 cit. After Omani forces took Fort Jesus from the Portuguese, Oman appointed governors over the coast, and at Mombasa the Mazrui family turned their post into a near-independent dynasty that resisted control from Muscat. Through the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries the Mazrui ruled Mombasa and fought to hold their autonomy. Their independence ended when the Busaidi sultans of Oman, moving their seat to Zanzibar, brought the coast under closer control. politics / war ●●

1743 The Rothschild banking dynasty ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley asserts that the greatest of the international banking dynasties descended from Meyer Amschel Rothschild (1743-1812) of Frankfurt, whose sons ran coordinated branches across Europe. ●●

1743 Prussia was joined by France, Spain, Bavaria, and ... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In it, Prussia was joined by France, Spain, Bavaria, and Saxony—which in 1743 switched sides—while Great Britain supported Austria. ●●

1743 Council of Berne proscribes Freemasonry ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Pike notes that in 1743 the Council of Berne proscribed Masonry, continuing the ecclesiastical suppression initiated by the papal bull five years earlier. ●●

1747 Nadir Shah assassinated, Qajar dynasty rises ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Nadir Shah is assassinated, and after a series of power struggles lasting nearly fifty years, the Qajar dynasty comes to power. ●●

1747 2 The trade taught him discipline, and formed the setting for his rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 2 The trade taught him discipline, and formed the setting for his Evangelical Calvinist conversion in 1747, after which happy experience he continued to pass on his new-found discipline to his unruly charges by applying thumbscrews to them when neces ●●

1748 Franklin sells his business to pursue study ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto notes that in 1748 Franklin, then wealthy at forty-two, sold his printing business to devote himself to study, soon earning a scientific reputation in Europe. ●●

1748 La Mettrie takes refuge with Frederick of Prussia, 1748 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto notes that the materialist writer La Mettrie fled the Netherlands in 1748 and accepted the protection of Frederick of Prussia. ●●

1748 War of the Austrian Succession ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The first was the War of the Austrian Succession, from 1740 to 1748. ●●

1750 But by 1750, the number of Euro-Americans and rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story But by 1750, the number of Euro-Americans and Afro-Americans east of the Mississippi had reached around r . ●●

1750 For all the talk about a European “Pentarchy,” however, it i rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story For all the talk about a European “Pentarchy,” however, it is important to recall that the five Great Powers were not in the same relationship to one another as they had been in 1750 or even in 1789. ●●

1750 World Power Centers in the Sixteenth Century 2 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 1750 7. Europe at the Height of Napoleon’s Power, 1810 8. The Chief Possessions, Naval Bases, and Submarine Cables of the British Empire, c. ●●

1750 Event of 1750 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story from My Life ALI SOUFAN, The Black Banners: Inside the Hunt for Al Qaeda JASON BURKE, The 9/11 Wars TIMOTHY D. WILSON, Redirect: The Surprising New Science of Psychological Change IAN KERSHAW, The End: Hitler’s Germany, 1944-45 T M DEVINE, To the End ●●

1750 Information history in 1750 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ifferent ways, could denote numbers and weights. A more systematic approach to the writing of numbers did not take shape until the time of Hammurabi, 1750 BCE, when Mesopotamia was unified around the ●●

1750 Event of 1750 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story i n t r o d u c t i o n 3 0 20 40 60 80 100 0 2 4 6 8 10 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 Annual increments (millions) Population size (billions) Po ●●

1750 Hasidism emerges in Eastern Europe ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Popular Hasidic movement emerges in Eastern Europe, transforming Kabbalah into mass movement centered on Zaddik leaders ●●

1750 Colonial Price Inflation from Fiat Money rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Griffin reports that by the late 1750s, excessive printing of colonial fiat money caused massive inflation: Connecticut 800%, the Carolinas 900%, Massachusetts 1000%, Rhode Island 2300%. ●●

c. 1750 The Kamba ivory caravans 3 cit. In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries the Kamba became the great long-distance traders of the region, moving ivory, cattle, and iron goods between the interior and the coast. Kamba caravans, led by big men such as Kivoi wa Mwendwa, opened routes that later coastal traders and the first European travellers followed. Their dry lands, poor for farming, pushed them into a trade that linked Mount Kenya to the ocean. economy / society ●●●

c. 1750 Kilumi and Kamba social life 2 cit. Kamba society ran on clans, age-sets, and councils of elders, with no chief above them. The kilumi was a dance and spirit ritual, often led by women, used to heal the sick and deal with the spirits of the dead. Ritual specialists and diviners held real influence, guiding families through sickness, drought, and disputes. culture / religion ●●

c. 1750 The Nandi and Kipsigis cattle economy and raiding 4 cit. The Nandi and their southern cousins the Kipsigis built their wealth and pride on cattle, herding on the highland grasslands and measuring standing in stock. Warriors raided neighbors, above all the Luo, Luhya, and the Maasai, to seize herds and win reputation. Success at raiding fed a fierce military tradition that later made the Nandi one of the hardest peoples for the British to subdue. economy / war ●●

c. 1750 The Turkana split from the Jie and enter the basin contested 5 cit. The Turkana are among the most recent Nilotic arrivals in Kenya, an Eastern Nilotic people of the Ateker cluster who broke away from the Jie and Karamojong of northeastern Uganda. Over the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries they expanded into the harsh arid basin west of the lake that now bears their name. The exact timing is reconstructed from tradition and language and remains debated. society ●●●

c. 1750 The Ogiek and their honey economy of the Mau Forest 4 cit. Honey sits at the centre of Ogiek subsistence, ritual, and exchange. Families keep named beehive sites in the forest, tapping different flowering zones through the year, and honey served as both food and a form of currency. Hunting and gathering rounded out a livelihood tied closely to the forest's seasons. culture / economy / environment ●●

1751 1751, Voltaire described a “Christian Europe” as “... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1751, Voltaire described a “Christian Europe” as “a sort of great republic divided into several states, ●●

1751 Event of 1751 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In what may be the first proposal for a policy to control world population, Benjamin Franklin noted in 1751 how rap- idly the colonies of North Americ ●●

1751 Legislative action rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The situation was so out of hand that, beginning in 1751, the British Parliament stepped in and, in one of those rare instances where interference fro ●●

1752 1752: lica of the Analytical Engine. The Jacquard loom. Silk portrait of Jos rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story lica of the Analytical Engine. The Jacquard loom. Silk portrait of Joseph-Marie Jacquard (1752–1834) woven by a Jacquard loom. ●●

1752 Hume, ‘Of Commerce’ (1752), qu rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Hume, ‘Of Commerce’ (1752), qu ●●

1754 A stroke, not any qualm of conscience about slavery, ended his career rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A stroke, not any qualm of conscience about slavery, ended his career at sea in 1754 ●●

1755 Braddock's defeat at the Monongahela ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto recounts General Edward Braddock's July 9, 1755 crossing of the Monongahela and the ambush that followed, a defeat he argues proved the British could be beaten. ●●

1755 Braddock's army defeated on the Monongahela, 1755 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto recounts Braddock's 1755 defeat, which drove frontier conflict and pushed wealthy Pennsylvania Quakers toward the Anglican camp. ●●

1756 Had diplomats in 1756 been more cautious about rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Had diplomats in 1756 been more cautious about getting into an interempire war, the revolutions in the British, French, and Spanish empires might well... ●●

1756 Nawab of Bengal moves against the East India Company ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1756 the nawab <?f Bengal nearly threw the East India Company out; this became the occasion for the company to make use of its military capabilitie... ●●

1756 Frederick the Great launches preemptive war ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Frederick the Great, perceiving in 1756 that war was unavoidable and that he was lost unless he could forestall his enemies, became the first to initiate hostilities. This was an act of boldness, as few men in his position would have dared to act in this way. ●●

1756 Joseph Black identifies fixed air ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Joseph Black demonstrates that fixed air (carbon dioxide) is consistently distinguishable from normal air. This discovery marks a turning point in pneumatic chemistry and leads to the investigation of gases as distinct substances. ●●

1756 War or conflict rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story It remained so even during the economic strain of the Seven-Years War (1756-1763) and during the period immediately prior to the Revolution ●●

1756 Economic Recovery After Fiat Money Ban rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Griffin notes that after the ban on fiat money, prosperity occurred as colonists returned to using gold coins. The economy remained stable even during the Seven Years' War (1756-1763). ●●

1757 Franklin sent to England over the Penns ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto reports that in 1757 Franklin was sent to England to protest the influence of the Penns in Pennsylvania's government, remaining there five years. ●●

1757 The second form of British aid was financial rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Frederick the Great, for example, received from the British the substantial sum of £675,000 each year from 1757 to 1760; and in the closing stages of the Napoleonic War the flow of British funds reach ●●

1758 trian succession. In the same spirit, the philosop... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story trian succession. In the same spirit, the philosopher of history Emmerich de Vattel could write in 1758, the second year of the Seven Years’ War, that ●●

1759 Britain's annus mirabilis of 1759 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1759, the annus mirabilis, French colonies were falling into British hands right across the globe, nicely complementing the considerable victory of the Anglo-German troops over two French armies at ●●

1759 Nevertheless, the sheer costs of all this campaigning were s rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Nevertheless, the sheer costs of all this campaigning were slowly grinding down Prussian power (60,000 soldiers lost in 1759 alone), and the Russian foe proved much more formidable—partly because of C ●●

1759 Portugal expels the Jesuits ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Accordingly, Catholic monarchs beginning with King José I of Portugal in 1759 brought mounting pressure on successive popes to dissolve the whole Society of Jesus, because they resented its vision of priorities wider than their own, including its loy ●●

1760 Russian troops occupy Berlin ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The ferocity and frightening doggedness of the Russian troops during the Seven Years War, and their temporary occupation of Berlin in 1760, quite changed Frederick the Great’s view of his neighbor. Fo ●●

1760 The second form of British aid was financial rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Frederick the Great, for example, received from the British the substantial sum of £675,000 each year from 1757 to 1760; and in the closing stages of the Napoleonic War the flow of British funds reach ●●

1760 Frederick the Great wins the Battle of Liegnitz ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On 22 July during the Silesian campaign of 1761, Frederick the Great stole a march on Laudon and moved to Nossen near Neisse. The battle of Liegnitz in 1760 resulted from Frederick's night move to a better position, catching Laudon by complete surprise and resulting in Austrian losses of 70 cannon and 10,000 men. ●●

1760 History of Suffrage, 1760–1867 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story History of Suffrage, 1760–1867. ●●

1760 Macpherson forges an ancient Highland literature and history ai_extracted 1 cit. James Macpherson and the Rev. John Macpherson manufactured a fake indigenous literature and past for Celtic Scotland in the 1760s. Macpherson's "Ossian" transferred Irish ballads to Scotland and dismissed the genuine Irish originals, creating what was later called a chain of error in Scottish history. ●●

1761 Maratha defeat at the Battle of Panipat ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Marathas suffered a catastrophic defeat at Panipat. The talented generation of leaders who rose after that battle had, by 1800, all died, leaving the Confederacy without capable direction. ●●

1762 Rousseau's Emile and permissive education, 1762 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley traces the doctrine that a child's maturation should be left free to unfold, the basis of permissive education, back to Rousseau's Emile of 1762, which idealized the state of nature. ●●

1762 Rousseau publishes Emile, 1762 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto identifies Rousseau's 1762 book Emile as a blueprint for the psychological molding of children, a rival to Frederick Taylor's Scientific Management. ●●

1762 Spain enters the war and loses its colonies ai_extracted 1 cit. no story When Spain foolishly entered the war in 1762, the same fate befell its colonies in the Caribbean and Philippines. Meanwhile, the House of Brandenburg had already seen its share of “miracles,” and in t ●●

1763 Corning soon after the victory over their French rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Corning soon after the victory over their French imperial rival in 1763, defeat at the hands of colonial rebels forced British leaders to come to grip... ●●

1763 The Winning of Wars, 1763–1815 The “breathing space” of wel rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Winning of Wars, 1763–1815 The “breathing space” of well over a decade which occurred before the next stage in the Anglo-French struggle gave only a few hints of the turnaround which would occur ●●

1763 Indeed, Choiseul and his successors, smarting from the defea rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Indeed, Choiseul and his successors, smarting from the defeat of 1763, were taking measures to strengthen France’s position for the future. The French navy was steadily built up, despite the pressing ●●

1763 Although Britain’s concessions at the 1783 Peace of Versaill rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Although Britain’s concessions at the 1783 Peace of Versailles (Minorca, Florida, Tobago) were hardly a reversal of the great imperial gains of 1763, the French could proclaim themselves well satisfie ●●

1763 In eastern Europe, by contrast, the strategical balances wer rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In eastern Europe, by contrast, the strategical balances were not greatly distorted by the maneuvers of the three great monarchies during the decades after 1763.72 This was chiefly due to the triangul ●●

1763 The Winning of Wars, 1660–1763 When Louis XIV rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Winning of Wars, 1660–1763 When Louis XIV took over full direction of the French government in March 1661, the European scene was particularly favorable to a monarch determined to impose his views ●●

1763 Britain wins New France in the Seven Years War ai_extracted 1 cit. no story British victory in Seven Years War delivers New France (Canada) to British control in 1763. ●●

1764 The Club, an elite dining society, founded in 1764 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley describes two dining clubs that symbolized the early Cecil Bloc. The Club was founded in 1764 and counted famous figures such as Johnson and Burke among past members. ●●

1765 1 767 CHINA Empire, Nation, and Citizenship Territories rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 1 767 CHINA Empire, Nation, and Citizenship Territories of British East I nd i a Company Ill I nd i a n states a l l ied with G reat Brita i n 241 Wi... ●●

1767 Catherine convenes the Legislative Commission ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1767, she called a "Legislative Commission" of delegates from various ranks nobles, townspeople, peasants, Cossacks, representatives from Ukrainian... ●●

1767 Information history in 1767 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ad hoc computation. “Computers” and “calculators” existed: they were people with special skills, and all in all, computing was costly. ●●

1768 From the time of the Russo-Turkish War of 1768-74, the victorious Russian rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story From the time of the Russo-Turkish War of 1768-74, the victorious Russian tsars claimed to be protectors of all Orthodox Christians under the sultan’s rule, and Catherine the Great extended Russian control over the kingdom of Georgia in the 1780s, ta ●●

1769 D nmnpy (1769) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ; Jacob Emden in n12D nmnpy (1769). 100 Cf. Abraham Zaccuto }'0m1) 1D (1857) p. 88, quoting from Isa ●●

1770 Prussian civil service reform introduces exams ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The groundwork for a modern state had already begun in the years before the Battle of Jena, with the 1770 civil service reform that introduced examinations as the basis for promotion. ●●

1771 But it was Russian expansion into the Caucasus, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story But it was Russian expansion into the Caucasus, the steppe regions to the north of the Black Sea, and the Crimea-conquered in 1771 and annexed in 1783... ●●

1772 Shah Alam's departure from Allahabad recalled ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Wellesley opened secret negotiations to bring the Mughal emperor back under Company protection, the first such move since Shah Alam left Allahabad thirty years earlier. He offered the emperor asylum. ●●

1772 first, from 1772 to 1774, arose from tensions candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The first, from 1772 to 1774, arose from tensions created by imperial management strategies applied in the middle Volga region-playing diverse groups... ●●

1772 Lavoisier deposits sealed note on combustion ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Lavoisier deposits a sealed note with the Secretary of the French Academy stating his conviction that something is wrong with phlogiston theory and that burning bodies absorb part of the atmosphere. ●●

1772 1772-1833), who travelled across the oceans to Britain to defend the reforms rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 1772-1833), who travelled across the oceans to Britain to defend the reforms of Hindu customs like widow-burning promoted by his former employees the East India Company; he died in Bristol, where the grand classical chapel built by prosperous Unitari ●●

1773 It was in 1773 that reference was first candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story It was in 1773 that reference was first made to "this vast empire on which the sun never sets." Some English writers saw themselves as the inheritors... ●●

1773 Catherine issues a decree of religious toleration ai_extracted 1 cit. no story She closed Orthodox missionary efforts in the Volga area, encouraged the con struction of mosques, and in 1773 issued a decree declaring "toleration o... ●●

1773 Nothing like this had happened since its foundation in 1773. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Nothing like this had happened since its foundation in 1773. ●●

1773 Even when they were suppressed in 1773 (see pp rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Even when they were suppressed in 1773 (see pp ●●

1773 Pope suppresses the Society of Jesus ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After individual suppressions in various empires, they finally bullied the Pope into complete suppression in 1773 ●●

1774 Priestley isolates gas from red oxide of mercury ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Joseph Priestley collects gas released by heated red oxide of mercury in the course of pneumatic chemistry research. He initially identifies it as nitrous oxide, later as common air with less phlogiston. ●●

1774 Information history in 1774 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story bet, employing letters as an intermediate layer. This seemed so natural as to be not worth remarking. ●●

1774 British Parliament passes the Quebec Act ai_extracted 1 cit. no story British Parliament passes Quebec Act providing pragmatic alliance with French elite and Catholic Church. ●●

1774 Continental Congress convenes in Philadelphia ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Continental Congress summoned to Philadelphia in 1774 to address grievances against British rule. ●●

1775 Captain John Parker at Lexington ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto closes with the words of Captain John Parker, who at first light on April 19, 1775, commanded the American militia against the British at Lexington. Gatto adapts the line to call for taking schools back. ●●

1775 The venture tried to learn lessons from a second previous failed colony rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The venture tried to learn lessons from a second previous failed colony of 1775 on the ominously (though coincidentally) named Mosquito Coast of Central America ●●

1775 War or conflict rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Rothbard, Conceived in Liberty: The Revolutionary War, 1775-1784 (New Rochelle, New York: Arlington House, 1979), Vol ●●

1775 Revolutionary War Begins with Currency Inflation rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Griffin documents that at the beginning of the Revolutionary War in 1775, the total money supply for the federated colonies stood at $12 million, but rapidly escalated as Congress issued massive amounts of paper money. ●●

1776 Watt's steam engine and the Industrial Revolution, 1776 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley marks the Industrial Revolution as well established in Britain by 1776, the year Watt patented his steam engine. ●●

1776 Industrial Revolution begins in England ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley dates the start of the Industrial Revolution to England about 1776, from which it spread eastward and southward across Europe, reaching France after 1830, Germany after 1850, and Italy and Russia after 1890. ●●

1776 James Watt's steam engine appears in 1776 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto notes that James Watt's steam engine arrived in 1776, as the Continental Congress met. He says it was efficient and could deliver power anywhere, freeing industry from coal fields. ●●

1776 Adam Smith founds economics with The Wealth of Nations legendary ai_extracted 2 cit. no story In 1776 Adam Smith, professor of moral philosophy at Glasgow, published The Wealth of Nations. Graeber credits it with bringing the discipline of economics into being through the myth of barter. ●●

1776 In one Mexican province, Apaches killed l,674 people, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In one Mexican province, Apaches killed l,674 people, took 154 captives, forced the abandonment of n6 haciendas and ranches, and stole 6 8 ,256 head o... ●●

1776 American patriots declare independence from Britain ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1776, when a gathering of American patriots declared their indepen dence from Great Britain, their grievances concerned oppressive taxation, restri... ●●

1776 Glasgow has come a long way since my fellow Scotsman Adam Smith wrote the seminal candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Glasgow has come a long way since my fellow Scotsman Adam Smith wrote the seminal case for the free market, The Wealth of Nations, in 1776. ●●

1776 These principles—no taxation without representation and consent of the governed—would become the ral rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story These principles—no taxation without representation and consent of the governed—would become the rallying cry of the American colonists when they revolted against British authority less than a century later in 1776. ●●

1776 American colonies declare independence ai_extracted 1 cit. no story American colonies declare independence from British rule in 1776, establishing new nation. ●●

1776 American Revolution triumphs despite internal disorder rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Nkrumah cites the American Revolution as proof that even chaotic, poorly organised revolutions can fight through to victory, drawing a parallel with the struggles facing newly independent African states. ●●

1777 Lavoisier identifies oxygen as a distinct gas ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After further experiments beginning in 1774, Lavoisier concludes by 1777 that the gas obtained from heating red oxide of mercury is a distinct species, one of the two main constituents of the atmosphere. He develops the oxygen theory of combustion. ●●

1778 Joseph Dulles flees Ireland for South Carolina ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Joseph Dulles fled Ireland to escape anti-Protestant repression and settled in South Carolina as a prosperous planter, establishing the American branch of the Dulles family. ●●

1778 War of the Bavarian Succession ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The brief and ultracautious campaigning in the War of Bavarian Succession (1778–1779), when Prussia opposed Austria’s attempt at expansion, merely confirmed this widespread wish to avoid the costs of ●●

1778 Nonetheless, the sheer costs of the 1778–1783 war—totaling m rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Nonetheless, the sheer costs of the 1778–1783 war—totaling more than France’s three previous wars together—and the failure to reform national finances interacted with the growing political discontents ●●