Events, Verisoph

1883 Standard Oil assembles Manhattan headquarters site ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In late 1883, Standard Oil began assembling real estate in Manhattan for new headquarters overlooking Broadway at Bowling Green. ●●

1883 Pendleton Act creates merit-based civil service ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Pendleton Act was passed in 1883, but it was not until the 1920s that a large majority of public servants were put under the merit classification system. ●●

1883 Pendleton Act reforms the US civil service ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Prior to passage of the 1883 Pendleton Act and the spread of merit-based bureaucracy, American government was a cli-entelistic system in which public offices were allocated by the political parties on the basis of patronage. ●●

1884 Formation of the Comité des Forges ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Comité des Forges was formed in 1884 as an association of all French metallurgical industries, using a single joint selling agency (comptoir) to prevent price competition. ●●

1884 Toynbee Hall founded as a settlement house (1884) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley notes that Toynbee and Milner's mildly socialistic social-service work led to the founding of Toynbee Hall as a settlement house in 1884. He uses this to argue the Group was not driven by capitalist motives. ●●

1884 Rosebery uses 'commonwealth' at Adelaide (1884) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley notes the older Cecil Bloc imperialists used the term commonwealth for the Empire as early as 1884, when Rosebery did so in a speech at Adelaide. He argues the Group popularized rather than invented it. ●●

1884 IEEE founded ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers was founded in 1884 and has set electricity standards since Thomas Edison's era. Wood argues the IEEE, with hundreds of thousands of members, is positioned to lead the global Smart Grid standards effort. ●●

1884 Fabian Society comes into existence ai_extracted 1 cit. Gatto dates the founding of Fabianism to around 1884, named for the Roman general Fabius. He argues the Fabians became a potent force behind the modern welfare state and dumbed-down schooling. ●●

1884 Berlin Conference partitions Africa ai_extracted 1 cit. Following on a series of congresses that since 1 8 1 5 had tried to regulate the political order of Europe (chapters 8 and n), the Berlin Confer ence... ●●

1884 Sara Warburg, banking matriarch, dies at 79 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Sara, the formidable matriarch of the Warburg banking dynasty, died abruptly of a heart attack or stroke. Hamburg had never seen so many mourners at a funeral. ●●

1884 Japan creates a civil service career track ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A civil service career track was created in 1884 with a pension system that rewarded long service. ●●

1884 Death of Gregor Mendel and burning of his notes debunked ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gregor Mendel died in 1884, with his monastery burning all his scientific notes. His work remained obscure until 1900 when William Bateson rediscovered it, allowing American eugenicists to misapply his plant heredity laws to justify racial pseudoscience. ●●

1884 Huntington combines rail and steamship lines ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1884 Huntington and his associates combined all these rail and steamship lines into a single system headed by a holding and operating concern, the ●●

1885 to 1908 Congo Free State atrocities 1 cit. King Leopold II of Belgium ran the Congo as his private property, forcing villages to collect rubber under a brutal quota system. Killings, mutilation, famine and disease caused millions of deaths before international outcry forced Belgium to annex it. economy / society ●●●●●

1885 Indian National Congress established (1885) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A British official who foresaw violent nationalism sought to channel it constructively by establishing the Indian National Congress in 1885, hoping to train Indians in representative institutions. ●●

1885 Cattell claims people read whole words ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto recounts that in 1885 James McKeen Cattell, trained under Wundt at Leipzig, used the tachistoscope to claim people read whole words rather than letters, a finding later shown to be wrong. ●●

1885 Vienna University bars Jews from membership ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Vienna University bars Jews from membership ●●

1885 Morgan brokers the Corsair Compact railroad treaty ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The newspapers lionized the author of this Great Railroad Treaty of 1885, also known as the Corsair Compact.23 Pierpont had pulled off such a masterly feat that even Junius—so stingy with compliments—... ●●

1885 Penjdeh crisis threatens Anglo-Russian war ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Russian forces defeat Afghan troops at Penjdeh, precipitating serious diplomatic crisis over Central Asian boundaries. Natty Rothschild negotiates with Russian ambassador to achieve peaceful compromise. ●●

1885 Methodist schism sparks persecution in Tonga ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Schism with Conference loyalists resulted, and between 1885 and 1887 there followed a brutal persecution of Methodists by Methodists, until the British High Commissioner intervened ●●

1885 Duke signs Bonsack cigarette machine contract ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Even before he had signed the contract with James Bonsack in June 1885 to use his machine to make all his cigarettes, expensive as well as cheap, he began to set up selling and distributing offices in the leading American commercial centers ●●

1885 Mannesmann steel company founded in the Ruhr ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Mannesmann steel firm, one of the most important companies in Germany's Ruhr industrial region, was founded and later came under a chairman Nkrumah notes was a former Nazi party member. ●●

1886 Diamonds and gold discovered in South Africa ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The discovery of diamonds in 1869 and of gold in 1886 in South Africa, especially in the Boer Transvaal, intensified the imperial scramble for the region. ●●

1886 Heyday of English financial capitalism under Montagu Norman ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The heyday of English financial capitalism is associated with Montagu Norman's governorship of the Bank of England (1920-1944), but Quigley dates its start to the 1886 promotion of Guinness, Ltd., by Barings. ●●

1886 Smithsonian removes Adena burial mound contents in 1886 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto says that in 1886 the Smithsonian took the contents of two ancient Adena burial mounds in Monongahela to Washington. ●●

1886 Unionists defeat Gladstone's Home Rule Bill ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Conservatives and Liberal Unionists decisively defeat Gladstone's Home Rule Bill, with 394 Unionist seats versus 276 Nationalist MPs. The Rothschild-Conservative alliance proves decisive in British electoral politics. ●●

1886 The corporation wins the rights of a person 2 cit. In the Santa Clara case, US law treats the corporation as a legal person entitled to constitutional protections. Corporate personhood gave the company the rights of a citizen without the mortality or conscience of one, a cornerstone of the production and labor pillar's corporate form. economy / pillar / politics ●●●●

1886 Romanes proposes physiological selection theory ai_extracted 1 cit. no story G. J. Romanes published an article proposing physiological selection (reproductive barriers) as an alternative to Darwin's natural selection as the mechanism for species formation. ●●

1886 Compagnie du Congo founded under Leopold II ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Compagnie du Congo pour le Commerce et l'Industrie was constituted as Leopold II built his personal empire in the Congo, one of the founding vehicles of the colonial exploitation Nkrumah traces into modern Union Miniere. ●●

1887 Colonial Conferences of the Cecil Bloc era (1887-1907) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The first four Colonial Conferences of 1887, 1897, 1902 and 1907 were, Quigley says, largely dominated by the Cecil Bloc. The 1907 meeting reshaped the system into the Imperial Conference. ●●

1887 G. Stanley Hall opens the Johns Hopkins psychology lab, 1887 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto reports that Wundt's assistant G. Stanley Hall organized the psychology laboratory at Johns Hopkins in 1887 and founded the American Journal of Psychology. ●●

1887 Woodrow Wilson writes of a confederation of empires ai_extracted 1 cit. The book says that as early as 1887 Wilson wrote of a confederation of empires and endorsed state socialism. It uses this to argue Wilson was ideologically suited to the Network's aims. ●●

1887 Austria and Italy conclude Mediterranean Agreement ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Finally, in 1887, Bismarck encouraged his two allies, Austria and Italy, to conclude the so-called Mediterranean Agr ●●

1887 Alexander III declines to renew Three Emperors' League ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In this atmosphere, Alexander refused to renew the Three Emperors’ League in 1887. Bismarck, however, was not ready to give up on his Russian option. ●●

1887 Japan establishes civil service examinations ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The examination system was established in 1887 and strengthened in 1893 to put strong emphasis on jurisprudence and law. ●●

1887 West End Street Railway consolidates Boston transit ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In Boston, for example, the West End Street Railway Company in 1887 merged seven out of the eight street railways in Boston to form a single transport ●●

1887 Sayce delivers Hibbert Lectures on Babylonia ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Oxford professor A. H. Sayce delivered the first of six Hibbert Lectures presenting revised chronology of ancient Babylonia, pushing dates of Sargon of Accad back to approximately 3750 BCE based on recent archaeological discoveries. ●●

1888 Rhodes gives £10,000 to Parnell's Irish cause ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley says Rhodes embraced imperial federation based on Home Rule. In pursuit of that idea Rhodes contributed £10,000 to the Irish leader Parnell in 1888. ●●

1888 Lugard leads an expedition against slave-traders on Lake Nyasa ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Frederick Lugard, later a colonial governor and theorist of indirect rule, led a successful expedition against slave-traders on Lake Nyasa in 1888. He then worked for chartered companies opening the African interior. ●●

1888 Senate committee calls education a cause of labor discontent ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto quotes the 1888 Report of the Senate Committee on Education, which stated that education was one of the principal causes of discontent among the laboring classes. ●●

1888 Morgan buys his first literary manuscript ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Before Junius’s death, Pierpont’s collections were modest; in 1888, he had bought his first literary manuscript, a Thackeray. Now he embarked on a buying spree that would eventually produce the world’... ●●

1888 Birth of John Foster Dulles ai_extracted 1 cit. no story John Foster Dulles was born in Washington, D.C., son of Edith Foster and Reverend Allen Macy Dulles. He would become Secretary of State. ●●

1888 Pasteur Institute founded in Paris ai_extracted 1 cit. no story With a rush of emotion, Gates drafted a strongly worded memo to Rockefeller, advocating the establishment of such an institute and citing European precedents, including the Pasteur Institute in Paris (founded in 1888) and the Koch Institute for Infectious Diseases in Berlin (1891), both of which greatly elevated the prestige of European medicine. ●●

1888 New York senate committee investigates Standard Oil ai_extracted 1 cit. no story When a New York senate committee investigated Standard Oil in 1888, it learned just how elusive he could be. When a process server came to 26 Broadway, he was told that Mr. ●●

1888 Kaiser Wilhelm I dies; Frederick III succeeds ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Kaiser Wilhelm I died in March 1888. His successor Frederick III, already dying of throat cancer, reigned only three months and communicated by written notes. ●●

1888 Emperor William I dies; Frederick III's brief reign ai_extracted 1 cit. no story When Emperor William I died in 1888, his son, Frederick (whose liberalism had so worried Bismarck), governed for a mere ninety-eight days before succu ●●

1888 McCulloch presents 'Tribe of Ishmael' degeneration study ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1888, Reverend Oscar McCulloch presented a paper entitled Tribe of Ishmael: A Study of Social Degeneration to the Fifteenth National Conference of Charities and Correction, attributing poverty and criminality to heredity rather than social conditions. ●●

1888 Lambeth Conference condemns polygamy ai_extracted 1 cit. no story His fellow bishops worldwide were not going to agree with a heretical troublemaker, and the Lambeth Conference of Anglican bishops (with the agreement of Samuel Ajayi Crowther, the one African present and on the relevant committee) condemned polygamy ●●

1888 Printers' Ink founded as advertising journal ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Then in 1888 Printers’ Ink was established as a journal for advertising managers and firms ●●

1888 American Cereal Company formed ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1888 after a brief attempt at a cartel, Crowell, Schumaker, and a third large mass producer of oatmeal, Robert Stuart, formed the American Cereal C ●●

1888 New Jersey eases law for holding companies ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In its session of 1888–1889, that body modified the state’s general incorporation law to permit manufacturing companies to purchase and to hold stock in other enterprises within and without the state, and to pay for property owned outside the state with stock issued for that purpose ●●

1888 The Company Leases the Coastal Strip 5 cit. In 1888 the Imperial British East Africa Company obtained a concession to administer the Sultan's ten-mile coastal strip. Britain ruled the coast as the Sultan's agent rather than annexing it outright. economy / politics ●●

1888 Theosophy turns light, dark, spirit, matter, and karma into cosmic balance 3 cit. The Theosophical Society and Helena Blavatsky gave late-19th-century esoteric form to balance language: light and dark triangles, spirit and matter, cosmic unity, and karma as the restoration of equilibrium. This helps explain why light-dark and balance imagery recurs in occult reading systems, but it does not turn courthouse scales or legal process into Theosophical jurisdiction. culture / religion ●●●●

1889 Meiji Constitution drawn up (1889) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley argues the Meiji oligarchy drew up the 1889 constitution, based on Imperial Germany's, to assure and conceal its own political domination rather than to grant popular sovereignty. ●●

1889 First Japanese Diet marked by intimidation (1889) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley asserts that in the first Diet of 1889 gangsters employed by the oligarchy barred opposition members and at least twenty-eight were bribed to shift their votes. ●●

1889 Second (Socialist) International founded ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Second International, the Socialist International, was founded in 1889. It grew increasingly conservative and was disrupted by the Communists during World War I. ●●

1889 Japanese constitution modeled on Bismarck's ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley notes the 1889 Japanese constitution was copied from Bismarck's German constitution, explaining how a parliamentary facade concealed real power held by an alliance of army, landlords, and industry. ●●

1889 British South Africa Company chartered; Grey a founding director ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The British South Africa Company was set up by royal charter in 1889. Albert Grey, introduced to Rhodes by Stead, became one of its original directors. ●●

1889 Rhodes and Stead meet for the first time ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Rhodes long regarded Stead as a mentor but did not meet him until 4 April 1889. Quigley quotes Stead's excited letter home describing Rhodes's secret scheme and a gift of £20,000. ●●

1889 William Torrey Harris serves as U.S. Commissioner of Education ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto presents William Torrey Harris as the most influential schoolman of his era, serving as U.S. Commissioner of Education from 1889 to 1906. He argues Harris both standardized and Germanized American schools. ●●

1889 Meiji oligarchy gains full control of Japan ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The book, following Quigley, says a shadowy Meiji oligarchy had won complete domination of Japan by 1889 while ruling in the emperor's name. It presents this as an example of hidden power behind a public figurehead. ●●

1889 Meiji oligarchy drafts the Japanese constitution ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The book says the Meiji oligarchy drew up a constitution in 1889 designed to assure and conceal its domination of Japan. It presents the elected House of Representatives as essentially meaningless under oligarchic control. ●●

1889 Railroad chiefs plan Interstate Commerce Railway Association ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A similar gathering took place at Pierpont’s “black library” in January 1889. This one yielded plans for a huge centralized group to regulate the entire rail system—the Interstate Commerce Railway Ass... ●●

1889 John Sherman introduces his antitrust bill ai_extracted 1 cit. no story From Standard Oil’s viewpoint, the most threatening bill was introduced in December 1889 by Ohio senator John Sherman, brother of General William Tecumseh Sherman. A few years earlier, Rockefeller ... ●●

1889 Goschen converts consols to lower interest rates ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Chancellor Goschen reduces interest payments on £500 million of national debt through conversion from 3 percent to 2.5 percent consols. This operation demonstrates Britain's credit strength and Rothschild banking expertise. ●●

1889 Rothschilds found the Exploration Company ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Rothschilds establish the Exploration Company as a joint-stock venture to promote mining companies on the London exchange. Between 1889 and 1903 the company finances £20.7 million in mining flotations. ●●

1889 Siegmund Warburg dies at Baden-Baden ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Siegmund Warburg, the powerful patriarch of the Alsterufer branch, died of a heart attack in Baden-Baden at age 54. He was buried in the eternal cemetery he had secured from Bismarck. ●●

1889 Edison Electric formed by consolidation ai_extracted 2 cit. no story Edison Electric, formed in 1889, was a consolidation of the three manufacturing companies, a patent company owned by the Edison interests, and the Spr ●●

29 October 1889 British South Africa Company granted royal charter 1 cit. Cecil Rhodes obtained a royal charter for his British South Africa Company, empowering it to acquire mineral rights, administer territory, and raise its own police force north of the Limpopo River. Rhodes used profits and prestige from De Beers to finance and legitimize the charter, extending the diamond fortune into a vehicle for territorial expansion. economy / politics ●●●

c. 1889 Masaku wa Munyeti, the Kamba seer who named Machakos 3 cit. Masaku wa Munyeti was a Kamba leader and seer, a mwathani known for reading the seasons and predicting rain. His homestead was a regular stop for caravans on the road from Mombasa toward Uganda, and traders came to call the place Masaku's, which colonial usage bent into Machakos. When the Imperial British East Africa Company built a supply station there in 1889, the name stuck to the town. He was a grandfather of the later politician Paul Ngei. culture / society ●●

c. 1890 The colour bar and racial hierarchy 1 cit. Colonial societies were ordered by a rigid racial hierarchy that reserved power, land and good jobs for Europeans. Segregation, pass laws and the colour bar denied colonized people equal rights and dignity. politics / society ●●●

1890 Bismarck retires, leaving an unstable balance ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By 1890, when he retired, Bismarck had built an unstable balance of forces within Germany that only a genius could manage. He was followed by no genius. ●●

1890 Flora Shaw made head of The Times Colonial Department ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Flora Shaw, an agent and friend of Stead and Rhodes, was made head of the Colonial Department of The Times in 1890. Quigley uses her hiring to illustrate the group's concealed methods. ●●

1890 Rockefeller founds the University of Chicago under Harper ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto notes that William Rainey Harper left Chautauqua to become John D. Rockefeller's choice to lead a new German-style research university. Rockefeller brought the University of Chicago into being in 1890. ●●

1890 Roosevelt's antitrust suit against Northern Securities ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Roosevelt directed the Justice Department to pursue an antitrust suit charging the Northern Securities Company with violating the 1890 Sherman Antitrust Act, which prohibits... ●●

1890 President Harrison signs the Sherman Antitrust Act ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On July 2, 1890, President Harrison signed the Sherman Antitrust Act, which outlawed trusts and combinations in restraint of trade and subjected violators to fines of up to $5,000 or a year’s impri... ●●

1890 Egyptian debt conversion loans cut interest burden ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Conversion loans issued in 1890 and 1893 reduced interest payments on Egyptian foreign debt while financing infrastructure like railways and the Aswan Dam. British overseer Baring gradually stabilized Egyptian finances. ●●

1890 Rothschild intervention averts Barings Bank crisis ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Barings Bank nearly fails with £21 million in losses due to Argentine debt defaults. Natty Rothschild's intervention with government and banking consortium prevents systemic financial collapse. ●●

1890 Bishop Crowther forced to resign ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Crowther was induced to resign in 1890, and died a couple of years later ●●

1890 Bank of England faces 1890 speculation crisis ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1890, the Bank of England once again faced crisis, again the result of widespread and excessive speculation in foreign securities, particularly Ame ●●

1890 American Tobacco Company formed in Duke merger ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The desire to control this competition caused Duke and his four competitors to merge in 1890, forming the American Tobacco Company ●●

1890 Sherman Antitrust Act passed ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Most important were, on the one hand, the protests against the trade associations and trusts that culminated in 1890 in the passage of the Sherman Antitrust Act, and, on the other, the efforts of the manufacturers that led to the New Jersey general incorporation law for holding companies ●●

1890 Hollerith's machines tabulate the 1890 census ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Herman Hollerith's electric tabulating machines process the 1890 U.S. census in a fraction of the time manual counting took. ●●

1890 May Day evolves as an international workers' festival ai_extracted 1 cit. May Day began in 1890 as a one-day international strike and demonstration for the eight-hour day. It rapidly absorbed ritual and symbolic elements, becoming a highly charged annual festival of working-class identity, complete with red flags, flowers, banners and oratory. ●●

c. 1890 The Akamba pushed into drought-prone Ukambani 4 cit. The Kamba are a large Bantu people, yet colonial land policy confined them to the semi-arid reserves of Ukambani in Machakos and Kitui, land that dried out and eroded under pressure. Once famed as long-distance ivory traders, they became one of the main sources of soldiers for the King's African Rifles and of porters for colonial expeditions. A big community was turned into a labour and military reserve on poor land. economy / politics ●●

c. 1890 Masonic lodges lay courthouse cornerstones as public civic ceremonies 4 cit. Masonic lodges publicly laid cornerstones for some courthouses and other public buildings, using ritual tools such as the square, level, plumb, and corn, wine, and oil. Texas courthouse examples and museum accounts show real civic overlap between local elites, public architecture, and the lodge. They do not show that later court proceedings are Masonic rituals in a legal-jurisdictional sense. culture / politics / religion / society ●●●●

1891 Rhodes and Stead found a secret society, 1891 ai_extracted 1 cit. Quigley asserts that on February 5, 1891, Cecil Rhodes and W. T. Stead formally organized a secret society, with an inner circle of Rhodes, Stead, Brett, and Milner, to extend British and English-speaking power. ●●

1891 Quigley asserts a secret society has met since 1891 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In the preface Quigley asserts that Rhodes and Milner created a secret society that still meets in secret. He claims its meetings have been presided over by a succession of leaders since 1891. ●●

1891 Quigley dates the secret society's founding to February 1891 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley opens his account by asserting that in February 1891 three men met in London to organize a secret society. He names them as Cecil Rhodes, W. T. Stead, and Reginald Baliol Brett. ●●

1891 The secret society takes form in 1891 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley says the society took shape in 1891, the year of Rhodes's fourth will. Stead was made a trustee alongside Lord Rothschild, with Stead directing how the funds were used. ●●

1891 The society divided into an inner and outer circle ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In February 1891 Stead and Rhodes organized the society into two circles. The inner 'Society of the Elect' and the outer 'Association of Helpers' became Quigley's framework for the whole group. ●●

1891 Francis Amasa Walker declares 'racial suicide' in 1891 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto reports that in 1891 MIT president Francis Amasa Walker declared that Anglo-Saxons were committing 'racial suicide,' launching a decades-long scientific racism campaign. ●●

1891 Cecil Rhodes founds his secret society ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The book asserts, following Quigley, that Cecil Rhodes founded a secret society in 1891 that continues to operate through later 'instruments.' It presents this society as the origin of the Network. ●●

1891 Koch Institute for Infectious Diseases founded in Berlin ai_extracted 1 cit. no story With a rush of emotion, Gates drafted a strongly worded memo to Rockefeller, advocating the establishment of such an institute and citing European precedents, including the Pasteur Institute in Paris (founded in 1888) and the Koch Institute for Infectious Diseases in Berlin (1891), both of which greatly elevated the prestige of European medicine. ●●

1891 Rockefeller gains control of the Lima oil field ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “This latest deal shows that it has started to crush out the producers of the crude oil and obtain control of their property.” 17 By 1891, Rockefeller had gained control of a majority of the Lima f... ●●

c. 1891 The Emutai: Rinderpest, Smallpox and Famine Break the Maasai 6 cit. In the early 1890s a cattle plague called rinderpest swept south through East Africa and destroyed most of the Maasai herds, followed by smallpox and famine among the people. Maasai tradition remembers this disaster as the emutai, the wiping out, a time when whole sections lost their cattle and their strength. The catastrophe left the Maasai weakened and divided just as the British arrived, and historians argue it made their later conquest and displacement far easier. economy / science / society ●●●

1892 Indian Councils Act of 1892 pushed through by Curzon ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Indian Councils Act of 1892 was carried through the Commons by George Curzon, then Under Secretary and protege of Lord Salisbury. Quigley says it introduced representative and communal principles into Indian government. ●●

1892 Munsterberg becomes Harvard psychology professor ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto identifies Hugo Munsterberg as an early architect of mass schooling who arrived from Wilhelm Wundt's Leipzig laboratory. In 1892 he became a Harvard professor of psychology and taught his students to treat schools as social laboratories. ●●

1892 Homestead steel strike breaks craft union power ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto notes that skilled-worker craft unions regulated factory work up to the Homestead steel strike of 1892, after which such unions were rendered ineffective except for the United Mine Workers. ●●

1892 Bankruptcy of the Panama Canal Company ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1892 the Panama Canal Company collapsed, and some 800,000 French investors lost $200 million. The scandal exposed deep corruption in France's political and financial elite. ●●