Events, Verisoph

1776 Watt's steam engine and the Industrial Revolution, 1776 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley marks the Industrial Revolution as well established in Britain by 1776, the year Watt patented his steam engine. ●●

1776 Industrial Revolution begins in England ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley dates the start of the Industrial Revolution to England about 1776, from which it spread eastward and southward across Europe, reaching France after 1830, Germany after 1850, and Italy and Russia after 1890. ●●

1776 James Watt's steam engine appears in 1776 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto notes that James Watt's steam engine arrived in 1776, as the Continental Congress met. He says it was efficient and could deliver power anywhere, freeing industry from coal fields. ●●

1776 Adam Smith founds economics with The Wealth of Nations legendary ai_extracted 2 cit. no story In 1776 Adam Smith, professor of moral philosophy at Glasgow, published The Wealth of Nations. Graeber credits it with bringing the discipline of economics into being through the myth of barter. ●●

1776 In one Mexican province, Apaches killed l,674 people, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In one Mexican province, Apaches killed l,674 people, took 154 captives, forced the abandonment of n6 haciendas and ranches, and stole 6 8 ,256 head o... ●●

1776 American patriots declare independence from Britain ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1776, when a gathering of American patriots declared their indepen dence from Great Britain, their grievances concerned oppressive taxation, restri... ●●

1776 Glasgow has come a long way since my fellow Scotsman Adam Smith wrote the seminal candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Glasgow has come a long way since my fellow Scotsman Adam Smith wrote the seminal case for the free market, The Wealth of Nations, in 1776. ●●

1776 These principles—no taxation without representation and consent of the governed—would become the ral rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story These principles—no taxation without representation and consent of the governed—would become the rallying cry of the American colonists when they revolted against British authority less than a century later in 1776. ●●

1776 American colonies declare independence ai_extracted 1 cit. no story American colonies declare independence from British rule in 1776, establishing new nation. ●●

1776 American Revolution triumphs despite internal disorder rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Nkrumah cites the American Revolution as proof that even chaotic, poorly organised revolutions can fight through to victory, drawing a parallel with the struggles facing newly independent African states. ●●

1777 Lavoisier identifies oxygen as a distinct gas ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After further experiments beginning in 1774, Lavoisier concludes by 1777 that the gas obtained from heating red oxide of mercury is a distinct species, one of the two main constituents of the atmosphere. He develops the oxygen theory of combustion. ●●

1778 Joseph Dulles flees Ireland for South Carolina ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Joseph Dulles fled Ireland to escape anti-Protestant repression and settled in South Carolina as a prosperous planter, establishing the American branch of the Dulles family. ●●

1778 War of the Bavarian Succession ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The brief and ultracautious campaigning in the War of Bavarian Succession (1778–1779), when Prussia opposed Austria’s attempt at expansion, merely confirmed this widespread wish to avoid the costs of ●●

1778 Nonetheless, the sheer costs of the 1778–1783 war—totaling m rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Nonetheless, the sheer costs of the 1778–1783 war—totaling more than France’s three previous wars together—and the failure to reform national finances interacted with the growing political discontents ●●

1778 Not an especially profound writer, without any formal university training, but equipped rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Not an especially profound writer, without any formal university training, but equipped with charm, immensely quick wit and a genius for making money which gave him the chance to live independently and write what he wanted, he was perhaps the most fa ●●

1778 Continental Currency Inflation Leads to Worthlessness rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Griffin reports that the Continental currency, valued at one dollar in gold in 1775, fell to twenty-five cents by 1778, demonstrating rapid inflation from fiat money expansion. ●●

1779 Washington Witnesses Continental Currency Collapse rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Griffin quotes George Washington observing that the Continental currency had become nearly worthless by 1779, only four years after its issue, demonstrating the catastrophic effect of wartime fiat money. ●●

1780 Yet however remarkable that achievement, it is eclipsed rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By 1780, however, when the Dutch entered the war on France’s side, the British government found that the strength of its own economy and the availability of domestic capital were such that its loans c ●●

1780 Birth of Carl von Clausewitz ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Carl von Clausewitz was born. He later joined the Prussian army at age twelve and participated in the Rhine campaign. ●●

1780 In the land which became Belgium, for instance, the proportion of women rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In the land which became Belgium, for instance, the proportion of women religious to men reversed from 1780 to 1860, from 40:60 to 60:40, and at the end of this process, in a development to horrify any bishop from the Council of Trent, only 10 per ce ●●

1780 79 On positivism and Hinduism, see Bayly, The Birth of the Modern rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 79 On positivism and Hinduism, see Bayly, The Birth of the Modern World 1780-1914, 308 ●●

1781 Congress ratifies the Great Seal of the United States ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A committee including Benjamin Franklin designed and introduced the Great Seal of the United States, which Congress ratified in 1781. The reverse side featured the mysterious eye-and-pyramid with the Latin motto 'Annuit coeptis novus ordo seclorum' (God smiles on our new order of the ages). ●●

1781 Bank of North America chartered in Philadelphia ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The first was the Bank of North America in Philadelphia chartered in 1781 ●●

1782 ; see also Coptic Church; Ethiopia; Monophysite Controversy; Syriac Orthodox Church Michelangelo rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ; see also Coptic Church; Ethiopia; Monophysite Controversy; Syriac Orthodox Church Michelangelo Buonarroti (1475-1564) Middle East Map 5 (177), see also Arabia; Holy Land; Iraq; Israel; Judaea; Lebanon; Mesopotamia; Palestine; Parthian Empire; Persi ●●

1783 The best illustration of this relative French weakness rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In both countries, servicing the debt consumed half the state’s annual expenditures, but after 1783 the British immediately embarked upon a series of measures (the Sinking Fund, a consolidated revenue ●●

1784 Boston merchants move to abolish town meetings ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto reports that as early as 1784 the Boston business community, led by merchant Joseph Barrell, tried to replace town meetings with a professionally managed corporation. ●●

1784 Alexander Hamilton founds the Bank of New York ai_extracted 1 cit. no story If Main Street hoped that Black Monday would throw a cautionary fear into Wall Street, it was dead wrong. It only prodded the Street into more assertive, reckless behavior. Securities firms had already lost many safe, reliable businesses. ●●

1784 It was he who in a short essay of 1784 gave the rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story It was he who in a short essay of 1784 gave the most celebrated answer to a question about this new movement posed by one of his Berlin contemporaries, ‘What is Enlightenment ●●

1784 Gras, The Massachusetts First National Bank of Boston, 1784–1934 (Cambridge, Mas rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gras, The Massachusetts First National Bank of Boston, 1784–1934 (Cambridge, Mass ●●

1785 conquest of the southern steppes brought them land rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The conquest of the southern steppes brought them land and serfs; expanded military control cut down on runaways; and the empress--sensitive to the ci... ●●

1786 Sir William Jones links Sanskrit and English, 1786 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto describes Sir William Jones's 1786 speech to the Bengal-Oriental Society proposing a common source for Sanskrit, Latin, Greek, and English. ●●

1787 John Jay writes to Jefferson on American enterprise ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto quotes a 1787 letter from John Jay to Jefferson describing the enterprise of the young country as inconceivable to Europeans accustomed to controlling common people. ●●

1787 Church of England men at the 1787 Constitutional Convention ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto cites Russell Kirk's estimate that 29 of the 55 delegates to the 1787 Constitutional Convention were still communicants of the Church of England. ●●

1787 founding legislators hit upon a formula that permitted rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The founding legislators hit upon a formula that permitted growth of the polity in an incremental and peaceful fashion: new states could be added to t... ●●

1787 Event of 1787 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story . AMERICA ON THE WORLD STAGE Setting out to affirm its independence, the United States defined itself as a new kind of power. The Declaration of Independence put forth its principles and assumed as its audience “the opinions of mankind.” In the openi ●●

1787 Information history in 1787 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story that can be as easily attracted, and are, at the same time, easily visible. ”♦ That was too many wires to be practicable. ●●

1787 Though most Americans assume democracy arrived with the adoption of the Constitution in the late eig rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Though most Americans assume democracy arrived with the adoption of the Constitution in the late eighteenth century, the franchise was severely limited in 1787 and was progressively opened up to white men without property, African Americans, and wome ●●

1787 Oliver Evans builds automated flour mill on Brandywine ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Flour mills had used continuous-process machinery since Oliver Evans built his mill on Brandywine Creek near Wilmington, Delaware, in 1787 ●●

1787 Constitutional Convention Debate on Fiat Money candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Griffin describes the delegates to the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia in 1787 being adamantly opposed to fiat money, with angry mobs in streets threatening legislators, bankruptcy widespread. ●●

1788 Founding of the Societe des Amis des Noirs ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1788, leading Enlightenment figures founded the Societe des Amis des N oirs to plead the cause of slaves in the French empire. ●●

1788 1788: –52), painted by Margaret Sarah Carpenter in 1836. Lord Byron (1788–18 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story –52), painted by Margaret Sarah Carpenter in 1836. Lord Byron (1788–1824), Ada’s father, in Albanian dress, painted by Thomas Phillips in 1835. Charle ●●

1788 ‘I am bound in conscience,’ the old man said bravely in 1788, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ‘I am bound in conscience,’ the old man said bravely in 1788, ‘to take shame to myself by a public confession, which, however sincere, comes too late to prevent or repair the misery and mischief to which I have, formally been an accessory ●●

1789 Franco-Haitian Revolution Almost all of the immense body rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Franco-Haitian Revolution Almost all of the immense body of scholarship on the French revolution is so focused on a national France that the revol... ●●

1789 Russia sets up an official Islamic institution ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The govern- Empires across C ontinents 279 ment responded by printing and distributing the Quran to Muslims and setting up in 1789 an institution to... ●●

1789 Wilberforce denounces the slave trade in Parliament ai_extracted 1 cit. no story When William Wilberforce denounced the slave trade before Parliament in 1789, not long after the American revolution and the scandal over the British... ●●

1789 Sultan Selim III launches military reforms ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Sultan Selim III (ruled 1789-1 8 07) opened military schools and began French-inspired reforms of weaponry and tactics . ●●

1789 Thus, the cotton industry benefited from the Continental Sys rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Thus, the cotton industry benefited from the Continental System to the extent that it was protected from superior British competition (not to mention the competition from neutral or satellite states, ●●

1789 Even Marseilles, with alternative trading partners in the hi rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Even Marseilles, with alternative trading partners in the hinterland and northern Italy, saw its industrial output fall to one-quarter between 1789 and 1813. By contrast, regions in the north and east ●●

1789 For all the talk about a European “Pentarchy,” however, it i rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story For all the talk about a European “Pentarchy,” however, it is important to recall that the five Great Powers were not in the same relationship to one another as they had been in 1750 or even in 1789. ●●

1789 The best illustration of this relative French weakness rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story It was, after all, Calonne’s proposed tax reforms, leading to the Assembly of Notables, the moves against the parlements, the suspension of payments by the treasury, and then (for the first since 1614 ●●

1789 Event of 1789 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story stic structures: On the evolution and appeal of different models, see John Micklethwait and Adrian Wooldridge, The Fourth Revolution: The Global Race to Reinvent the State (New York: Penguin Press, 2014). “to acquiesce in some qualified plan”: Edmund ●●

1789 Thomas Jefferson incorporated Locke’s ideas of natural rights into the American Declaration of Indep rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Thomas Jefferson incorporated Locke’s ideas of natural rights into the American Declaration of Independence, and the idea of popular sovereignty would become the basis of the Constitution that was ratified in 1789. ●●

1789 46 Perhaps the most famous was New York’s Tammany Hall, established in 1789 as a charitable organiza rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 46 Perhaps the most famous was New York’s Tammany Hall, established in 1789 as a charitable organization formally known as the Society of Saint Tammany. ●●

1789 On the level of development in Europe in the early nineteenth century, see Eric Hobsbawm, The Age of rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On the level of development in Europe in the early nineteenth century, see Eric Hobsbawm, The Age of Revolution, 1789–1848 (New York: Vintage Books, 1996), pp. ●●

1789 When the chance came in 1789 to change the world, many looked rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story When the chance came in 1789 to change the world, many looked to a future where love would dissolve traditional corruption and constraints on human potential ●●

1789 From 1789 events moved so quickly that, already in the 1790s, the rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story From 1789 events moved so quickly that, already in the 1790s, the French were talking about the ‘ancien régime’, the former state of things, looking back to this society so confusingly tangled between medieval survival and Enlightenment, and seeing s ●●

1789 People who cared about the restructuring of Europe in the wake of rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story People who cared about the restructuring of Europe in the wake of events from 1789 to 1815 respected the rationalism of the Enlightenment less than a new expression of emotion and a search for individual fulfilment ●●

1789 Given this ongoing home-grown crisis, the memories of 1789 which so agitated rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Given this ongoing home-grown crisis, the memories of 1789 which so agitated the Western Church were only one competitor for Orthodox attention ●●

1789 When in 1940 the French army fell to a devastating German attack, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story When in 1940 the French army fell to a devastating German attack, the Third French Republic was swiftly dismantled and its secularist appeal to the values of 1789 was cast into discredit ●●

1789 Jefferson Warns Against Permanent National Debt rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Griffin cites Thomas Jefferson expressing his desire for a constitutional amendment to prevent the federal government from borrowing, saying permanent debt would ruin the nation. ●●

1790 Naturalization Act limits citizenship to free whites ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Naturalization Act of 1790 opened the possibility of becoming a citizen to any "free white person" who had resided in the country for two years, d... ●●

1790 Information history in 1790 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story nothing like All Knowledge. For encyclopedias, information tends to come in the form of topics and categories. ●●

1790 The chartering of banks boomed in the 1790s and again after the charter of the F rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The chartering of banks boomed in the 1790s and again after the charter of the First Bank of the United States expired in 1811 ●●

1790 : A Case Study in Anglo-American Trade, 1790–1850,” Business History Review, 48: rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story : A Case Study in Anglo-American Trade, 1790–1850,” Business History Review, 48:501–519 (Winter 1974) provides a close view of an enterprise that bega ●●

1791 Whiskey Rebellion leaders meet in Monongahela ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto states that in 1791 leaders of the Whiskey Rebellion met in Monongahela, where Scots-Irish farmers spoke of forming a Trans-Allegheny nation of free men. ●●

1791 Gedike publishes the first look-say primer ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto states that in 1791 the Prussian schoolman Friedrich Gedike published the world's first look-say primer, A Children's Reader Without the ABC's and Spelling, to eliminate drill. ●●

1791 Hamilton founds the First Bank of the United States ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1791 Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton created the country's first central bank, the First Bank of the United States. Its charter was allowed to expire in 1811, beginning America's long ambivalence toward central banking. ●●

1791 Haitian revolution of 1791-1 804 and the emancipations rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Haitian revolution of 1791-1 804 and the emancipations in the British Caribbean of the 1 83 0s sent mixed messages to slaves, planters, and abolit... ●●

1791 Polish nobles adopt a written constitution ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1791, Pol ish nobles provided a convenient provocation to greedy outsiders when, inspired by news from France, they gave themselves a written const... ●●

1791 So in 1791, before that Revolution became a liability rather than a rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story So in 1791, before that Revolution became a liability rather than a potential ally for English radicals, the adventurous Whig MP Charles James Fox - whose colourful private life certainly did not make him a natural ally for morally censorious Evangel ●●

1792 Battle of Valmy and Hochkirch rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The cannonade of Valmy was more decisive in its effects than the earlier battle of Hochkirch, demonstrating the importance of timing and circumstances in military operations. ●●

1792 French Assembly declares war on Austria ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The French legislative assembly declared war on Austria in 1792, opening twenty-three years of conflict between revolutionary and imperial France and the rest of Europe. ●●

1792 Information history in 1792 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story to check one against another. When they did, they found unexpected flaws. ●●

1792 Inaugurated in 1792 after a badly conceived false start in the same candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Inaugurated in 1792 after a badly conceived false start in the same area five years before, this was a cooperation between the indefatigable Evangelical abolitionist Thomas Clarkson, his ex-naval officer brother John and a West African - an Egba prin ●●

1792 First American marine insurance company incorporated ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The first American company to insure ships and their cargoes was incorporated in 1792 ●●

1793 Clausewitz First Encounters War as Lance Corporal rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story At age twelve, Clausewitz first encountered war as a lance corporal in the Rhine campaign against the French. ●●

1793 Event of 1793 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story representatives assured Perry that they were prepared to satisfy nearly all of the American demands, including constructing a new harbor capable of accommodating American ships. Japan drew from the Western challenge a conclusion contrary to that of C ●●

1793 Information history in 1793 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ous method to write in the air, using a small number of symbols, simply formed from straight line segments,”♦ reported one of them, Gilbert Romme, in 1793. He persuaded the Convention to appropriate s ●●

1793 Vendee uprising against the revolutionary government ai_extracted 1 cit. no story One of the earliest counterrevolutionary movements was the peasant uprising of the Vendée in 1793 that opposed the revolutionary government in Paris. ●●

1793 Execution of King Louis XVI ai_extracted 1 cit. no story King Louis XVI is executed during the French Revolution, which Pike claims was orchestrated by successors of the Templars to avenge Jacques de Molai ●●

1794 Washington marches an army against the Whiskey rebels ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto notes that as president Washington assembled 13,000 troops in 1794 to march into western Pennsylvania and put down the Whiskey Rebellion. ●●

1794 Death of Mahadji Scindia ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Mahadji Scindia died and was succeeded by the fifteen-year-old Daulat Rao. The boy inherited a strong European-trained army but showed little skill in using it. ●●

1794 Belley takes a Saint-Domingue seat in the Assembly ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1794, one of their number,Jean-Baptiste Beiley, took a seat in the French National Con stituent Assembly as a delegate from Saint Domingue. ●●

1794 Campaigns of 1793 and 1794 Shape Political Understanding rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The campaigns of 1793 and 1794 set Clausewitz on the path of recognizing war as a political phenomenon. ●●

1794 After 1794, a series of treaties settled the borde... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After 1794, a series of treaties settled the borders with Canada and Florida in America’s favor, opened the Mi ●●

1794 Information history in 1794 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story forgotten, but they were a sensation in their time. In London, a Drury Lane entertainer and songwriter named Charles Dibdin put the invention into a 1794 musical show and foresaw a marvelous future: I ●●

1795 1795 constitution declared the colonies an "integral part" rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The 1795 constitution declared the colonies an "integral part" of France. ●●

1795 Third and final partition of Poland ai_extracted 1 cit. no story When the third and final partition did occur, in 1795, it was all too evident that Poland had been a more effective ally to France in its death throes than as a living, functioning state. By that time ●●

1795 Despite the younger Pitt’s wish to imitate his father in che rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Despite the younger Pitt’s wish to imitate his father in checking French expansionism, the British government also failed to pursue the war with the necessary determination and strategical clarity.75 ●●

1795 Prussians defeat the French, secure the Rhine ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Prussian forces defeated the French repeatedly in Alsace and the Saar, capturing thousands of prisoners. When fighting ended in 1795, they controlled the line of the Rhine. ●●

1795 13 As early as 1795, Oliver Evans constructed a continuous process flour mill on rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 13 As early as 1795, Oliver Evans constructed a continuous process flour mill on the Brandywine Creek in Delaware ●●

1796 Connecticut court introduces judicial discretion in child custody ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto points to 1796 as an early sign of the state intruding into family life. He says the Connecticut Superior Court that year introduced judicial discretion into the common law of child custody. ●●

1796 Revolutionary wars breach the Frankfurt ghetto walls ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The revolutionary wars demolished the walls of the Frankfurt ghetto, enabling the Rothschild family to escape centuries of discriminatory restrictions and begin their unprecedented rise to international financial prominence. ●●

1796 Napoleon crushes Sardinia-Piedmont, Peace of Campo Formio ai_extracted 1 cit. no story This left only Sardinia-Piedmont, which in early 1796 was crushed by Napoleon; the luckless Habsburg Empire, which was driven out of much of Italy and forced into the Peace of Campo Formio (October 17 ●●

1796 The rise of czarist Russia had a much candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story But it was, in fact, the Poles and the Turks who were to suffer most from the rise of Russia, and by the time Catherine the Great had died in 1796 she had added another 200,000 square miles to an alre ●●

1796 Archduke Charles fights Moreau at Neresheim ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On 11 August 1796, Archduke Charles fought Moreau in the Rauhe Alp (Neresheim). The Archduke fought primarily to facilitate his own retreat, demonstrating the complexities of tactical decision-making in strategic context. ●●

1796 30 So the Society planned an ambitious and imaginative project with its rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 30 So the Society planned an ambitious and imaginative project with its first voyage to Tahiti and elsewhere in 1796 ●●

1797 Andrew Bell publishes account of Hindu monitorial schooling ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto states that in 1797 Andrew Bell published an account of the Hindu-derived monitorial method he had used in Madras, praising its drill as an impediment to real learning. ●●

1797 Run on the Bank of England forces Britain off gold ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1797, amid the Revolutionary war with France, rumors that a French army had landed in Wales provoked a run on the Bank of England. Its gold reserves shrank from £9 million to £1 million and it abandoned the gold standard. ●●

1797 Bonaparte advances on Austria from Italy ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In March 1797, Bonaparte and the Army of Italy advanced from the Tagliamento to meet the Archduke Charles. His objective was to force a decision on the Austrians before reinforcements from the Rhine could arrive, ultimately leading to the peace of Campo Formio. ●●