Events, Verisoph

2008 Lehman Brothers bankruptcy triggers global crisis ai_extracted 1 cit. no story This is exactly the scenario that occurred in the wake of the Lehman Brothers bankruptcy in September 2008, leading to a near collapse of the global payment system and the deepest U. ●●

2008 The EU financial crisis, like the crisis that hit the United States in 2008–2009, is a complex one t rejected ai_extracted 3 cit. no story The EU financial crisis, like the crisis that hit the United States in 2008–2009, is a complex one that has many contributing causes. ●●

2008 There is no generic “crisis of the welfare state” in Europe: Germany, the Netherlands, and Scandinav rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story There is no generic “crisis of the welfare state” in Europe: Germany, the Netherlands, and Scandinavia all have very large public sectors when compared to, say, the United States or Japan, yet these countries managed to weather the 2008–2009 Wall Street crisis better than the United States. ●●

2008 Jackson’s presidency was the foundation of what Walter Russell Mead has labeled the Jacksonian tradi rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Jackson’s presidency was the foundation of what Walter Russell Mead has labeled the Jacksonian tradition of populism in American politics that continues up to the present day and finds echoes in groups like the Tea Party that emerged after the 2008 election of Barack Obama. ●●

2008 The countries that came through the 2008–2009 crisis the most successfully were those like Germany a rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The countries that came through the 2008–2009 crisis the most successfully were those like Germany and the Scandinavian nations that steered a middle course between the laissez-faire approach of the United States and Britain, and the rigid regulatory ●●

2008 On the role of large Prussian landowners blocking expansion of the franchise, see Daniel Ziblatt, “D rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On the role of large Prussian landowners blocking expansion of the franchise, see Daniel Ziblatt, “Does Landholding Inequality Block Democratization? A Test of the ‘Bread and Democracy’ Thesis and the Case of Prussia,” World Politics 60 (2008): 610–4 ●●

2008 , 296, 304 evolution, biological, 425–27 externalities, 55 extractive institutions, 26, 235, 236 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story , 296, 304 evolution, biological, 425–27 externalities, 55 extractive institutions, 26, 235, 236 Eyadéma, Gnassingbé, 288 Faidherbe, Louis, 297, 309 Falcone, Giovanni, 120, 122, 207 Fanfani, Amintore, 116 Farhang, Sean, 474 fascism, 115, 348 ●●

2008 ; courts in, 143–44; decay of quality of government in, 149, 164, 460–61, 466, 469–71, 484–87, 503–5 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ; courts in, 143–44; decay of quality of government in, 149, 164, 460–61, 466, 469–71, 484–87, 503–504; Declaration of Independence of, 13–15, 197, 342; democracy in, 471, 472, 483, 487, 503; distrust of government in, 38–39, 136–38, 165, 168, 181, 2 ●●

17 September 2008 Kriegler report released on 2007 election failures 1 cit. The Kriegler Commission released its report on the 2007 election, concluding that the vote count was so compromised it was impossible to determine who had actually won the presidential race. It found politicians across the political spectrum had incited violence and recommended sweeping reform of the electoral commission and the creation of a special tribunal to try those responsible for election-related violence. politics ●●●

15 October 2008 Waki Commission report handed to Kibaki and Odinga 1 cit. The Waki Commission delivered its final report on the 2007-08 post-election violence to President Kibaki and Prime Minister Odinga, documenting the role of organised militias, police use of excessive force, and planning of attacks by politicians and businessmen. The report recommended establishing a special tribunal to prosecute those most responsible and, failing that, that a sealed list of suspects be handed to the International Criminal Court. politics / war ●●●

c. 2008 The unresolved coastal land question and the MRC 5 cit. Generations after the colonial title system, much prime coastal land still belonged to absentee owners while local people remained squatters, feeding deep grievance. The slogan 'Pwani si Kenya' (the coast is not Kenya) and the secessionist Mombasa Republican Council revived the old sense of a coast held apart and shortchanged. Analysts trace the anger straight back to the colonial land alienation and the strip's separate status, though the movement's aims and support are contested. economy / politics ●●

28 February 2008 National Accord ends the crisis and calls for a truth commission 1 cit. A power-sharing deal mediated by Kofi Annan and a panel of African statesmen ended the post-election violence. The accord's fourth agenda item committed Kenya to address long-standing injustices, including through a truth, justice, and reconciliation process. It became the direct basis for creating the commission. diplomacy / politics ●●

c. 2008 Conservancy rangers are armed as police reservists contested 3 cit. Private conservancies and NRT build ranger forces to guard wildlife, and many rangers are gazetted as Kenya Police Reservists. This status gives them government firearms and law-enforcement powers on and around conservancy land. Supporters call the rangers essential anti-poaching staff; critics say it puts armed, ranch-linked forces in charge of policing pastoralist areas. politics / society ●●

15 October 2008 The Waki Commission reports on the violence 1 cit. The Commission of Inquiry into Post-Election Violence, led by Justice Philip Waki, handed its report to the president and prime minister, counting 1,133 dead, some 350,000 displaced, and widespread sexual violence and property destruction. It concluded that much of the bloodshed was planned and directed rather than spontaneous, and it recommended a special tribunal or referral to the International Criminal Court, sealing a list of suspects. The tolls and recommendations are the documented content of the report. politics / society ●●

March 2008 Operation Okoa Maisha crushes the militia amid abuse claims 5 cit. In March 2008 the Kenyan military and police launched Operation Okoa Maisha, meaning save lives, to break the Sabaot Land Defence Force. Commander Matakwei was killed in May 2008 and the militia was largely destroyed by mid year. Human rights groups documented grave abuses on both sides, including killings and widespread torture of Mount Elgon residents by the security forces. politics / war ●●●

1 January 2008 Kiambaa church burning becomes a symbol of the Eldoret attacks 6 cit. On 1 January 2008, people sheltering at a church near Kiambaa outside Eldoret were burned and killed during the first Rift Valley wave of post-election attacks against Kikuyu and others seen as PNU supporters. The event became one of the most remembered atrocities of the 2007-08 violence, standing for the way election dispute, land grievance, local organization and ethnic targeting fused in the greater Eldoret area. politics / society / war ●●●●●

January 2008 Naivasha and Nakuru reprisals turn PEV into organized counter-violence 7 cit. By late January 2008, reprisal attacks in Naivasha and Nakuru targeted Luo, Kalenjin and other communities associated with ODM. Human Rights Watch reported that these reprisals were not spontaneous revenge: PNU-linked mobilizers, local businessmen, councillors, militias and Mungiki-linked actors helped raise funds, direct youth and attack non-Kikuyu residents. politics / society / war ●●●●●

15 August 2008 KNCHR publishes On the Brink of the Precipice 1 cit. The Kenya National Commission on Human Rights published On the Brink of the Precipice, its human-rights account of Kenya's post-2007 election violence. The report added Kenyan institutional documentation of alleged perpetrators, regional patterns, police conduct, sexual violence, displacement and the political root causes of the crisis. politics / society ●●●

c. September 2008 The Great Recession revives Keynesian stimulus politics 2 cit. The 2007-09 financial crisis drove output and employment down sharply, pushed interest rates to the lower bound and revived the case for fiscal stimulus alongside unconventional monetary policy. Keynesian economics returned as practical crisis language: demand collapse, liquidity support, multipliers and stimulus. economy / politics ●●●●●

April 2008 Uhuru moves from opposition leader to Kibaki ally 1 cit. After serving as opposition leader, Uhuru backed Kibaki in the 2007 presidential race and then entered the Grand Coalition order that followed the post-election violence. He became Deputy Prime Minister, first with the trade docket and then as Minister for Finance. The move took him from Moi-era KANU succession candidate into the Kibaki-era establishment. economy / politics ●●●●

January 2008 Mungiki and paid militias become the PNU-side violence broker 8 cit. Mungiki is the blunt example from the PNU/Kikuyu-elite side of the 2007-08 crisis. HRW reported allegations of Mungiki or Mungiki-style formations in Naivasha and Nakuru, with local leaders, businessmen and PNU mobilizers organizing, paying and directing attackers. Later HRW work tied the failure to prosecute Mungiki to alleged links between senior Kikuyu politicians, government officials and the gang; Uhuru Kenyatta enters this record through ICC allegations and withdrawn charges, not a domestic conviction. This is the older version of today's hired goons. politics / society / war ●●●●●

1 February 2008 Agenda Four names land reform as a root-cause demand 2 cit. The Kenya National Dialogue and Reconciliation agenda treated the crisis as more than a disputed tally. Its long-term agenda named poverty, unequal resources, historical injustice and exclusion as causes of social tension, instability and the cycle of violence, and listed land reform beside constitutional reform and accountability. This is the official doorway into the loaded-gun argument: violence ended through elite settlement, while land was deferred into reform processes. economy / politics / society ●●●●●

17 February 2009 Obama signs the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act 4 cit. On 17 February 2009, President Barack Obama signed the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act, a fiscal stimulus package of spending, transfers, state aid and tax relief designed to support demand during the Great Recession. It also included education programs such as Race to the Top, but the macroeconomic point was demand rescue. economy / politics ●●●●

2009 Obama administration awards $3.4 billion for Smart Grid projects ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On October 27, 2009 the Obama administration announced $3.4 billion in awards to 100 Smart Grid projects, funding sensors, smart transformers, automated substations, in-home displays and load-control devices. Wood treats this as the kick-start of Smart Grid in the United States. ●●

2009 Business journal declares 2010 the year smart meters go global ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On November 16, 2009 a business journal reported that 2010 could be the year smart meters went global. Wood cites the wave of government-funded pilot projects across many countries that followed. ●●

2009 United States—Politics and government—2009– 4. Bankers—Political activity—U... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story United States—Politics and government—2009– 4. Bankers—Political activity—United States—History—20th century. 5. ●●

2009 A direct consequence of all these new expenditures will be a huge increase in the rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A direct consequence of all these new expenditures will be a huge increase in the government deficit, which is set to exceed 12 per cent of GDP or 44 per cent of total federal expenditure in 2009. ●●

2009 Greece's true budget deficit revealed ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Greece's actual budget deficit was revealed to be 12.7 percent of GDP in late 2009, far exceeding the claimed 3.7 percent. The revelation of widespread accounting fraud using financial swaps triggered the European debt crisis. ●●

2009 Evergreen wins Air Force helicopter contract ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Evergreen won a 158 million dollar contract to supply the Air Force with helicopters in 2009. ●●

2009 2009: By 2009 the Debian version 5. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ts. The case was eventually settled after Microsoft agreed to modify some of its practices. V . By 2009 the Debian version 5.0 of GNU/Linux had 324 million source lines of code, and one study estimate ●●

2009 2009: ” 52 Andreessen said he hoped that Bitcoin, III a digital ... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ssen said he hoped that Bitcoin, III a digital currency and peer-to-peer payment system created in 2009, might turn out to be a model for better payment systems. “If I had a time machine and could go ●●

2009 2009: htm ; Dan Bricklin, Bricklin on Technology (Wiley, 2009), 20... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story pr. 15, 2001, http://danbricklin.com/log/blogger.htm ; Dan Bricklin, Bricklin on Technology (Wiley, 2009), 206. 76. Livingston, Founders at Work , 2289, 2302. 77. Author’s interview with Ev Williams. ●●

2009 2009: Andrew Lih, The Wikipedia Revolution (Hyperion, 2009), 1111. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ams. 79. Author’s interview with Ev Williams. 80. Andrew Lih, The Wikipedia Revolution (Hyperion, 2009), 1111. See also Ward Cunningham and Bo Leuf, The Wiki Way: Quick Collaboration on the Web (Addis ●●

2009 2009: and the personal computer made for a richer tale. I put this book on h rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story and the personal computer made for a richer tale. I put this book on hold early in 2009, when I began working on a biography of Steve Jobs. But his st ●●

2009 2009: osoft agreed to modify some of its practices. V . By 2009 the Debian v rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story osoft agreed to modify some of its practices. V . By 2009 the Debian version 5.0 of GNU/Linux had 324 million source lines of cod ●●

2009 2009: upport more people who write things or make music.” 52 Andreessen said rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story upport more people who write things or make music.” 52 Andreessen said he hoped that Bitcoin, III a digital currency and peer-to-peer payment system c ●●

2009 2009: Apr. 15, 2001, http://danbricklin.com/log/blogger.htm ; Dan Bricklin, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Apr. 15, 2001, http://danbricklin.com/log/blogger.htm ; Dan Bricklin, Bricklin on Technology (Wiley, 2009), 206. 76. Livingston, Founders at Work , 22 ●●

2009 2009: ms. 79. Author’s interview with Ev Williams. 80. Andrew Lih, The Wikip rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ms. 79. Author’s interview with Ev Williams. 80. Andrew Lih, The Wikipedia Revolution (Hyperion, 2009), 1111. See also Ward Cunningham and Bo Leuf, Th ●●

2009 Information history in 2009 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story he desk. Suppose knowledge could be reduced to a quintessence, held within a picture, a sign, held within a place which is no place. ●●

2009 Public Becomes Aware of Google Search History Practices rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The public became aware that Google maintains search histories indefinitely, with data available to intelligence agencies. ●●

2009 6 THE BIRTHPLACE OF DEMOCRACY How Greece and Italy came to be at the center of the European financ rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 6 THE BIRTHPLACE OF DEMOCRACY How Greece and Italy came to be at the center of the European financial crisis; Greece and southern Italy as low-trust societies; the consequences of early democratization in Greece; how clientelism deepened in Greece despite modernization Beginning in late 2009 and steadily intensifying thereafter, the European Union was shaken by a financial crisis that has threatened the future of the euro as a currency and the EU as an institutional framework for promoting peace and economic growth. ●●

2009 Similarly, the European Union has been trying to construct a postnational sense of European citizens rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Similarly, the European Union has been trying to construct a postnational sense of European citizenship since the 1950s, a project that has run up against clear limits in the wake of the euro crisis that began in 2009. ●●

2009 The countries that came through the 2008–2009 crisis the most successfully were those like Germany a rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The countries that came through the 2008–2009 crisis the most successfully were those like Germany and the Scandinavian nations that steered a middle course between the laissez-faire approach of the United States and Britain, and the rigid regulatory ●●

2009 The United States Federal Reserve, Treasury, and Congress responded quite forcefully to its financia candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The United States Federal Reserve, Treasury, and Congress responded quite forcefully to its financial crisis, with a massive expansion of the Federal Reserve’s balance sheet, the $700 billion TARP, a second $700 billion stimulus package in 2009, and ●●

2009 Scott, The Art of Not Being Governed: An Anarchist History of Upland Southeast Asia (New Haven: Yale rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Scott, The Art of Not Being Governed: An Anarchist History of Upland Southeast Asia (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2009). ●●

2009 , Democratization in America: A Comparative-Historical Analysis (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story , Democratization in America: A Comparative-Historical Analysis (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2009). ●●

2009 , 296, 304 evolution, biological, 425–27 externalities, 55 extractive institutions, 26, 235, 236 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story , 296, 304 evolution, biological, 425–27 externalities, 55 extractive institutions, 26, 235, 236 Eyadéma, Gnassingbé, 288 Faidherbe, Louis, 297, 309 Falcone, Giovanni, 120, 122, 207 Fanfani, Amintore, 116 Farhang, Sean, 474 fascism, 115, 348 ●●

2009 Pentland deploys sociometric badges on office workers ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Zuboff describes Pentland's 2009 deployment of wearable sociometric badges to monitor office workers' communication patterns, voice tones, and body language in real time. ●●

16 July 2009 Kofi Annan hands the Waki envelope to the ICC prosecutor 2 cit. Kofi Annan handed the sealed 'Waki envelope', along with six boxes of supporting documents compiled by the Waki Commission, to International Criminal Court prosecutor Luis Moreno-Ocampo. The material formed the basis of ICC investigations that led to cases against several senior Kenyan political figures, including Uhuru Kenyatta and William Ruto, all of which were later withdrawn or collapsed for lack of evidence and witness intimidation. diplomacy / politics ●●●

2009 Mau Mau lawsuit exposes the hidden Hanslope archive ai_extracted 1 cit. In 2009 a group of Kenyans alleging mistreatment began legal proceedings against the Foreign and Commonwealth Office. Two years later this led to the discovery of a hidden colonial archive at Hanslope Park, holding records from 37 colonial territories in some 8,800 files. ●●●

c. 2009 Ogiek repeatedly evicted from the Mau Forest 3 cit. The Ogiek, a forest-dwelling hunter-gatherer people, were pushed out of the Mau Forest in a series of evictions framed as protecting a vital water catchment. Their homes were burned and families scattered, even though they had lived lightly in the forest for generations. Officials blamed forest loss on settlement while large-scale logging and political land handouts drew less action. environment / politics / society ●●●

2009 Uhuru becomes Finance Minister in the Grand Coalition 2 cit. As Deputy Prime Minister and Minister for Finance, Uhuru handled the treasury during the Grand Coalition period after the 2007-08 crisis. Treasury records list him among finance ministers from 2008 to 2013, and biographies emphasize that he was the last finance minister before the full 2010 constitutional reorganization. The post made him a national economic manager before his presidential run. economy / politics ●●●●

c. 2009 Mau is governed as a national water tower and eviction zone 3 cit. The Mau Forest became framed as a national water tower, but conservation policy also became an eviction machine. Ogiek and other forest residents faced removal even when courts later recognized indigenous land rights. environment / politics ●●●●

2009 Northern Kenya carbon project is developed through NRT conservancies 2 cit. The Northern Kenya Rangelands Carbon Project begins development through Northern Rangelands Trust member conservancies, with technical and market links involving The Nature Conservancy, Soils for the Future and Native. The project turns communal pastoral rangeland into a soil-carbon asset: carbon is measured, verified and sold while land remains formally community land. This is the new conservation frontier, where the commodity is not only wildlife tourism but the carbon value of grazing rules. economy / environment / politics ●●●●

10 May 2009 John Nottingham supports Mau Mau veterans' compensation case 3 cit. As Mau Mau veterans pushed a compensation case against Britain, John Cato Nottingham, a former colonial district officer who had broken with the administration over abuses, publicly supported the claimants. He became a rare white Kenyan witness against the colonial system he had served. His role ties the camp evidence to the later legal reckoning and to the people who preserved the story before the archives were opened. culture / politics / society ●●●

2010 to 2018 Troika austerity in Greece 1 cit. The IMF, European Commission, and European Central Bank imposed successive austerity programs as Greece's economy shrank by roughly a quarter and unemployment soared. The scale of the downturn reignited the debate over whether harsh conditions help or harm. economy / politics ●●●●

2010 Common Core State Standards copyrighted ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Common Core State Standards were copyrighted in 2010 by the National Governors Association Center for Best Practices and the Council of Chief State School Officers, both private organizations. ●●

2010 Bernanke returns to Jekyll Island for the Fed centennial ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The book notes Federal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke returned to Jekyll Island in 2010 to commemorate the Fed's founding a century earlier. It uses this to argue the meeting's reality is undeniable yet still little known. ●●

2010 on December 17, when pro-democracy protesters took to the streets, occupie candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story on December 17, 2010, when pro-democracy protesters took to the streets, occupied the squares, and overthrew the government ●●

2010 and 2017 and projected to hit $10 billion by 2020 and $18 billion by 2025 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 2010 and 2017 and projected to hit $10 billion by 2020 and $18 billion by 2025 ●●

2010 levels and hit zero by 2050, according to the Intergovernmental Panel on Cl rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 2010 levels and hit zero by 2050, according to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the United Nations body for assessing climate science ●●

2010 the government created a “one-in, one-out rule,” later replacing that with rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 2010 the government created a “one-in, one-out rule,” later replacing that with a “one-in, two-out rule” and then a “one-in, three-out rule ●●

2010 Mitch Horowitz discovers Reagan's connection to Manly Hall rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Mitch Horowitz, while on a radio show in New Orleans, learned that Ronald Reagan had believed in secret masters of wisdom directing American history. He tracked down Reagan's essay in Parade magazine from 1981 and discovered it contained ideas and phraseology directly from Manly P. Hall's writings. ●●

2010 2010: Ed Roberts (1941–2010). rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Ed Roberts (1941–2010). Altair on the cover, January 1975. ●●

2010 2010: Larry Brilliant (1944– ) and Stewart Brand on Brand’s houseb... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Larry Brilliant (1944– ) and Stewart Brand on Brand’s houseboat in 2010. William von Meister (1942–1995). Steve Case (1958– ). ●●

2010 2010: Sources for this section include author’s interviews with No... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story r previous book), and Steve Wozniak; Tristan Donovan, Replay: The Story of Video Games (Yellow Ant, 2010; locations refer to the Kindle edition); Steven Kent, The Ultimate History of Video Games: From ●●

2010 2010: tional until computers became truly personal. I . By 2010, federal spe rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story tional until computers became truly personal. I . By 2010, federal spending on research had dropped to half of what was spent by private industry. II ●●

2010 2010: Ed Roberts (1941–2010). Altair on the cover, January 1975. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Ed Roberts (1941–2010). Altair on the cover, January 1975. ●●

2010 2010: Larry Brilliant (1944– ) and Stewart Brand on Brand’s houseboat in 201 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Larry Brilliant (1944– ) and Stewart Brand on Brand’s houseboat in 2010. William von Meister (1942–1995). Steve Case (19 ●●

2010 2010: 11. Sources for this section include author’s interviews with Nolan Bu rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 11. Sources for this section include author’s interviews with Nolan Bushnell, Al Alcorn, Steve Jobs (for previous book), and Steve Wozniak; Tristan Do ●●

2010 Event of 2010 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story eviations from the true faith and because jihadists have a duty to transform dar al-harb, the world of unbelievers. Purity, not stability, is the guiding principle of this conception of world order. THE ARAB SPRING AND THE SYRIAN CATACLYSM For a flee ●●

2010 Information history in 2010 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story h an honorable history. I barely twitter myself, but even this odd medium, microblogging so quirky and confined, has its uses and its enchantment. ●●

2010 a computer with a billion transistors for the inflation-adju rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 2010 you could buy a computer with a billion transistors for the inflation-adjusted cost of a transistor radio in 1956 ●●

2010 Greece and Italy, by contrast, have been known for high levels of clientelistic and corrupt governme rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Greece and Italy, by contrast, have been known for high levels of clientelistic and corrupt government, and both have had problematic public finances that erupted during the 2010 euro crisis. ●●

2010 European sovereign debt crisis ai_extracted 2 cit. no story These weaknesses were made painfully evident in the European debt crisis of 2010–2013. ●●

2010 Instead, the Orange Coalition wasted its energy on internal squabbling and shady deals, paving the w rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Instead, the Orange Coalition wasted its energy on internal squabbling and shady deals, paving the way for Yanukovich’s return in 2010 and the crisis following on his departure in 2014. ●●

2010 For a broader account of how politics affected banking regulation after the financial crisis, see Si rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story For a broader account of how politics affected banking regulation after the financial crisis, see Simon Johnson and James Kwak, 13 Bankers: The Wall Street Takeover and the Next Financial Meltdown (New York: Pantheon, 2010). ●●

2010 Peter Cunliffe-Jones, My Nigeria: Five Decades of Independence (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010), rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Peter Cunliffe-Jones, My Nigeria: Five Decades of Independence (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010), pp. ●●

2010 Sociometric Solutions founded for workplace surveillance ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Zuboff documents that Pentland and colleagues founded Sociometric Solutions to bring Skinner's longed-for behavioral instruments and methods to marketplace as people analytics. ●●

2010 Between 1970 and 2010, the number of democracies around the world increased from about 35 to nearly rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Between 1970 and 2010, the number of democracies around the world increased from about 35 to nearly 120, or some 60 percent of the world’s countries, in what Samuel Huntington called the Third Wave of democratization. ●●

2010 To avoid this problem, some economists choose an absolute level of consumption, ranging from a low o rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story To avoid this problem, some economists choose an absolute level of consumption, ranging from a low of US$5 a day, or $1,800 in parity purchasing power per year, up to a range of $6,000–$31,000 annual income in 2010 U. ●●

2010 Affordable Care Act passed under Obama ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Barack Obama was able to get the Affordable Care Act passed in 2010 only because he abdicated virtually any role in shaping the legislation, leaving the final bill in the hands of multiple congressional committees. ●●

27 August 2010 The 2010 constitution and devolution 4 cit. Kenyans approved a new constitution by referendum in 2010, a direct answer to the abuses of centralized power exposed by the post-election violence. It created a strong bill of rights, an independent judiciary, presidential term limits, and 47 devolved county governments meant to spread resources and power beyond Nairobi. Devolution reshaped Kenyan politics, though it also spread patronage and corruption to the county level. politics ●●●

December 2010 The ICC cases against Kenyatta and Ruto collapse 1 cit. In December 2010 ICC prosecutor Luis Moreno-Ocampo named six suspects over the 2007 to 2008 violence, and charges of crimes against humanity were confirmed against four, including Uhuru Kenyatta and William Ruto, who were on opposite sides in 2007. The two later ran together and won the 2013 election, and the cases fell apart, with the charge against Kenyatta withdrawn in 2014 and the case against Ruto and Joshua Sang terminated in 2016. Judges and the prosecutor cited witnesses who were bribed, intimidated, or withdrew. The prosecutions and their collapse are documented, including the finding of witness interference. diplomacy / politics ●●

2010 The Luhya and Maasai Become Global Reference Genomes 2 cit. Two Kenyan communities became standard reference populations for human genetics worldwide. The Luhya of Webuye, coded LWK, are part of the 1000 Genomes Project, and the Maasai of Kinyawa, coded MKK, were sampled for the HapMap Project. Researchers everywhere compare against these panels. Their custodians caution that neither sample is a fixed, pure type, and that Luhya population history in particular is complex and mixed. science / society ●●●

c. 2010 Foragers reclaim their own names over "Dorobo" 2 cit. Communities once labelled Dorobo increasingly reject the term as demeaning and assert their own names, such as Ogiek, Yaaku, and Sengwer. The shift ties into wider indigenous-rights organising and claims to ancestral land and recognition. Some still use Dorobo among themselves, but many treat it as an outsiders' insult. culture / politics / society ●

c. 2010 Reviving Yaakunte from the edge of extinction 1 cit. By the twenty-first century only a handful of elderly Yaaku still spoke Yaakunte, and the language was ranked among the world's most endangered. Community members began revival efforts, recording speakers and teaching words as part of reclaiming a distinct Yaaku identity. Too few fluent speakers remain to restore the language as it was. culture / science / society ●●

December 2010 ICC prosecutor names Uhuru and Ruto among the Ocampo Six 2 cit. In December 2010 ICC prosecutor Luis Moreno-Ocampo named six Kenyan suspects over the 2007-08 post-election violence, including Uhuru Kenyatta and William Ruto, who had been on opposite sides of the political crisis. The cases made accountability a central issue in the next election, but they also created the conditions for the two accused politicians to build a joint survival coalition. diplomacy / politics ●●●●●

27 August 2010 The 2010 Constitution protects property while opening a land-injustice channel 3 cit. The 2010 Constitution classified land as public, community or private, protected property rights, and created the National Land Commission. The Commission could manage public land and investigate present or historical land injustices, but only recommend redress. The settlement therefore acknowledged original dispossession while routing it through property-protecting law, public-land administration and future claims rather than immediate redistribution. economy / politics / society ●●●●●

2010 Naboisho pools hundreds of Maasai landowners into one conservancy 2 cit. Mara Naboisho Conservancy was formed by pooling land leased from hundreds of Maasai landowners near the reserve. Its defenders present it as community-led conservation: owners retain land, receive lease payments, and earn from jobs, bursaries and tourism services. Its harder land meaning is just as important: the open pastoral landscape survives because it has been converted into a high-value wildlife-tourism lease zone. economy / environment / society ●●●●

2011 Monti and Papademos installed as prime ministers ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 2011, amid the European debt crisis, Mario Monti was installed as prime minister of Italy and Lukas Papademos as prime minister of Greece. Wood notes both were Trilateral Commission members widely described in the press as technocrats. ●●

2011 and 2012 was claimed back by banks, including JPMorgan Chase, in the form o rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 2011 and 2012 was claimed back by banks, including JPMorgan Chase, in the form of penalties for having defaulted on loans ●●

2011 on May 15, Colau, heeding social media calls to “take the cities, take the rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story on May 15, 2011, Colau, heeding social media calls to “take the cities, take the squares,” joined thousands of others in Barcelona to protest government corruption and austerity ●●

2011 Arab Spring uprisings begin ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Political and social upheavals spread across Arab world; few political scientists predicted their emergence. ●●

2011 2011: Steve Jobs (1955–2011) and Steve Wozniak (1950– ) in 1976. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Steve Jobs (1955–2011) and Steve Wozniak (1950– ) in 1976. Jobs graphic on the original Macintosh in 1984. Richard Stallman (1953– ). Linus Torvalds (1969– ). ●●

2011 2011: When Wales and his new wife had a daughter in 2011, they nam... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story er of computers being woven together like a tapestry. When Wales and his new wife had a daughter in 2011, they named her Ada, after Lady Lovelace. 112 LARRY PAGE, SERGEY BRIN, AND SEARCH When Justin H ●●

2011 2011: At his last such appearance, for the iPad 2 in 2011, he stoo... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story the intersection of the Liberal Arts and Technology. At his last such appearance, for the iPad 2 in 2011, he stood in front of that image and declared, “It’s in Apple’s DNA that technology alone is no ●●

2011 2011: 2011; Stephen Lukasik oral history, conducted by Judy O’Neil... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story . 82. Stephen Lukasik, “Why the ARPANET Was Built,” IEEE Annals of the History of Computing , Mar. 2011; Stephen Lukasik oral history, conducted by Judy O’Neill, Charles Babbage Institute, Oct. 17, 19 ●●

2011 2011: es were really crucial in learning how to program.” 35 Shortly before rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story es were really crucial in learning how to program.” 35 Shortly before she died in 2011, Jean Jennings Bartik reflected proudly on the fact that all th ●●

2011 2011: le exceptions, toward a more proprietary approach. In 2011 a milestone rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story le exceptions, toward a more proprietary approach. In 2011 a milestone was reached: Apple and Google spent more on lawsuits and payments involving pat ●●