Events, Verisoph

1900 Eastern Establishment dominates both U.S. parties since 1900 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley asserts that a semi-aristocratic Eastern Establishment had been the dominant element in both American parties since 1900, practicing the political techniques of William C. Whitney and J. P. Morgan. ●●

1900 Rhodes urges Milner to keep their intimacy hidden ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley says Milner needed an intermediary because he thought it politic to hide his closeness to Rhodes. He quotes Rhodes recalling on 10 April 1900 Milner's line that the less they were seen together the better. ●●

1900 Federation of the Australian colonies takes effect ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Brand's father, as Governor of New South Wales, was among the instigators of Australian federation. The federation of the Australian colonies came into effect in 1900. ●●

1900 Bionomics taught at Indiana University ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto reports that by 1900 Indiana University offered a course called Bionomics, created and taught by president David Starr Jordan, dealing with producing a new evolutionary ruling class. ●●

1900 Thomas Davidson publishes 'History of Education' ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto highlights Thomas Davidson's 1900 History of Education, the most talked-about education book of its year. He notes Davidson was also the first president of the Fabian Society and presented education as the highest form of evolution. ●●

1900 Japan joins the suppression of the Boxer Rebellion ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Japan was conciliatory to ward its rival empires and j oined them in 1900 in putting down the Boxer Rebellion in China. ●●

1900 First Pan-African Conference meets in London ai_extracted 1 cit. Racializing ideologies were also challenged on the empires' global scale when, for instance, the first pan-African Conference met in London in 1900, b... ●●

1900 Rockefellers rebuild the Spelman Seminary campus ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1900, the Rockefeller family had virtually made over the Spelman campus, paying for a new hospital, two dormitories, a dining hall and kitchen, a power plant, and a residence for the school president. ●●

1900 Eight-Nation Alliance invades China ai_extracted 1 cit. no story International military force loots Beijing and other Chinese cities, further cementing sense of national victimhood. ●●

1900 Rutherford discovers thorium radioactive emanation ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Rutherford reported the discovery of a radioactive gas emanating from the radioactive element thorium. ●●

1900 Weber refuses to hire Einstein at Zurich Polytechnic ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Einstein attempted to get a position as assistant to a professor at the Zurich Polytechnic in August 1900, but Professor Weber refused to hire him due to his impudence. He remained unemployed. ●●

1900 British concentration camps during the Boer War 1 cit. As Boer commandos continued guerrilla resistance, British forces under Lord Kitchener adopted a scorched-earth policy, burning farms and interning Boer women, children, and elderly men in camps to deny fighters support. Roughly 26,000 Boer civilians, mostly children, died in these camps from disease and malnutrition, along with tens of thousands of Black African laborers interned in separate camps. The camps caused lasting bitterness and became a defining grievance in Afrikaner nationalist memory. society / war ●●●

c. 1900 The Catholic Church and the White Fathers 1 cit. The Catholic missionary order known as the White Fathers built the schools, churches, and record systems that shaped colonial Rwanda. Church thinkers embraced Hamitic race theory and, for decades, groomed a Tutsi elite while teaching Hutu inferiority as fact. When politics shifted in the 1950s the Church swung its support to the Hutu majority, helping legitimize the new order. The Church's deep involvement on both sides is documented and heavily studied. religion / society ●●

c. 1900 Maasai spears turned against the Nandi and Kamba 3 cit. The British recruited Maasai warriors as levies and irregulars in punitive expeditions against neighbours such as the Nandi, Kamba and others who resisted colonial control. In return for cattle taken as loot, Maasai moran did much of the fighting and raiding on Britain's behalf. Their martial tradition was thus used up in the service of the power that would soon dispossess them. politics / war ●●●

c. 1900 The long Pokomo-Orma contest over the river 3 cit. Farmers and herders on the Tana have long competed for the same narrow strip of watered land. The Pokomo plant crops on the banks, while the Orma need to bring cattle to the river to drink, especially in drought. This clash of farming and grazing along one river has been a recurring source of tension for generations. economy / environment ●●

1901 Taff Vale decision drives labor into politics ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In the Taff Vale case of 1901 the courts held labor unions liable for damages from their economic actions. To overturn this, the working classes turned to political action and founded their own party. ●●

1901 D'Arcy oil concession in Iran ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1901 the shah granted William Knox D'Arcy an exclusive concession to exploit petroleum across Iran except the five provinces bordering Russia. This concession later passed to the Anglo-Persian Oil Company and became a focus of Iranian nationalist grievance. ●●

1901 Edward A. Ross publishes Social Control ai_extracted 1 cit. Gatto points to sociologist Edward A. Ross's 1901 book Social Control, which he says announced the plan to replace community, family, and church with propaganda, education, and mass media. ●●

1901 Gallieni imposes a head tax in Madagascar ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After completing the conquest of Madagascar in 1901, the French general Gallieni imposed a head tax payable only in newly issued Malagasy francs. The aim was to force Malagasy into the money economy and wage labor. ●●

1901 Northern Securities railroad trust formed ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Northern Securities, one of the nation’s largest railroad trusts, had been formed by Morgan, Harriman, and Hill in 1901. The president’s power play might have been avoided if... ●●

1901 Czech-language officials appointed in Bohemia and Moravia ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Czech language officials appointed in Bohemia and Moravia ●●

1901 Northern Pacific corner triggers Wall Street panic ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The New York Herald banner headline of May 9, 1901, summed up the popular view: “GIANTS OF WALL STREET, IN FIERCE BATTLE FOR MASTERY, PRECIPITATE CRASH THAT BRINGS RUIN TO HORDE OF PYGMIES.”63 The de... ●●

1901 Florida enacts the Flagler divorce law ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On April 9, 1901, a special law was enacted permitting divorce on grounds of incurable insanity—a law known as the Flagler divorce law. Within two weeks, Flagler married Mary Lily Kenan. ●●

1901 Manly P. Hall born in Peterborough, Canada ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Manly Palmer Hall, future esoteric philosopher and author, was born in Peterborough, Canada, outside Toronto, to his mother Louise Palmer Hall, a chiropractor and progressive woman. ●●

1901 Roosevelt becomes president after McKinley's assassination ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Roosevelt came into office initially in 1901 on McKinley’s assassination, but he and his party won a decisive majority in the 1904 election, a mandate that he used to great effect. ●●

1901 American Can formed by merger ai_extracted 2 cit. no story American Can, whose first president was Edward Norton, the inventor of the “automatic-line” process, resulted from a merger in 1901 ●●

1901 US Steel founded by J. P. Morgan ai_extracted 1 cit. no story United States Steel was founded by financier J. Pierpont Morgan as a holding company controlling more than half of the American steel industry, one of the monopolies Nkrumah traces into African raw-material supply. ●●

December 1901 Railway reaches Lake Victoria at Kisumu 7 cit. The Uganda Railway reached the shore of Lake Victoria at the port first named Port Florence, now Kisumu, completing the main line from the coast. The railway had cost about GBP 5.5 million and many lives, and to make it pay Britain now pressed to fill the highlands with cash-crop farming and export freight. That pressure drove the settler project and the seizure of African land. economy / technology ●●

1901 The Uganda Railway Opens the Interior 2 cit. The railway from Mombasa reached Lake Victoria at Kisumu in 1901, cutting through the cool, fertile highlands on the way. Hansard later put the total cost at about GBP 5.5 million, more than double the early GBP 2.24 million estimate and offer. Officials looked for white farmers to settle along the line and produce export freight that would make the line pay. That search for settlers, more than any plan for African development, set the highlands on the path to becoming a white preserve. economy / politics ●●

1901 Uganda Railway reaches the Kenyan highlands 2 cit. The British railway from Mombasa reached Lake Victoria, opening the cool, fertile central highlands to European settlement. Hansard later put the total railway cost at about GBP 5.5 million, against an early GBP 2.24 million estimate and offer. To make the expensive line pay, the administration decided to bring in white farmers who would grow export crops and supply freight. This choice set Kenya on a settler path that neighbouring territories never took. economy / politics ●●

1901 The Uganda Railway wires Kenya into the export economy 1 cit. Britain completed the Uganda Railway from Mombasa to Lake Victoria, opening the interior to trade and settlement. The line was built to move raw goods to the coast for export and to carry imported manufactures inland. It set the basic shape of the colonial economy: a channel for commodities out and finished goods in. economy / politics ●●

c. 1901 Lenana, the British-backed paramount chief contested 1 cit. The British made Olonana, the senior Maasai laibon, into a paramount chief, an office the Maasai never had, since the laibon was a ritual prophet and not a ruler over the sections. Lenana supplied Maasai warriors for British punitive expeditions against the Kikuyu, Nandi, and others, and his name was put to the 1904 and 1911 agreements that gave up Maasai land. Whether he was a collaborator or a pragmatic survivor is disputed: the Maasai had been broken by the Emutai, he could not speak for every section, and the historian Lotte Hughes argues the British manufactured his authority to legitimise taking the land. politics / society / war ●●●

1901 The hut tax forces men out of the reserves to earn cash 5 cit. The colonial administration imposed a hut tax across the East Africa Protectorate, later joined by a poll tax on adult men. The taxes had to be paid in cash, which most families could only get through wage work on settler farms and in the towns. The effect, and often the intent, was to push men in Nyanza and the western districts out to labour. economy / politics ●●●

1902 Trans-Siberian line draws Russia toward war with Japan ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By letting Russia press into the Far East, the Trans-Siberian railway drove Britain into alliance with Japan in 1902 and Russia into war with Japan in 1904-1905. ●●

1902 Foreign-controlled iron and steel cartel in Russia, 1902 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1902 a cartel of a dozen firms handled nearly three-quarters of Russian iron and steel sales and was controlled by four foreign banking groups, marking the rise of monopoly capitalism in Russia. ●●

1902 Anglo-Japanese alliance, 1902 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Shaken by the Boer War, Britain in 1902 made a treaty with Japan pledging mutual aid if either faced two enemies in the Far East, which later allowed Japan to attack Russia in 1904. ●●

1902 Anglo-Japanese Alliance to isolate Russia (1902) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story To isolate the coming conflict with Russia, Japan signed a treaty with Britain in 1902 under which each could expect the other's support if fighting more than one enemy in the Far East. ●●

1902 Junker-industrialist tariff and navy bargain ai_extracted 1 cit. The alliance created by Bulow, agreed in May 1900 and consummated in December 1902, traded a high grain tariff for the industrialists' naval program. The 1902 tariff gave Germany one of the world's most protected agricultures. ●●

1902 Salisbury hands the premiership to Balfour ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On retiring in 1902, Lord Salisbury handed the party leadership and premiership to his nephew and hand-picked successor, Arthur James Balfour. Quigley uses the Cecil family's dominance to illustrate concentrated party control. ●●

1902 Education Act of 1902 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Education Act of 1902 extended secondary education by shifting control from school boards to local government and funding church schools from rates. Nonconformists denounced it as forcing them to support Anglican education. ●●

1902 Rhodes's death leaves a board of seven trustees ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Rhodes changed his trustees across seven wills. At his death in 1902 the estate was left to a board of seven, the body the world looked to for the Rhodes Scholarships. ●●

1902 Flora Shaw leaves The Times (1902) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Flora Shaw, a key Times correspondent tied to the Jameson Raid telegrams, gave up her post after marrying in 1902. Quigley notes the publicity around the raid had reduced her value to the paper. ●●

1902 Carnegie publishes 'The Empire of Business' ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto cites Andrew Carnegie's 1902 book The Empire of Business, in which Carnegie attacked teachings that gave children false ideas. Gatto identifies Carnegie as the businessman behind the Homestead strike. ●●

1902 Death of Rhodes and Milner's inheritance ai_extracted 1 cit. The book, following Quigley, says that when Rhodes died in 1902 Alfred Milner gained control of his money and used it to run the Network's propaganda machine. It presents Milner as Rhodes's chosen heir. ●●

1902 Stiles finds hookworm endemic across the South ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In September 1902, outfitted with just a microscope, Dr. Stiles journeyed through the South examining human feces, and, sure enough, he found hookworm eggs everywhere. It was an exhilarating discovery, since hookworm could be cured with fifty cents’ worth of salts and thymol. ●●

1902 Shen Jiaben commission revises the Qing Code ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Responding to Western criticisms of traditional Chinese law, particularly with respect to the cruelty of punishments, a commission led by Shen Jiaben was established in 1902 to recommend revisions to the Qing Code. ●●

1902 Andrew Carnegie endows the Carnegie Institution ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On January 28, 1902, Andrew Carnegie endowed the Carnegie Institution with $10 million in bonds followed by additional endowments of $12 million. This institution would become the primary funding source and legitimizing entity for American eugenics research. ●●

1902 First harvester industry merger initiated by Gary ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Significantly, the initiative for the first successful merger in the harvester industry in 1902 came from Judge Elbert Gary, chairman of the board of ●●

1902 Hobson publishes Imperialism ai_extracted 1 cit. no story J. A. Hobson's study Imperialism, published by the English Liberal economist, was one of the two works Nkrumah says Lenin drew on for his own analysis of finance capital. ●●

c. 1902 The Colonial Chiefs, a Ruling Class the British Invented 7 cit. Precolonial Kikuyu society had no chiefs; authority rested with councils of elders. Under indirect rule the British appointed government chiefs and headmen, gave them police, tax, and land powers, and backed them with the colonial state. These men and their families became a privileged administrative class whose standing depended on serving the colonizer, and they are the origin of the loyalist establishment that historians trace forward into the independent state. politics / society ●●●

1902 The Crown Lands Ordinance of 1902 3 cit. The 1902 Crown Lands Ordinance let the administration sell freehold and grant long leases of land it treated as vacant Crown land, including large areas Africans used for grazing and shifting cultivation. It gave the first legal footing for handing the highlands to European settlers. Because African land use was often seasonal and communal, officials could label occupied land empty and alienate it. economy / politics ●●●

1902 White Settlement of Kenya Begins ai_extracted 1 cit. The first white settlers arrived in Kenya's central highlands in 1902, encouraged by the colonial governor Sir Charles Eliot, who wanted to make the newly built Uganda railway pay for itself. White political and economic domination and the alienation of African land followed, entrenching a settler-dominated colony. ●●

1902 Lozi king Lewanika attends Edward VII's coronation ai_extracted 1 cit. Colonial administrators used the glamour of the British crown to bind African rulers to empire. The symbolic peak of Lewanika of Barotseland's career was his invitation to Edward VII's coronation in 1902, after which he acquired a royal coach and admiral's uniform. Once the administration felt secure, it stripped him of the title of "King". ●●

1902 Crown Lands Ordinance opens Kikuyu land to settlers 5 cit. The Crown Lands Ordinance of 1902 declared land in the protectorate available for the Crown to grant, and administrators treated southern Kikuyu country as empty or forfeit. Fertile Kiambu, thinned by famine and disease in the 1890s, was alienated to European settlers along the new railway. The Kikuyu lost some of their best land and were pushed toward the reserves that later fed deep grievance. economy / politics ●●●

1902 Britain seals off the northern frontier as a closed district 3 cit. The colonial Outlying Districts Ordinance let the government wall off the vast, mostly Somali and pastoralist north and control who could enter or leave. Officials ran the region as a closed frontier, separate from the rest of the colony and largely for security, not development. The rule set a pattern of governing the Somali, Borana and related peoples apart from other Kenyans. politics / society ●●●

1902 Trans-Nzoia is transferred from Uganda to Kenya 1 cit. Britain moved the greater Trans-Nzoia region from the Uganda Protectorate into the East Africa Protectorate in 1902. That administrative move set up the later treatment of the area as part of Kenya's settler highlands rather than as a borderland tied mainly to Mount Elgon and Uganda. diplomacy / politics ●●●

c. 1902 British East Africa Police absorbs railway policing 2 cit. The early protectorate police grew from Mombasa, company guards and railway security into the British East Africa Police. Railway policing was not a side issue: the force guarded the infrastructure that made conquest, settlement and export agriculture possible. The first reorganisation added drill, uniforms, inspectors and a Nairobi fingerprint bureau. politics / technology / war ●●●

1902 King's African Rifles becomes Kenya's army inheritance 2 cit. The King's African Rifles consolidated earlier colonial forces in 1902, with African askari as rank-and-file soldiers under white officers. In Kenya this was the military spine inherited at independence: disciplined African manpower, British command culture, and long service below the commissioned-officer ceiling. politics / war ●●●●

1903 Death of Lord Salisbury and decline of the Cecil Bloc ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Lord Salisbury died in 1903. Quigley says the Cecil Bloc survived under Balfour but grew looser, and was gradually replaced by the more disciplined Milner Group. ●●

1903 Atlantic Monthly calls for business organization of schools ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto reports that in 1903 The Atlantic Monthly called for schools to adopt business organization, and William C. Bagley described the ideal teacher as one who would rigidly hew to the line. ●●

1903 Rockefeller's General Education Board chartered by Congress, 1903 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto states that Rockefeller's General Education Board obtained a congressional incorporating act in 1903 and began organizing schooling in the South. ●●

1903 USS Nashville blocks Colombia during Panama revolt ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The American gunboat Nashville received orders to prevent Colombia from sending military reinforcements to Panama during the secessionist uprising. This intervention on November 2, 1903, ensured the rebellion's success and U.S. control of the canal zone. ●●

1903 Steichen photographs J.P. Morgan ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1903, Pierpont sat for two minutes as Edward Steichen snapped the famous photograph of him: from deep shadow and gripping the blade-like chair, Pierpont stares out, a tense crease between his brows... ●●

1903 Davison founds Bankers Trust Company ai_extracted 1 cit. no story While there, he organized Bankers Trust in 1903, assisted in the 1907 panic negotiations, and represented Wall Street on Senator Aldrich’s National Monetary Commission. These exploits won the attentio... ●●

1903 Elkins Act forbids railroad rebates ai_extracted 1 cit. no story When rebates were again forbidden by the Elkins Act of 1903 and the Hepburn Act of 1906, the public naively assumed they had ended. ●●

1903 British navy converts battleships to fuel oil ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1903, the British navy outfitted some battleships to use fuel oil instead of coal, attracting the notice of the U.S. ●●

1903 Rutherford and Soddy calculate radioactive decay energy ai_extracted 1 cit. no story paper written with Soddy, “Radioactive change,” offered the first informed calculations of the amount of energy released by radioactive decay: It may therefore be stated that the total energy of radiation during the disintegration of one gram of rad ●●

1903 American Breeders Association forms Eugenics Committee ai_extracted 1 cit. no story At the American Breeders Association's first annual meeting in St. Louis in December 1903, Charles Davenport succeeded in establishing a formal Eugenics Committee. The ABA voting 499-5, supported expanding eugenics work into legislation and public policy. ●●

1903 Distillers-Securities Corporation formed by consolidation ai_extracted 1 cit. no story These wholesalers and the manufacturing enterprise were consolidated in 1903 into the Distillers-Securities Corporation ●●

1903 Du Pont cousins consolidate family firms ai_extracted 2 cit. no story In 1903 three du Pont cousins consolidated their small enterprise with many other small, single-unit family firms ●●

1903 Corn Products Company formed by merger ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Corn Products Company, formed in 1903, was a merger of two unsuccessful combinations and three independent companies ●●

1903 Lord Delamere and the Pioneer Settlers 6 cit. Hugh Cholmondeley, the third Baron Delamere, took up a huge lease near Njoro in 1903 and poured his fortune into experiments with sheep, cattle, and wheat until he made settler farming work. He became the leader and spokesman of a small aristocratic settler class that pictured the highlands as a white man's country. Delamere set the tone of settler politics, demanding cheap African labour, low taxes, and a permanent racial hold on the land. economy / politics ●●●

c. 1903 The Alienation of the Kikuyu Highlands 5 cit. The fertile, well-watered highlands the Kikuyu farmed were among the first lands taken for white settlement, declared Crown land on the fiction that they were empty or ownerless. Much of the frontier had in fact been thinned by the famine and smallpox of the 1890s, and settlers moved onto ground its owners expected to return to. The Kikuyu system of family land held under a founder, the githaka, gave people a strong sense of ownership that the seizures directly violated, feeding a land grievance that lasted for decades. economy / politics ●●●

1903 Institution of the Tour de France ai_extracted 1 cit. Hobsbawm treats the rise of mass spectator sport as part of the social invention of tradition around 1900. On the continent cycling was the leading mass sport, marked by new velodromes in big cities and the founding of the Tour de France in 1903. ●

1903 Tea starts as a settler highland experiment 5 cit. White settlers introduced tea seedlings at Limuru in 1903. Commercial cultivation began in the 1920s and remained a settler preserve until Africans were allowed into smallholder tea in the 1950s. Tea is a clean example of how climate, altitude and exclusion turned the highlands into an export machine. economy / politics ●●●●

12 January 1904 to 1908 Herero and Nama genocide 1 cit. After the Herero and Nama rose against German colonists, German forces drove survivors into the desert and confined others in death camps. Tens of thousands died in what is widely regarded as the first genocide of the twentieth century. society / war ●●●●

1904 Entente Cordiale between France and Britain (1904) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1904 France and Britain settled their colonial disputes together, France recognizing British Egypt in return for support in Morocco, forming the Entente Cordiale in the face of German power. ●●

1904 Formation of I. G. Farbenindustrie ai_extracted 1 cit. no story I. G. Farben, the German chemical combine, was formed in 1904 from three firms. Quigley says that after its 1926 reorganization it controlled about two-thirds of Germany's chemical output. ●●

1904 Charles Hardinge shapes the Entente Cordiale ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley calls Charles Hardinge one of the most significant figures in British foreign policy. He credits him as the most important single person in forming the 1904 Entente Cordiale. ●●

1904 Milner calls for a 'powerful body of men' outside party politics ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Refusing the presidency of an imperial federalist body, Milner wrote to its secretary Congdon about his distaste for party politics. He called for a powerful body of men devoted at all times to national unity. ●●

1904 First racial science laboratory opens at Cold Spring Harbor, 1904 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto states that in 1904, funded partly by Carnegie and Harriman money, the world's first racial science laboratory opened at Cold Spring Harbor, Long Island. ●●

1904 Frances Kellor publishes Out of Work, 1904 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto describes Americanization organizer Frances Kellor, whose first muckraking book Out of Work was published in 1904. ●●

1904 Ivan Pavlov wins the Nobel Prize, 1904 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto notes that Ivan Pavlov won the Nobel in 1904 for discovering the conditioned reflex, work that spread behavioral psychology into government and corporate use. ●●

1904 G. Stanley Hall coins 'adolescence,' 1904 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto notes that in 1904 G. Stanley Hall inserted the word 'adolescence' into the American vocabulary, helping launch the science of child development. ●●

1904 Roosevelt wins the 1904 election ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In the process, Roosevelt gained enough popular support to win the election of 1904 with 70 percent of the electoral vote. But by 1907, either because he believed he needed... ●●

1904 Morgan bank funds Roosevelt's 1904 reelection ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In the 1904 campaign, the Morgan bank gave $ 150,000 toward Roosevelt’s reelection. In return, Pierpont was sternly lectured by TR at a 1907 dinner of the Gridiron Club, the president wagging his fing... ●●

1904 Flexner develops meningitis serum amid NYC epidemic ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Then a sudden opportunity for heroism arose during the winter of 1904–1905, when three thousand New Yorkers died in a cerebrospinal meningitis epidemic. In response, Flexner developed a serum in horses to treat the disease. ●●

1904 Olga Warburg dies by suicide in Berne ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In August 1904, Olga Warburg leaped from a third-story window in Berne, Switzerland, driven to suicide by a loveless marriage and postpartum depression. The tragedy would haunt the family for decades. ●●

1904 Crowley receives the Book of the Law and founds Thelema 1 cit. In Cairo, Aleister Crowley claims a spirit dictated to him the Book of the Law, founding the religion of Thelema with its creed 'Do what thou wilt shall be the whole of the Law'. It became the fountainhead of much of modern Western occultism. culture / religion ●●●●

1904 Britain joins the Franco-Russian bloc ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Great Britain joined the Franco-Russian bloc with agreements in 1904 and 1907. ●●

1904 Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine ai_extracted 1 cit. In what he called a “Corollary” to the Monroe Doctrine, he proclaimed on December 6, 1904, a general right of intervention by “some civilized nation” ●●

1904 Carnegie Institution opens Station for Experimental Evolution ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On January 19, 1904, the Carnegie Institution formally inaugurated the Station for Experimental Evolution at Cold Spring Harbor, New York, under Charles Davenport's direction. This facility became the headquarters of American eugenics research. ●●

1904 Russo-Japanese War begins ai_extracted 1 cit. no story This amazing story begins with the war between Russia and Japan in 1904 ●●

12 January 1904 Herero and Nama Genocide Begins 1 cit. Herero fighters rose against German colonial rule; General Lothar von Trotha responded with an extermination order driving the Herero into the Omaheke desert to die of thirst. Nama fighters who rose the following year met the same policy. Historians estimate that 24,000 to 100,000 Herero and roughly half the Nama population died, making this the first genocide widely recognized as such in the 20th century. politics / war ●●●

1904 The First Maasai Agreement and Move contested 7 cit. In 1904 the administration pressed the Maasai, through the laibon Lenana, to sign an agreement giving up the central Rift Valley grasslands and move into two reserves, one on the Laikipia plateau to the north and one to the south around Ngong and Loita. The treaty said the arrangement would last as long as the Maasai existed. Historians dispute how freely Lenana acted and whether he spoke for all the Maasai sections, but the effect was to clear prime pasture for white ranchers. diplomacy / society ●●●

1904 The Gusii Resistance and the 1904 Expedition 4 cit. When the British first pushed into the Gusii highlands in 1904, a military force met resistance, killed many people, and raised the Union Jack over the district. The Gusii, or Abagusii, a Bantu farming people ringed by pastoralist neighbours, had a reputation for independence and would not submit quietly. The 1904 violence opened a period of raids and reprisals that ran on for years. politics / war ●●

August 1904 The 1904 Anglo-Maasai treaty carves out two reserves 3 cit. In August 1904 an agreement signed for the Maasai by Olonana moved them off the central Rift and into two reserves, a northern one on Laikipia and a southern one near the Tanganyika border, linked by a stock corridor. The document promised the Maasai the reserves for as long as they existed as a people. It also opened the fertile central highlands to European settlement. diplomacy / economy / politics ●●●●

1905 Bloody Sunday at the Winter Palace, 1905 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1905 the priest Gapon led a mass workers' march to the Winter Palace to petition the tsar; troops fired on them and hundreds were shot, helping ignite the 1905 revolution. ●●

1905 Chinese imperial examinations abolished (1905) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1905 the old literary examination system for the civil service and mandarinate was abolished and a Ministry of Education modeled on Japan was established, reforms that weakened rather than strengthened the imperial regime. ●●

1905 Treaty of Portsmouth ends Russo-Japanese War (1905) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By the 1905 Treaty of Portsmouth, Russia renounced influence in Korea and yielded southern Sakhalin and the Liaotung lease to Japan after its land and naval victories. ●●