Events, Verisoph

1905 Schlieffen Plan drawn up (1905) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The German war plan, the Schlieffen Plan, was drawn up in 1905 and modified after 1906 by the younger Moltke, calling for a swift wheeling attack through Belgium to annihilate France. ●●

1905 Milner's farewell speech urges loyalty to imperial unity ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In his farewell speech of March 1905 Milner called on his hearers, especially the Kindergarten, to stay faithful to the idea of imperial unity. Quigley quotes it as the group's guiding creed. ●●

1905 Beit endows a chair of Colonial History at Oxford ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The year before his death Alfred Beit was persuaded to fund a Beit Professorship and Lectureship in Colonial History at Oxford. Quigley says the surplus income served other imperialist purposes. ●●

1905 Morley pushes through the Morley-Minto reforms in India ai_extracted 1 cit. no story John Morley was Secretary of State for India from 1905 to 1910 and put through the Morley-Minto reforms. Quigley says he drew on members of the Milner and All Souls groups to do it. ●●

1905 United States leads world coal production ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto gives 1905 coal-production figures to show the United States produced almost as much coal as the other three school-bound nations combined. He argues coal power underlay the creation of mass schooling. ●●

1905 Corporations employ most American wage earners ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto reports that by 1905 industrial corporations employed 71 percent of all wage earners and mining another 10 percent, as forced-schooling laws gained enforcement power. ●●

1905 Beatrice Webb joins the Royal Commission on the Poor Law ai_extracted 1 cit. Gatto cites Kitty Muggeridge's claim that the welfare state's first foundation was laid in November 1905, when Beatrice Webb was appointed to the Royal Commission on the Poor Law and drafted a cradle-to-grave plan. ●●

1905 Banker Frank Vanderlip praises German schooling to the NEA ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto reports that in 1905 Frank Vanderlip, vice president of the National City Bank of New York, told the NEA convention that Germany's economic success could be summed up in one word: schoolmaster. ●●

1905 The First Moroccan Crisis ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In March 1905 the Kaiser visited Tangiers and backed Moroccan independence, challenging French dominance in North Africa. France's premier Rouvier defused the confrontation and began the talks that led to the Anglo-French entente. ●●

1905 Maji Maji uprising crushed in German Tanganyika ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As many as one hundred thousand Africans died in the German repression of an uprising in Tanganyika in 1905 ; in Southwest Africa, the Herero revolt m... ●●

1905 Russia defeated in the Russo-Japanese War ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Russia defeated in Russo-Japanese War ●●

1905 Braden Copper Company begins mining at El Teniente ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1905 the Braden Copper Company, which would later be absorbed into Kennecott Copper Corporation, began mining at El Teniente, a mountain of ore set (1905) ●●

1905 General Education Board funds higher education ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1905, the GEB extended its purview to higher education with a $10 million gift from Rockefeller, followed by another $32 million in 1907—hailed by the board as “the largest sum ever given by a man in the history of the race for any social or philanthropic purposes.”19 (It would be equivalent to $500 million today.) Much of this last gift was routed to the University of Chicago. ●●

1905 House urges antitrust probe of Standard Oil ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Then, in February 1905, by a unanimous resolution, the House of Representatives urged an antitrust investigation of Standard Oil, a result of the oil boom in Kansas. ●●

1905 Roosevelt denounces 'muckrakers' at Gridiron Club ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As Rockefeller assured Gates, “The owner of the World is also a large owner of property, and I presume that, in common with other newspaper owners who are possessed of wealth, his eyes are beginning to be opened to the fact that he is like Samson, taking the initiative to pull the building down upon his head.”27 By 1905, Rockefeller and his entourage were picking up hints that investigative zeal was ebbing among the editors at McClure’s, where, Starr Murphy reported, “the thing has now gone so far that they themselves are getting disgusted and heartily wish they were out of it.”28 In March 1906, Teddy Roosevelt delivered his famous speech at Washington’s Gridiron Club in which he borrowed a term from Pilgrim’s Progress and denounced the new investigative reporters as muckrakers who kept their eyes fixed on lowly matters instead of occasionally lifting them up to heaven. ●●

1905 Death of Alphonse de Rothschild ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Alphonse de Rothschild, head of the Paris branch and one of the most influential bankers of the nineteenth century, died in 1905, marking the start of generational decline. ●●

1905 Einstein explains the photoelectric effect ai_extracted 1 cit. no story that eventually won for him the Nobel Prize, Einstein connected Planck’s idea of limited, discontinuous energy levels to the problem of the photoelectric effect. ●●

1905 Einstein's doctoral dissertation accepted at Zurich ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Einstein completed his doctoral dissertation titled 'A New Determination of Molecular Dimensions' on April 30 and submitted it to University of Zurich in July. It was accepted after minor revisions, making him Dr. Einstein. ●●

1905 Einstein publishes his Brownian motion paper ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Eleven days after finishing his dissertation (May 1905), Einstein produced a paper on Brownian motion explaining why particles suspended in liquid jiggle, settling the phenomenon that had puzzled scientists for eighty years. ●●

1905 Millikan verifies Einstein's photoelectric effect law ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Robert Millikan performed experiments that verified Einstein's photoelectric effect formulas and law of photoelectric effect. Einstein would later win his only Nobel Prize for discovering this law, though Millikan initially rejected the theory. ●●

1905 Einstein submits special relativity paper ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Einstein submitted his groundbreaking paper 'On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies' to the journal Annalen der Physik on June 30, 1905. The paper introduced special relativity and overturned Newton's concepts of absolute time and space. ●●

1905 Journal of Accountancy begins monthly publication ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1905 the association that had published the proceedings of its meetings began to support the monthly Journal of Accountancy ●●

c. 1905 Shark Island Concentration Camp 1 cit. German colonial authorities operated a camp on Shark Island near Lüderitz where captured Herero and Nama prisoners, mostly women and children, were held in extreme cold and forced into hard labor. Death rates were catastrophic, with some historians calling it a death camp. The camp closed in 1907 after most of the surviving prisoners had died; it is frequently cited as the earliest link in the chain that runs to the German camps of the 1930s and 1940s, though the two systems were built decades apart by different regimes. society / war ●●

19 October 1905 Killing of Koitalel arap Samoei 6 cit. Koitalel arap Samoei, the orkoiyot who led Nandi resistance, was shot dead by a party under British officer Richard Meinertzhagen, ending organised Nandi opposition. The circumstances are contested: Nandi tradition and many historians hold that he was killed treacherously during a meeting arranged under a truce, while Meinertzhagen claimed self-defence. The killing is remembered in Kenya as a colonial assassination. politics / war ●●●

c. 1905 The colonial state turns "Dorobo" into a tribe 2 cit. British administrators misread il-torrobo as the name of one ethnic group and applied Dorobo to scattered, unrelated forager bands across the highlands and Rift Valley. This lumped together peoples with different languages and histories under a single administrative label. The colonial habit of fixing fluid identities shaped how these groups were governed and counted. politics / society ●●

8 September 1906 Ota Benga displayed in the Bronx Zoo 1 cit. Ota Benga, a Congolese man, was put on display in the monkey house of the Bronx Zoo as a living example of a "lower" race. The exhibit drew protest from Black clergy and stands as a cruel case of scientific racism in practice. science / society ●●

1906 Algeciras Conference resolves First Moroccan Crisis (1906) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story When the conference over Morocco met at Algeciras in 1906, Germany found itself supported only by Austria, and the crisis eased as belligerent leaders were removed on both sides. ●●

1906 Liberal landslide of 1906 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The 1906 election was a Liberal triumph, giving that party a plurality of 220 over the Conservatives and a majority of 84 over all other parties. Labour representation jumped from three to forty-three seats. ●●

1906 Curtis organizes 'Closer Union Groups' in South Africa ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1906 Curtis resigned his official posts to organize 'Closer Union Groups' pushing for a federation of South Africa. Quigley presents this as the model later scaled up to the whole Empire. ●●

1906 Milner declares himself an imperialist at Wolverhampton ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Campaigning for Amery in 1906, Milner spoke at Wolverhampton with unorthodox views. He declared himself a deep-dyed imperialist and tariff reformer who believed in universal military training. ●●

1906 Viscount Halifax defends Milner over Chinese labor ai_extracted 1 cit. no story When Milner was attacked in 1906 for importing Chinese laborers into South Africa, the second Viscount Halifax rallied to him. He carried a resolution of appreciation for Milner's work in the House of Lords. ●●

1906 Quigley: the Milner Group out of power (1906-1915) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley asserts the Milner Group was out of power from 1906 to 1915 but was content, since a Liberal government under Asquith and Grey pursued the foreign policy the Group wanted. ●●

1906 Rockefeller's General Education Board issues Occasional Letter Number One ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto quotes the 1906 Occasional Letter Number One, the first mission statement of Rockefeller's General Education Board, which spoke of molding a docile, responsive rural folk rather than educating scholars. ●●

1906 Manhattan schools perform tonsillectomies without parental consent ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto recounts that in 1906 immigrant public schools in Manhattan began performing tonsillectomies and adenoidectomies on children without notifying parents. He cites a New York Times report that parents stormed the schools in protest. ●●

1906 Harris publishes 'The Philosophy of Education' ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto quotes Harris's 1906 book The Philosophy of Education, in which Harris wrote that 99 of 100 students are automata who follow prescribed custom. Gatto reads this as an endorsement of producing compliant citizens. ●●

1906 Iran's first Majlis convenes ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Iran's new constitutional parliament assembles for its historic first session, representing a landmark moment in the nation's attempt at democracy. ●●

1906 Iran adopts its first constitution ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Iran officially adopts its first constitution, modeled on Belgium's progressive constitution, establishing the framework for democratic governance. ●●

1906 Russian emperor convenes the first Duma ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1906, the Russian emperor convened a parliament-the Duma-of representatives elected unevenly from all regions and peoples of the empire. ●●

1906 Standard Oil of Ohio hires its first Black employee ai_extracted 1 cit. no story It is interesting to note in this context that Standard Oil of Ohio did not hire its first permanent black employee until 1906. At the beginning, the well-heeled GEB grafted its work onto that of the Southern Education Board, the shoestring operation started by Robert Ogden. ●●

1906 Roosevelt signs the Pure Food and Drug Act ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1906, Roosevelt signed a stack of bills to curb industrial abuses. Profiting from the outcry prompted by Upton Sinclair’s novel The Jungle, he signed the meat-inspection bill and the Pure Food and Drug Act. ●●

1906 Algeciras Conference opens ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ch Germany had isolated itself became evident at the opening of the Algeciras Conference in January 1906. ●●

1906 G.R.S. Mead publishes Thrice Greatest Hermes ai_extracted 1 cit. no story G.R.S. Mead, a classical scholar and former secretary to Madame H.P. Blavatsky, published the three-volume Thrice Greatest Hermes, a comprehensive translation of Hermetic literature including the Corpus Hermeticum, two years before The Kybalion appeared. ●●

1906 Lee De Forest invents the triode vacuum tube ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Numerical codes would be granted full control—including the power to modify themselves.1 The age of electronics began in 1906 with Lee De Forest’s in ●●

1906 Lagos Colony merges with Niger Delta Protectorate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story It was based on a merger of the Protectorate of Northern Nigeria and the Colony and Protectorate of Southern Nigeria, the latter itself the product of a merger that had taken place between Lagos Colony and the Niger Delta Protectorate in 1906. ●●

1906 First modern law school opens in Beijing ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Two Japanese scholars, Okada Asataro and Matsuoka Yoshitada, established the first modern law school in Beijing in 1906. ●●

1906 Leopold II founds precursor of the Bakwanga diamond company ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Leopold II formed the mining company at the root of what became Societe Miniere de Bakwanga with the help of two American businessmen, laying the groundwork for one of the Congo's richest diamond concessions. ●●

c. 1906 German researchers begin shipping skulls and remains to Berlin 1 cit. German physicians and colonial officials, including camp doctors, order Herero and Nama prisoners, some still alive, to prepare skulls and other body parts of the dead for shipment to anatomical and anthropological institutes in Germany. Some accounts describe prisoners forced to boil and scrape flesh from skulls of their own dead using shards of glass, sending the remains for study under theories of racial hierarchy. science / war ●●●

c. 1906 The White Highlands Reserved for Europeans 1 cit. From around 1906 the fertile central highlands were set aside for exclusive white settlement, a policy sealed by the Elgin pledge that reserved the best farmland for Europeans. Africans were barred from owning or leasing land in what became known as the White Highlands, even where their families had lived. This carve-up of the most productive land is the central land injustice that the independence settlement would later have to answer, and that it largely did not. economy / politics / society ●●●

c. 1906 The Elgin Pledge Reserves the Highlands for Whites 2 cit. Around 1906 the Colonial Secretary Lord Elgin gave settlers what became known as the Elgin Pledge, an assurance that in the highlands land grants would in practice go to Europeans and not to Indians. It was never a formal law, but it hardened into policy and gave the settlers the racial land monopoly they wanted. From this the fertile central highlands took shape as the exclusive White Highlands. economy / politics ●●●

c. 1906 The Conquest of Embu and Meru 1 cit. After subduing the Kikuyu, the British turned on their neighbours the Embu and Meru, who had refused to submit. A large expedition, again involving Meinertzhagen and drawing on Mbeere and Kikuyu auxiliaries, overwhelmed Embu resistance around 1906, and administrative posts soon followed in Meru. Local resistance continued in quieter forms, but the old councils of elders lost their power to appointed agents of the government. politics / war ●●

1906 The Nandi Removed and Their Land Taken 8 cit. Koitalel arap Samoei was killed on 19 October 1905 after British officer Richard Meinertzhagen lured him to a supposed peace meeting under truce and shot him at close range. With Koitalel dead, a punitive field force drove the Nandi from much of their land, seized cattle, and confined them to a reserve. Their high, fertile country was handed to white settlers and to the railway, and the Uasin Gishu plateau nearby became prime settler farmland. economy / war ●●

c. 1906 Nairobi is zoned as a racial railway capital 6 cit. Colonial Nairobi developed as a railway town with European, Asian and African space separated through planning, sanitation law, policing and labour control. The capital was not neutral urban growth; it was a racial city built around the railway and administration. politics / society ●●●●

1906 Police Ordinance puts Kenya policing on military lines 2 cit. The Kenya Police was legally constituted by the 1906 Police Ordinance. Official DCI history states that up to 1907 the force was organised along military lines and trained in a military manner. Kenya did not begin with a community-policing ideal. It began with a disciplined colonial force built for order, labour control and settler security. politics / society / war ●●●●

9 April 1907 Indiana passes the world's first sterilization law 1 cit. Indiana enacted the first law allowing the state to forcibly sterilize people it labeled unfit, including prisoners and people with disabilities. It opened the door to tens of thousands of coerced sterilizations across the United States. politics / science ●●●

1907 Anglo-Russian Entente divides Persia (1907) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story German naval rivalry and Russia's defeat by Japan made possible the 1907 Anglo-Russian agreement, which divided Persia into Russian, British, and neutral zones of influence. ●●

1907 Quigley: international banking fraternity strengthened the Triple Entente ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley asserts that the international banking fraternity, largely excluded from German development but linked to France and Russia, helped create and strengthen the Triple Entente. ●●

1907 The Selborne Federation Dispatch issued ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Curtis's memorandum on closer union, with additions by Kerr and Selborne, was issued as the Selborne Federation Dispatch of 7 January 1907. It was published as an Imperial Blue Book. ●●

1907 Committee of Imperial Defence created (1907) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story At the 1907 Conference, on Haldane's suggestion, a Committee of Imperial Defence was created and Dominion defense forces were reorganized on common patterns. Quigley says its secretariat became a Milner Group branch. ●●

1907 Quigley: RIIA rooted in the 1907 Closer Union movement ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley asserts the Royal Institute of International Affairs is the Milner Group writ large, a child of the Round Table, which itself grew from the Closer Union movement organized in South Africa in 1907. ●●

1907 Kenneth Freeman's The Schools of Hellas ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto cites Kenneth Freeman's 1907 study The Schools of Hellas, which concluded there were no schools in ancient Greece in the modern institutional sense. ●●

1907 Bagley's 'Classroom Management' becomes a standard training text ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto cites William C. Bagley's 1907 book Classroom Management, reprinted thirty times over the next two decades. He argues its big-business metaphors, stressing unquestioned obedience, shaped the pedagogical imagination for the century. ●●

1907 J. P. Morgan and the Panic of 1907 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The book asserts, drawing on Quigley, that J. P. Morgan precipitated the Panic of 1907. It argues the panic was used to build public demand for the central bank the Network wanted. ●●

1907 The Panic of 1907 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In October 1907 a failed stock corner set off runs on New York banks and trust companies. With no central bank, the country turned to J. P. Morgan, who marshaled the rescue. ●●

1907 Anglo-Russian Convention signed over Asian routes ai_extracted 1 cit. no story I n 1907, Russia signed a treaty with the British, who were set on controlling the routes to India. ●●

1907 Britain and Russia divide Iran into spheres ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Britain and Russia sign a treaty dividing Iran into spheres of influence, with Britain controlling southern provinces and Russia the north. ●●

1907 Theodore Roosevelt launches the Great White Fleet ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Theodore Roosevelt deployed the Great White Fleet, consisting of sixteen battleships carrying 14,000 troops. The massive naval display on December 16, 1907, demonstrated U.S. military power across the Caribbean and South America. ●●

1907 Maxine Elliott builds first woman-owned Broadway theater ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Maxine Elliott was the first woman to build a Broadway theater, purchasing the needed lot two months after the 1907 panic. Scandalmongers attributed the financing to Morgan. ●●

1907 Morgan rescues Trust Company of America ai_extracted 1 cit. no story During the 1907 panic, Pierpont proved that American finance could aspire to high drama. In an elaborate finale on Saturday night, November 2, he devised a rescue for the still-shaky Trust Company of ... ●●

1907 U.S. Steel acquires Tennessee Coal and Iron ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Steel’s acquisition of Tennessee Coal and Iron during the 1907 panic. This was the deal that Judge Gary and Henry Frick had gotten TR to approve during his breakfast. ●●

1907 Judge Landis rules in the Standard Oil case ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On the morning of August 3, 1907, as more than a thousand people sought entrance to his courtroom, Landis read aloud his decision in the Standard Oil case. ●●

1907 Max Warburg's Bank Day speech on war readiness ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1907, he created a sensation by delivering a Bank Day speech about Germany’s lack of financial preparedness for war. ●●

1907 Einstein publishes the equivalence principle ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In November 1907, Einstein published a fifth section in the Yearbook of Radioactivity and Electronics outlining his new equivalence principle and sketch of ideas for extending relativity to accelerated reference systems. ●●

1907 US states enact compulsory sterilization laws ai_extracted 1 cit. Beginning in 1907, more than thirty US states enact compulsory sterilization laws based on eugenic ideology ●●

1907 A Tumbuka "kingdom" invented under colonial rule ai_extracted 1 cit. Under colonialism, mission-educated Africans and appointed chiefs created a Tumbuka paramountcy that had not existed before. Chilongozi Gondwe was appointed chief in 1907 and began promoting his royal status, supported by an elite that manufactured a myth-history of an ancient Tumbuka empire. ●●

1907 The Kenya coast abolishes the legal status of slavery 5 cit. In 1907 the British East Africa Protectorate abolished the legal status of slavery in the coastal strip that the sultan of Zanzibar still nominally ruled. As in Zanzibar, the end was gradual and compensated, and courts and officials moved cautiously to avoid upsetting the coastal landowners. Slavery lost its legal backing, but many people remained tied to their former owners by debt, land, and lack of options. economy / politics ●●●●

1907 Nairobi becomes Kenya's colonial capital 6 cit. The colonial administration moved its capital from the coast to Nairobi, turning a railway depot into the command centre of the Kenya Protectorate. The move pulled power inland toward settler agriculture, railway logistics and highland administration. economy / politics ●●●●

c. 1907 Colonial policing imports the Irish and Indian model 3 cit. The force was not simply copied from the unarmed London beat constable. British colonial policing in Kenya mixed the Royal Irish Constabulary model of barracked, semi-military political control with Indian colonial police law and some Metropolitan Police practices in towns and detective work. The result was a force closer to gendarmerie than public service. politics / society ●●●●

1908 Havenstein becomes Reichsbank president ai_extracted 1 cit. Rudolf von Havenstein became president of the German Reichsbank in 1908 and was a strong defender of central bank independence. ●●

1908 Young Turk revolt restores the constitution, 1908 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In July 1908 the Young Turk conspirators, having penetrated the army, revolted and forced the sultan to reestablish the Constitution of 1876. ●●

1908 Austria annexes Bosnia and Herzegovina (October 1908) ai_extracted 2 cit. no story While Izvolski sought the Powers' consent for opening the Straits, Aehrenthal suddenly annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina on October 6, 1908, leaving Russia empty-handed and creating a lasting war crisis. ●●

1908 Sorel's Reflections on Violence ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley traces one response to the twentieth-century crisis, an embrace of irrationalism, back to Georges Sorel's 1908 Reflections on Violence. ●●

1908 Round Table Groups organized ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley says the Round Table Groups were organized in 1908-1911 by Lionel Curtis, Philip Kerr, and William Marris on behalf of Lord Milner, to federate the English-speaking world along lines laid down by Cecil Rhodes. ●●

1908 A hidden buyer, Northcliffe, acquires control of The Times ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley recounts that in 1908 a purchaser known only as 'X' gained control of The Times. Esher visited Lord Northcliffe, who was 'X', to secure assurances that the paper's policy would not change. ●●

1908 Publisher Henry Holt calls for central control of industry ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto cites publisher Henry Holt, who in 1908 said there was 'too much enterprise' and argued that whole industries, including schooling, should be put under central control. ●●

1908 NEA convention questions schooling the masses, 1908 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto quotes a 1908 National Education Association convention admission questioning whether the masses should be schooled the same way as future leaders. ●●

1908 Carnegie trustees ask whether war can alter a people ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The book relays researcher Katherine Casey's account that in 1908 Carnegie trustees discussed whether any means more effective than war existed to alter the life of an entire people. It presents this as documentary proof of a war-seeking agenda. ●●

1908 General Motors founded by William Durant ai_extracted 1 cit. no story General Motors was founded in 1908 by William Crapo Durant. He assembled Buick, Oldsmobile, Cadillac, and Pontiac before losing control in 1910, regaining it in 1915, and losing it again in 1920. ●●

1908 Roosevelt backs Taft for president ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Roosevelt decided not to run for reelection in 1908, but he backed William Howard Taft, a man later described by Senator Nelson Aldrich’s great-grandson as a “well-fed... ●●

1908 Congo Free State becomes a Belgian colony ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By 1908, Leopold was forced to turn the Congo from a private domain into a formal Belgian colony and make gestures to cleaning up its administration. ●●

1908 Kaiser-Hommage procession celebrates the Habsburg dynasty ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Kaiser-Hommage procession celebrates Habsburg dynasty ●●

1908 Appeals court overturns Landis's Standard Oil fine ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In July 1908, a federal appeals court not only revoked the fine but severely reprimanded Landis for considering each carload of oil as a separate offense. Judge Peter S. Grosscup, calling Landis’s act an “abuse of judicial discretion,” ordered a retrial, in which Standard Oil was subsequently found not guilty. ●●

1908 Rockefeller endorses Taft for president ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After the 1908 election, he was relieved to be free of Teddy Roosevelt, who handed over the Republican nomination to his corpulent secretary of war, William Howard Taft. On October 29, 1908, in a cameo appearance at 26 Broadway, Rockefeller endorsed Taft for president. ●●

1908 Stolypin breaks up the Russian peasant communes ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Yet when the minister for the interior, Stolypin, tried to reduce this discontent by breaking up the peasant communes after 1908, he simply provoked fresh unrest—whether from villages determined to ke ●●

1908 Bosnian annexation crisis erupts ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Yet, with each new German challenge, the bonds of the Triple Entente grew tighter. In 1908, an international crisis occurred over Bosnia-Herzegovina, ●●

1908 Einstein becomes privatdozent at University of Bern ai_extracted 1 cit. no story At the end of February 1908, Einstein was made a privatdozent (private lecturer) at the University of Bern after submitting a thesis on light quanta. However, the position paid little and he kept his job at the patent office. ●●

1908 Congress passes the Aldrich-Vreeland Act ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1908, Congress passed the Aldrich-Vreeland Act which, basi- cally, accomplished two objectives ●●

c. 1908 Eugen Fischer studies the Rehoboth Basters 2 cit. German anthropologist Eugen Fischer travels to German South-West Africa to study the Rehoboth Basters, a mixed-descent community, measuring skulls and bodies to develop theories on the biological effects of racial mixing. His 1913 book on the study, "Die Rehobother Bastards," argues that mixed-race populations are biologically inferior and warns against interracial marriage, work later cited directly in Nazi race law. science ●●●

1908 Otenyo, Moraa and the 1908 Gusii Rising 4 cit. The young warrior Otenyo Nyamaterere, urged on by the prophetess Moraa wa Ng'iti, speared the British administrator Northcote, who survived, and sparked a rising that took a month to put down. A punitive expedition raided the cattle enclosures of Kitutu and seized several thousand head, and Otenyo was captured and shot by firing squad. Gusii tradition holds that his head was taken to Britain, and to this day elders campaign for its return, though the details rest on oral accounts. politics / religion / war ●●

1908 The Land Titles Ordinance and coastal landlessness 5 cit. The Land Titles Ordinance set up a process to register private ownership of coastal land, but it favoured those with documents and connections, chiefly Arab and European claimants and absentee owners. Mijikenda and other communities who held land by custom and use often could not prove title and were reduced to squatters on ground their families had long occupied. The measure locked in a pattern of coastal landlessness that historians see as the root of the region's unresolved land question. economy / politics ●●●

1908 Subjugation of Meru 1 cit. The Meru, on the north-eastern shoulder of Mount Kenya, were subdued by a military expedition in 1908, with the Tharaka among those putting up the hardest fight. As elsewhere, allied African auxiliaries did much of the fighting and cattle were carried off. A British post at Meru followed, completing the encirclement of the mountain by 1910. politics / war ●●