Events, Verisoph

c. 1912 Nubi soldiers settled at Kibera 6 cit. The Kenyan Nubians descend from Sudanese soldiers, the Nubi, who served the British in the King's African Rifles. From around 1912 the colonial government allotted them land on the edge of Nairobi as a military settlement, in a forested area they called Kibra, meaning bush or forest. Brought to Kenya as servants of empire, they were left as a community with no clear home of their own. politics / society ●●

1913 Founding of the U.S. central bank ai_extracted 1 cit. The United States acquired a central bank as recently as 1913; until the advent of central banks, private banks printed and issued paper money whenever someone took out a loan. ●●●

1913 Founding of the U.S. Federal Reserve ai_extracted 1 cit. The Federal Reserve was founded in 1913, half privately owned, after Congress was persuaded that a central bank could bail out banks in a crisis. ●●●●

1913 New York Federal Reserve Bank established, 1913 ai_extracted 2 cit. no story Quigley observes that America's central bank, the New York Federal Reserve Bank, was set up late, in 1913, only becoming powerful after financial capitalism had begun to fade. ●●

1913 South African Land Act, 1913 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The 1913 Land Act reserved about 7 percent of South Africa's land for native purchase and 93 percent for whites, though the native population outnumbered whites at least fourfold. ●●

1913 Foreign loan makes Yuan Shih-kai independent (1913) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Yuan Shih-kai's power rested chiefly on a 25 million pound loan from Britain, France, Russia, and Japan in 1913, which freed him from the assembly and Sun Yat-sen's Kuomintang. ●●

1913 J.M. Rice publishes 'Scientific Management in Education' ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto notes that muckraker J.M. Rice published Scientific Management in Education in 1913, part of a national push to apply efficiency methods to schooling. ●●

1913 Congress creates a commission to investigate foundations, 1913 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto reports that in 1913 the 62nd Congress created a commission to investigate the Carnegie, Rockefeller, and other corporate foundations, which concluded they were extending control over education. ●●

1913 John Watson issues the Behaviorist Manifesto, 1913 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto notes that John Watson's 1913 'Behaviorist Manifesto' promoted a utilitarian psychology aimed at the prediction and control of behavior. ●●

1913 Income tax and central bank enacted under Wilson ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The book says that before the end of 1913 both the income tax and the central bank became reality under Wilson. It frames these as funding and leverage mechanisms for the Network. ●●

1913 Federal income tax and Federal Reserve System of 1913 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The book calls the federal income tax and the Federal Reserve System the Network's two crowning achievements of 1913. It argues both gave the Network power to confiscate and create money. ●●

1913 Lusitania secretly converted to an armed cruiser ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The book says the Lusitania, designed to Admiralty specifications, was armored and entered as an armed auxiliary cruiser in 1913. It argues passengers were unknowingly mixed with munitions. ●●

1913 Carl Jung's misdiagnosis of Montagu Norman ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In April 1913 the young psychiatrist Carl Jung told Montagu Norman he had 'general paralysis of the insane' from tertiary syphilis and would soon die. It was an egregious misdiagnosis of the future Bank of England governor's manic depression. ●●

1913 Federal Reserve Act signed into law ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After years of debate, Carter Glass's decentralized plan for regional Federal Reserve Banks won over New York bankers. President Woodrow Wilson signed the Federal Reserve Act on 23 December 1913. ●●

1913 The Federal Reserve Act of 1913 ai_extracted 1 cit. The Federal Reserve Act of 1913 was a political compromise. It vested decisions over interest rates and credit in twelve banker-dominated regional reserve banks, overseen by a central Board of Governors in Washington. ●●

1913 Wilson signs the Federal Reserve Act ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After six more months of haggling over minor details, Wilson signed the Federal Reserve Act into law on December 23, 1913, establishing the twelve-bank Federal Reserve System and... ●●

1913 J.P. Morgan dies in Rome ai_extracted 1 cit. Six weeks after the report was issued and just past midnight on March 31, 1913, Morgan died at the Grand Hotel in Rome. His partners attributed the death of the great titan to... ●●

1913 Islamic university opens in Medina ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Islamic university opened in Medina ●●

1913 Ambassadors draw Balkan borders at London conference ai_extracted 1 cit. no story European ambassadors draw borders for Balkan states in London ●●

1913 Wilson signs the Federal Reserve Act ai_extracted 2 cit. no story In December 1913, President Wilson signed the Federal Reserve Act, providing the government with a central bank and freeing it of reliance on the House of Morgan in emergencies; the new Federal Reserv... ●●

1913 New Haven train wreck kills seven at Stamford ai_extracted 1 cit. no story That Pierpont’s sins would be visited on Jack became evident on June 12, 1913, when a New Haven collision at the Stamford station killed seven passengers. Wilson’s new attorney general, James C. ●●

1913 Sixteenth Amendment ratified, income tax established ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1913, the Sixteenth Amendment was ratified; the following year, income taxes soared, and the Federal Trade Commission was created. Jack accepted the changes bitterly. ●●

1913 Second publication of The Book of the Law ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Crowley arranged for the second publication of The Book of the Law in September 1913. He believed this event, combined with his focused magical will, caused significant world disruption and initiated the conditions that led to World War I. ●●

1913 Wilson's first State of the Union Address ai_extracted 1 cit. no story t than vindication of its principles. In Wilson’s first State of the Union Address, on December 2, 1913, he laid down the outline of what later came t ●●

1913 Besso helps Einstein study Mercury's orbit ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In June 1913, Michele Besso visited Einstein in Berlin, and they produced over fifty pages of notes studying how the Entwurf theory accorded with Mercury's orbital anomaly, calculating only 18 seconds of arc per century instead of 43. ●●

1913 Einstein and Grossmann publish the Entwurf theory ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In May 1913, Einstein and Grossmann produced the Entwurf ('Outline of a Generalized Theory of Relativity and of a Theory of Gravitation'), a sketchy alternative theory based on physical strategy rather than mathematical formalism. ●●

1913 Ford develops the moving assembly line ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The moving line was first tried in assembling the flywheel magneto, then other parts of the engine, next the engine itself, and finally, in October 19 ●●

1913 Federal Reserve allows national banks foreign branches ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1913, for example, the Federal Reserve permitted national banks to open branches abroad ●●

1913 Death of J.P. Morgan Sr. ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Griffin notes that when J.P. Morgan Sr. died in 1913, people were shocked to realize the extent of his control over American finance and politics during the previous decades. ●●

1913 Britain and Germany draft partition of Portuguese Africa ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Britain and Germany initialled an agreement to divide up Portugal's African colonies between themselves, a scheme only derailed by the outbreak of the First World War, which Nkrumah offers as proof the great powers treated Portuguese Africa as bargaining chips. ●●

1913 Ouenza iron ore mining begins in Algeria ai_extracted 1 cit. no story French company La Société de l'Ouenza began exploiting the Djebel Ouenza iron deposits in southern Algeria, a concession that by 1960 had shipped 46 million tons of ore to Europe and America. ●●

c. 1913 The Mumbo cult in western Kenya 5 cit. The Mumbo cult, traced in oral tradition to a Luo man named Onyango Dunde who said a serpent deity rose from Lake Victoria and spoke to him, promised that Europeans and their religion would vanish. It rejected Christianity, taxes, and colonial authority and spread among Luo and Gusii communities. The colonial government treated it as subversive and moved repeatedly to suppress it. politics / religion / society ●●

c. 1913 Punitive expeditions and the disarmament of the northern pastoralists 3 cit. Across the early decades of colonial rule British columns mounted repeated punitive patrols against Somali, Borana, Rendille, and Gabra herders, seizing stock, burning settlements, and confiscating firearms and spears. Disarmament left communities exposed to raiders while the state offered little protection in return. The dates span many separate operations, so the year given is approximate for a long campaign of coercion. politics / war ●●

1913 Bernays' sponsoring committee for Damaged Goods ai_extracted 1 cit. Bernays invented the authoritative sponsoring committee as a publicity device. He first used it in 1913, gathering a committee of physicians to endorse the Broadway play Damaged Goods, which dealt openly with venereal disease. ●●

1913 Leipzig "Battle of the Nations" monument inaugurated ai_extracted 1 cit. Imperial Germany built masses of monuments to fuse Prussian and German history and give the new empire a national past. The centenary memorial of the battle of Leipzig, launched in 1894 by a patriotic monument league, was inaugurated in 1913 as part of this nationalist invention of tradition. ●

1913 Ol le Njogo's land suit against the Crown fails 3 cit. A group of Maasai led by Ol le Njogo went to court in 1913 to challenge the second move and hold Britain to the 1904 promise. The court ruled that the agreement was a treaty between the Crown and the Maasai and so lay outside its jurisdiction, and the case was lost on appeal. The judgment left the Maasai with no legal remedy for the loss of Laikipia. diplomacy / politics ●●●

September 1914 British Wellington House propaganda bureau 1 cit. Britain set up a secret War Propaganda Bureau at Wellington House in September 1914 to shape opinion at home and in neutral countries, especially the United States. It pioneered modern state wartime propaganda. politics / war ●●●

1914 Europe's mobilization triggers war, 1914 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley describes how rigid mobilization timetables meant that when the order was given in 1914, the states of Europe were locked into attacking one another, igniting the First World War. ●●

1914 Britain's overseas investment dominance, 1914 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By 1914 British overseas investment stood at about $20 billion, roughly a quarter of the nation's wealth and larger than the foreign investments of all other countries combined. ●●

1914 Gandhi-Smuts compromise in South Africa (1914) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gandhi and Smuts negotiated a 1914 agreement that revoked some discriminations against Indians, recognized Indian marriages, and ended a discriminatory tax, just before the war with Germany. ●●

1914 Anglo-German Baghdad Railway agreement (June 1914) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In June 1914 Britain and Germany initialed an agreement withdrawing British opposition to the Baghdad Railway in return for German promises, but it was lost in the outbreak of war six weeks later. ●●

1914 Assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand at Sarajevo (June 28, 1914) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The heir to the Habsburg throne was assassinated by Serb extremists at Sarajevo on June 28, 1914, touching off the crisis that led to the World War. ●●

1914 Austrian ultimatum to Serbia (July 23, 1914) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Backed by a promise of German support, Austria sent Serbia a far-reaching forty-eight-hour ultimatum delivered on July 23, 1914, demanding suppression of anti-Habsburg activity. ●●

1914 Britain declares war on Germany (August 4, 1914) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On August 4, 1914, Britain declared war on Germany over the attack on Belgium, though Quigley argues the real reason was that Britain could not allow Germany to defeat France. ●●

1914 French army shattered in opening 1914 offensive ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The French opened their attack on Lorraine on August 14, 1914; by August 25th, after eleven days of combat, they had suffered 300,000 casualties, the most rapid wastage of the war. ●●

1914 First Battle of the Marne begins (September 1914) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On September 6, 1914, the French began a general counterattack ordered by Joffre on Gallieni's insistence, beginning the First Battle of the Marne, which halted the German advance. ●●

1914 Britain treats food as contraband, tightening blockade (August 1914) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley notes British violations of international law began early: as of August 20, 1914, Britain treated food as contraband and interfered with neutral food shipments to Europe. ●●

1914 Turkey attacks Russia, entering the war (October 29, 1914) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Having secretly allied with Germany, Turkey removed its mask of neutrality on October 29, 1914, by attacking Russia and cutting her off from her Western allies by the southern route. ●●

1914 French State of Siege proclaimed (August 2, 1914) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story France proclaimed a State of Siege on August 2, 1914, giving the government the right to rule by decree, establishing censorship, and placing the police under military control. ●●

1914 British censorship established under DORA (August 5, 1914) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story British censorship, established August 5, 1914, intercepted cables and private mail, including neutral traffic, becoming an important source of military and economic intelligence. ●●

1914 Quigley: bankers secretly issued Treasury Notes (July 25, 1914) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley asserts British bankers, facing insolvency at the war's outbreak, secretly arranged on July 25, 1914, to meet their liabilities with fiat Treasury Notes while insisting the government fund the war through loans. ●●

1914 Army refuses to enforce Irish Home Rule, 1914 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley cites 1914, when the largely Conservative army refused to enforce the Irish Home Rule bill despite its passage after two elections and three Commons votes, as evidence of Conservative control over other parts of government. ●●

1914 The New Republic founded ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The New Republic was founded in 1914 by Willard Straight with Payne Whitney money. Quigley presents it as a vehicle through which Wall Street guided the progressive Left in an Anglophile direction. ●●

1914 Milner Group cannot elect its own Warden when Anson dies ai_extracted 1 cit. no story When Sir William Anson died in 1914 the Milner Group was not yet strong enough to elect one of its own as Warden of All Souls. His successor Pember belonged to the Cecil Bloc but did not resist the group's penetration. ●●

1914 Rockefeller's Colorado coal-field disaster, 1914 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto refers to the April 1914 Rockefeller disaster in the southern Colorado coal fields, after which a campaign was launched to muzzle critical magazines. ●●

1914 Wilson's July 4, 1914 address on America's global role ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The book quotes a July 4, 1914 presidential address in which Wilson called the United States a light to guide mankind to justice, liberty and peace. It uses this to illustrate Wilson's messianic self-image. ●●

1914 Assassination of Franz Ferdinand triggers World War I ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The book says the Black Hand assassinated Franz Ferdinand in June 1914, setting the 'doomsday mechanism' of alliances into motion. It presents the resulting war as serving the Network's aims. ●●

1914 Fifty-nine countries on the gold standard ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By 1914 the gold standard had become a near-universal 'badge of honor,' with fifty-nine countries tying their currencies to gold. It signaled a pledge to stable money and orthodox finance. ●●

1914 Austria declares war on Serbia ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On 28 July 1914 Austria declared war on Serbia and began bombarding Belgrade. Within days most of Europe had stumbled into general war and Britain faced the worst banking crisis in its history. ●●

1914 London Stock Exchange closes for the first time since 1773 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On 31 July 1914 the London Stock Exchange shut its doors until further notice as the war crisis hit. It was the first closure since the exchange was founded in 1773. ●●

1914 Bank of England raises Bank rate to 10 percent ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As gold drained from its vaults in the opening days of the war, the Bank of England's bullion reserves more than halved in days. On 1 August 1914 it raised interest rates to an unprecedented 10 percent to conserve gold. ●●

1914 Germany mobilizes and declares war on Russia ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On 31 July 1914 Germany answered Russia's mobilization with its own and demanded French neutrality. The next day it declared war on Russia and France mobilized in turn. ●●

1914 Germany declares war on France and invades Belgium ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On 3 August 1914 Germany declared war on France and invaded neutral Belgium to reach it. The invasion brought Britain into the war. ●●

1914 Britain enters the war over Belgian neutrality ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Britain had guaranteed Belgian neutrality since 1839 and demanded Germany withdraw from Belgium. When the ultimatum expired at midnight on 4 August 1914, Britain was at war with Germany. ●●

1914 Reichsbank suspends gold convertibility of the mark ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Having built up large gold reserves after the 1911 Agadir crisis, Germany's Reichsbank acted fast as war loomed. On 31 July 1914 it suspended the gold convertibility of the mark. ●●

1914 New York Stock Exchange closes ai_extracted 2 cit. no story On 31 July 1914, after London's exchange suspended trading, New York's leading bankers met at the House of Morgan and decided to close the New York Stock Exchange. It was an emergency measure to halt the spreading panic. ●●

1914 Wall Street's worst day since the 1907 panic ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On 30 July 1914 news of Russia's general mobilization hit New York. Stocks fell 7 percent, their single largest down day since the panic of 1907. ●●

1914 Davison: 'the credit of all Europe has broken down' ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Days after the war crisis broke, Morgan partner Henry Davison telegraphed his colleague Thomas Lamont describing the collapse of European credit. His message captured how the global financial system had seized up in August 1914. ●●

1914 Benjamin Strong becomes first governor of the New York Fed ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Pressed by Davison and Warburg that it was his public duty, Benjamin Strong accepted leadership of the new central bank. On 5 October 1914 he was elected the first governor of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York. ●●

1914 Banque de France evacuates its gold reserves ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As German armies advanced in August 1914, the Banque de France secretly executed its emergency plan. On 18 August it shipped 1,300 tons of gold, worth $800 million, to safe sites in the south, emptying its Paris vaults. ●●

1914 German army reaches the outskirts of Paris ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In late August 1914 the German army swept through Belgium and northern France in a great flanking movement. By 29 August it was just twenty-five miles from Paris. ●●

1914 Gold standard suspended at outbreak of war ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The gold standard was officially suspended in Germany and France in August 1914 as the war began. Britain kept the legal fiction of gold convertibility, though submarine risk made gold exports unfeasible. ●●

1914 Franz Ferdinand assassinated in Sarajevo ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On June 28, 1914, a Slavic nationalist in Sarajevo murdered Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austrian throne. The battle lines were drawn. Austria positioned itself against... ●●

1914 Panama Canal opens ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The canal, which opened in 1914, gave the United States sovereignty over the Canal Zone and a unique stake in the new nation (1914) ●●

1914 Asquith approves Morgan purchasing plan ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On December 16, 1914, Prime Minister Herbert Asquith met with Harry Davison and approved the House of Morgan's proposal to serve as the purchasing agency for Allied supplies, reviewing the contract paragraph by paragraph. ●●

1914 British Treasury sends purchasing mission to New York ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The British Treasury sent officials George Paish and Basil Blackett to New York in October 1914 to address war profiteering and coordinate Allied purchases through a single agency to prevent price inflation. ●●

1914 Rockefeller Jr. testifies to House mining subcommittee ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Summoned to give testimony before the House Subcommittee on Mines and Mining in March 1914, Junior saw himself perpetuating his father’s noble legacy. “Father was the greatest business witness ever on the stand,” he said. ●●

1914 Harold McCormick resigns as International Harvester treasurer ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In September 1914, Harold McCormick resigned as treasurer of International Harvester to remain in Switzerland with Carl Jung. He ceded operational control to his brother Cyrus while retaining board membership. ●●

1914 Founding of the Hamburg Bank of 1914 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Max, Fritz, and Melchior worked on statutes for the new Hamburg Bank of 1914, a financing model copied throughout Germany. ●●

1914 Federal Reserve Bank of New York incorporated ai_extracted 2 cit. no story The certification of incorporation of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York is filed on May 18, 1914. ●●

1914 Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand ai_extracted 1 cit. no story power, and the casus belli as accidental as the preceding diplomacy had been reckless. On June 28, 1914, Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Habsburg throne, ●●

1914 Wells' The World Set Free predicts atomic war ai_extracted 1 cit. no story novel, The World Set Free, predicted atomic bombs, atomic war and world government. ●●

1914 Margaret Sanger arrested over The Woman Rebel ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Margaret Sanger arrested for mailing her newsletter The Woman Rebel which advocated contraception ●●

1914 US Marines guard the Panama Isthmus ai_extracted 1 cit. no story With brief intermissions, Marines were stationed on the Isthmus from November 4, 1903 to January 21, 1914, to guard American interests ●●

1914 Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The origin of World War I usually is attributed to the assassina- tion of Archduke Francis Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary by a Serbian nationalist in 19 ●●

August 1914 Taveta is occupied in the East Africa campaign 3 cit. German forces occupied Taveta at the start of the First World War in East Africa, making Taita-Taveta a front-line corridor between the coast, Kilimanjaro and the railway interior. The war deepened labour recruitment, carrier service and military disruption in the region. politics / war ●●●

1915 Invention of the tank, 1915 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley records that Sir Ernest Swinton, part of the Committee of Imperial Defence secretariat, invented the tank in 1915. ●●

1915 Japan presents Twenty-one Demands on China (January 1915) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Immediately after seizing German holdings, Japan presented the Twenty-one Demands on China in January 1915, revealing its continental ambitions and turning American opinion against it. ●●

1915 Secret Treaty of London brings Italy into war (April 26, 1915) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By the secret Treaty of London of April 26, 1915, the Entente accepted Italy's extensive territorial demands, and Italy agreed to make war on the Central Powers within a month. ●●

1915 Quigley: Entente money funded Mussolini's interventionist paper (1915) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley claims the Entente governments split the pacifist Italian Socialist Party with money grants to Benito Mussolini, who used French money to launch the paper that began his rise to dictatorship. ●●

1915 Lusitania sunk off the Irish coast (May 7, 1915) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The British liner Lusitania, which Quigley notes carried rifle cartridges and shrapnel, was sunk by a German submarine on May 7, 1915, drowning 1,198 including 128 Americans. ●●

1915 Bryce Committee atrocity report (1915) ai_extracted 1 cit. Quigley describes Allied atrocity propaganda, noting Lord Bryce headed a committee that produced a volume of such stories in 1915 and was evidently taken in by his own tales. ●●

1915 Hichens and Brand set up Canada's Imperial Munitions Board ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1915 Lloyd George sent two Kindergarten men, Hichens and Brand, to organize Canadian munitions. They created the Imperial Munitions Board of Canada. ●●

1915 Walter Lippmann analyzes the Ludlow Massacre ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto points to Walter Lippmann's analysis of the Ludlow Massacre, published in the New Republic on January 30, 1915, which examined John D. Rockefeller Jr.'s responsibility for the killings. ●●

1915 Deweys praise the Gary Plan in 'Schools of Tomorrow' ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto notes that John and Evelyn Dewey praised the Gary 'platoon' school plan in their 1915 book Schools of Tomorrow, as the scheme was merchandised nationally. ●●

1915 First Gary Plan schools open in New York City ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Superintendent William Wirt was offered the New York superintendency, and the first Gary schools opened in the city in March 1915. ●●

1915 107 cities mark Americanization Day, July 1915 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto reports that on July 4, 1915, 107 cities celebrated 'Americanization Day' under the committee slogan 'Many Peoples, but One Nation.' ●●

1915 Lusitania's captain resigns over munitions ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The book says that on March 8, 1915 the Lusitania's captain resigned rather than carry responsibility for mixing passengers with munitions. It uses this to argue the danger was known in advance. ●●

1915 Montagu Norman joins the Bank of England as adviser ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1915 deputy governor Brian Cockayne invited Montagu Norman to be his adviser at the Bank of England. It began the rise that would make Norman governor for an unprecedented twenty-four years. ●●

1915 Schacht's Belgian franc scandal ai_extracted 1 cit. no story While serving on the German banking commission in occupied Belgium, Schacht in February 1915 let his own employer, the Dresdner Bank, buy a large quantity of occupation francs. Accused of an ethics violation, he was reprimanded and resigned, a stain that dogged his reputation. ●●