Events, Verisoph

1843 Ada Lovelace's Notes on the Analytical Engine appear ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Ada Lovelace's translation and extensive original notes on the Analytical Engine appear in Scientific Memoirs, laying out the concept of a general-purpose programmable machine. ●●

1844 Horace Mann's European tour and Seventh Report ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto describes Horace Mann's 1843 European tour, which led to his 1844 Seventh Report to the Boston School Committee attacking the practice of beginning reading with the alphabet. ●●

1844 Bank of England granted currency monopoly ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Britain granted the Bank of England a monopoly of currency in 1844, though Scottish banks and some grandfathered English banks kept issuing notes. The last private English banknotes were issued in 1921. ●●

1844 (The Bank of England was granted suspension of the 1844 Bank Act, which imposed a rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story (The Bank of England was granted suspension of the 1844 Bank Act, which imposed a fixed relationship between the Bank’s reserve and note issue, but this was not equivalent to suspending specie payments, which could easily be maintained with a lower reserve. ●●

1844 Information history in 1844 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story elf, a relay might reverse the signal. And relays might combine signals from more than one source. ●●

1845 65 per cent in 1845 to just 2. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 65 per cent in 1845 to just 2. ●●

1845 10 By 1845, however – even before the mid-century slump in grain prices, in other rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 10 By 1845, however – even before the mid-century slump in grain prices, in other words – his debts were close to overwhelming him. ●●

1845 Disraeli laughingly confided to Queen Victoria, “I am of the rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Disraeli laughingly confided to Queen Victoria, “I am of the opinion, Madame, that there never can be too many Rothschilds.”15 Besides bankrolling the Louisiana Purchase, Barings financed the French ... ●●

1845 Twin children born to William and Eliza Rockefeller rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Twins are born to William and Eliza Rockefeller in Moravia. The boy Frank is healthy, but sister Frances is sickly and dies before her second birthday, marking young John D.'s first encounter with death. ●●

1845 Texas annexed to the United States ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Following the war with Mexico, huge chunks of land including Texas are annexed to the United States, triggering expansion fever and investment speculation across America. ●●

1845 Information history in 1845 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story it was far from clear who, besides the police and the occasional chess player, would line up to pay the tariff. In Washington, where pricing began in 1845 at one-quarter cent per letter, total revenue ●●

1845 That was a difficult concept for Protestants after the Reformation’s monastic dissolutions, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story That was a difficult concept for Protestants after the Reformation’s monastic dissolutions, although from 1845 onwards a significant number of strong-minded women intimidated or nonplussed male leaders in the Anglican Communion by founding nunneries ●●

1845 Christianity in its various missionary forms offered more promising paths into adjusting rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Christianity in its various missionary forms offered more promising paths into adjusting to the European presence: by 1845, in under fifty years, at least half the Maori population was worshipping in Christian churches, far outnumbering European chur ●●

1845 Taufa'ahau crowned King George I of Tonga ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1845 Thomas had the satisfaction of adapting English coronation rites for Taufa’ahau’s enthronement as King George I, founding a royal dynasty which endures to this day ●●

1846 From the late 1840s onwards, the combination of increasing grain production around the world, plu... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story From the late 1840s onwards, the combination of increasing grain production around the world, plummeting transport costs and falling tariff barriers – exemplified by the repeal of the Corn Laws in 1846 – eroded the economic position of landowners. ●●

1846 Great Britain repeals the Corn Laws ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Great Britain begins the expansion of a global system of commerce organized around open trade by repealing the Corn Laws ●●

1846 1846: father got an administrative job with the Church. The centerpiece of t rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story father got an administrative job with the Church. The centerpiece of the town was Grinnell College, founded in 1846 by a group of Congregationalists f ●●

1846 Information history in 1846 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story orne (1851)♦ THREE CLERKS IN A SMALL ROOM UPSTAIRS in the Ferry House of Jersey City handled the entire telegraph traffic of the city of New York in 1846 and did not have to work very hard. ♦ They adm ●●

1846 The youngest pope at election since Pius IX in 1846, and destined rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The youngest pope at election since Pius IX in 1846, and destined to have the second-longest pontificate in the papacy’s history so far, Karol Wojtyła was a heroic figure, survivor of struggles against two tyrannical regimes which were conscious enem ●●

1846 For example, Dogget’s Directory for New York City in 1846 indicates that the num rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story For example, Dogget’s Directory for New York City in 1846 indicates that the number of specialized business enterprises was highest in dry goods and g ●●

1846 , 163 Doering, Otto, 232 Dogget’s Directory for New York City in 1846, 26 Domi... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story , 163 Doering, Otto, 232 Dogget’s Directory for New York City in 1846, 26 Dominion Telegraph, 199 Domino sugar, 329 Dorrance family, 295, 414 Douglass, Elisha P ●●

1847 'Best interest of the child' test entered in New York court ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto describes a second court authorization for intervention in family life. In 1847 Judge Oakley of the New York City Superior Court advanced the 'best interest of the child' test as governed by fixed rules. ●●

1847 George Lippard publishes Washington and his Generals ai_extracted 1 cit. no story American social reformer and muckraker George Lippard, a friend of Edgar Allan Poe, published 'Washington and his Generals, or Legends of the Revolution,' which included the story 'The Speech of the Unknown' about a mysterious robed orator at the Declaration of Independence signing. ●●

1847 1847: publishes “Notes” on Babbage’s Analytical Engine. 1847 George Boole cr rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story publishes “Notes” on Babbage’s Analytical Engine. 1847 George Boole creates a system using algebra for logical reasoning. 1890 The census is tabulated ●●

1847 Information history in 1847 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story with wax, the whole affair seemed public and insecure—the messages passing along those mysterious conduits, the electric wires. Vail himself wrote in 1847, “The great advantage which this telegraph po ●●

1847 Prussia, for example, put in place a universal franchise between 1847 and 1867, albeit with an open candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Prussia, for example, put in place a universal franchise between 1847 and 1867, albeit with an open ballot and tiered voting. ●●

1847 openness of locals to outsiders: Amoy had been one of the earliest rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story openness of locals to outsiders: Amoy had been one of the earliest entry points for Europeans three centuries before, and now it was one of the treaty ports opened up by the Nanjing Treaty in 1847 ●●

1847 Twenty-First (1847) Annual Report of the Baltimore & Ohio Rail-Road, p rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Twenty-First (1847) Annual Report of the Baltimore & Ohio Rail-Road, p ●●

1847 Steamship line opens New York to Bremen service ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1847 an American sponsored, German financed and owned line began services between New York and Bremen ●●

1847 Boole devises an algebra for logic ai_extracted 1 cit. no story George Boole develops a symbolic algebra for expressing logical statements, later used to design switching circuits. ●●

c. 1848 to c. 1849 Revolutions of 1848 1 cit. Uprisings demanding constitutions, national unity, and social reform sweep across Europe from Paris to Vienna and Berlin. Most are crushed, but the ideas of liberalism, nationalism, and socialism they spread shape the next century. politics / society ●●●●

1848 Publication of the Communist Manifesto rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. The 1848 publication of the Communist Manifesto by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels marks the dividing line between the Utopian Socialists and the period of scientific Socialism. ●●

1848 Marx's Communist Manifesto, 1848 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley places the Romantic period as culminating in Marx's Communist Manifesto of 1848, which located the key to man's social position in past struggles. ●●

1848 Rules of the Stokes County School ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto reproduces the November 10, 1848 disciplinary code of the Stokes County School under master William A. Chaffin, listing offenses and their prescribed lashes. ●●

1848 Massachusetts passes first modern formal adoption law ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto notes that four years before the 1852 compulsion law, the Massachusetts legislature passed an adoption act. He calls it the first formal adoption legislation anywhere since the Roman Empire. ●●

1848 Carl Schurz's first view of America ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto quotes German immigrant Carl Schurz, who in 1848 remarked on first seeing America how little a people needs to be governed. Gatto uses it to contrast American liberty with heavy government. ●●

1848 In 1848 , when another spasm of political candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1848 , when another spasm of political uprisings broke out across the continent, Nicholas volunteered his services as the "gen darme of Europe." Hi... ●●

1848 His enemy and acquisitive neighbor Austria had been rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story His enemy and acquisitive neighbor Austria had been a · near victim of parliamentary assertiveness, during the pan-European wave of re bellions agains... ●●

1848 14 In August 1848, to the Duke’s horror, the entire contents of Stowe House were rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 14 In August 1848, to the Duke’s horror, the entire contents of Stowe House were auctioned off. ●●

1848 Metternich driven from power ai_extracted 1 cit. no story er states bore the brunt of thwarting Russian expansionism. Metternich’s removal from the scene in 1848 marked the beginning of the end of the high-wi ●●

1848 one which every Englishman ought to deprecate, and... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story nd one which every Englishman ought to deprecate, and to try to prevent.36 After the Revolution of 1848, Austria became progressively weaker and its p ●●

1848 Bismarck achieved political prominence as the arch... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Bismarck achieved political prominence as the archconservative opponent of the liberal Revolution of 1848. ●●

1848 1848, Bismarck strenuously fought the elected Parl... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1848, Bismarck strenuously fought the elected Parliament’s offer of the German imperial crown to the Prussian King. ●●

1848 now, two generations had passed since the executio... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By now, two generations had passed since the execution of Louis XVI; the liberal revolutions of 1848 had been mastered; France, though a republic, had ●●

1848 Russia might defer territorial gains for the sake ... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Russia might defer territorial gains for the sake of legitimacy (as Alexander I did in the Greek rebellion in the 1820s, and Nicholas I during the rev ●●

1848 Metternich left office in 1848 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story eo Tolstoy’s Tales of Sevastopol. See Nicholas V. Riasanovsky, A History of Russia (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), 336–39. “We will astonish the world by the magnitude of our ingratitude”: Allgemeine deutsche Biographie 33 (Leipzig: Duncker ●●

1848 Event of 1848 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story have been rivals, were in fact pursuing common policies: Austria and Russia in effect postponed their looming geopolitical conflict in the name of their shared fears of domestic upheaval. It was only after the element of legitimacy in this internatio ●●

1848 the first of their eleven American children rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In September 1848, Andrew Anders Veblen, the first of their eleven American children, was born ●●

1848 Revolutions break out across continental Europe ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The year 1848 saw the outbreak of revolutions in virtually every continental European country and has been compared to the 2011 Arab Spring. ●●

1848 2 The second great surge toward democracy occurred with the Revolutions of 1848, raising hopes that rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 2 The second great surge toward democracy occurred with the Revolutions of 1848, raising hopes that were just as quickly dashed. ●●

1848 Hobsbawm’s judgment about the completeness of the failure of the Revolutions of 1848 is therefore to rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Hobsbawm’s judgment about the completeness of the failure of the Revolutions of 1848 is therefore too severe. ●●

1848 Many of the moves toward more liberal societies and greater democracy were thus the work of conserva rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Many of the moves toward more liberal societies and greater democracy were thus the work of conservative leaders who lived through 1848 and were conscious of the fact that they faced societies mobilized in ways they had not been earlier in the century. ●●

1848 29 FROM 1848 TO THE ARAB SPRING Origins of the Arab Spring; differences and similarities between t rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 29 FROM 1848 TO THE ARAB SPRING Origins of the Arab Spring; differences and similarities between the contemporary Middle East and nineteenth-century Europe; religion and nationalism as alternative routes to politicalmobilization The Arab Spring began in January 2011 with the self-immolation of a Tunisian street vendor named Mohamed Bouazizi, which brought down the dictatorship of Zine al-Abidine Ben Ali and triggered a cascade of uprisings that spread to Egypt, Yemen, Libya, Bahrain, and Syria, and threatened the stability of every regime in the region. ●●

1848 The European experience in 1848 indicates, however, that the initial toppling of an authoritarian re rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The European experience in 1848 indicates, however, that the initial toppling of an authoritarian regime and the organization of democratic elections is only the beginning of a much longer process of political development. ●●

1848 The liberal revolutionaries of 1848 failed to do either in the short period they had before they wer rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The liberal revolutionaries of 1848 failed to do either in the short period they had before they were overwhelmed by the military counter-moves of the authoritarian establishment. ●●

1848 Jonathan Sperber, The European Revolutions, 1848–1851, 2nd ed. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Jonathan Sperber, The European Revolutions, 1848–1851, 2nd ed. ●●

1848 See Kurt Weyland, “The Diffusion of Revolution: ‘1848’ in Europe and Latin America,” International O rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story See Kurt Weyland, “The Diffusion of Revolution: ‘1848’ in Europe and Latin America,” International Organization 63, no. ●●

1848 “The Diffusion of Revolution: ‘1848’ in Europe and Latin America. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “The Diffusion of Revolution: ‘1848’ in Europe and Latin America. ●●

1848 29 FROM 1848 TO THE ARAB SPRING Origins of the Arab Spring; differences and similarities between t rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 29 FROM 1848 TO THE ARAB SPRING Origins of the Arab Spring; differences and similarities between the contemporary Middle East and nineteenth-century Europe; religion and nationalism as alternative routes to politicalmobilization The Arab Spring be ●●

1848 estates in, 13; law in, 12, 336–37, 359, 521; railroads in, 166, 173; Revolutions of 1848 in, 416–18 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story estates in, 13; law in, 12, 336–37, 359, 521; railroads in, 166, 173; Revolutions of 1848 in, 416–18, 427–35; social mobilization in, 40–41; states in, 10, 12, 268, 294, 336–37, 339, 354–55, 357; wars in, 260–61, 268, 391 European Union (EU), 94, 10 ●●

1848 Kant had also sketched out a vision of world peace, without that rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Kant had also sketched out a vision of world peace, without that alarming corollary - but now after Napoleon’s defeat, it was characteristic of liberal German Protestantism also to be nationalist; and then after the failure of parliamentary efforts a ●●

1848 BCE) see also Coptic Church 1848 Revolutions ekklēsia; see also Church; Greece, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story BCE) see also Coptic Church 1848 Revolutions ekklēsia; see also Church; Greece, democracy in El Salvador elders Electors, Imperial: see Bohemia, Brandenburg, Cologne, Hanover; Mainz, Saxony elements of Eucharist (bread and wine): see Eucharist elevat ●●

1849 Death of Gutle Rothschild, family matriarch ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gutle Rothschild, widow of Mayer Amschel and matriarch of the family, died on May 7 at age 96. She symbolized family continuity by remaining in the original Frankfurt house despite the family's immense wealth. ●●

1849 Erie Railroad reaches Owego, New York ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On June 1, 1849, the Erie Railroad first arrives in Owego, New York, with thousands of spectators cheering from hillsides. The event transforms isolated town economies and awakens residents to new opportunities. ●●

1849 Great fire destroys downtown Owego ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On September 27, 1849, a catastrophic fire consumes 104 downtown buildings in Owego, New York, sparing only three stores. The disaster presages a booming lumber business as the town is rebuilt. ●●

1849 Harvey Spelman elected to Ohio legislature ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Harvey Buel Spelman is elected as a member of the Ohio state legislature in 1849, a position he achieved by spearheading creation of a progressive public-school system in Akron. ●●

1849 Information history in 1849 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story e the Bank of England, and advertised its presence by installing an electric clock—modern and apt, for already railroad time was telegraphic time. By 1849 the telegraph office boasted eight instrument ●●

1849 While the nine children who survived their pioneer existence rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story While the nine children who survived their pioneer existence were growing up, the Veblens moved three more times: first to Sheboygan County in 1849, t ●●

1849 Prussia adopts three-tier male suffrage ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Prussia, for example, adopted universal male suffrage in 1849, but under a three-tier voting system and an open ballot that wasn’t abolished until 1918. ●●

1849 Coinage Act of 1849 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ” (It didn’t do that until fifty-seven years later in The Coinage Act of 1849 ●●

1849 Edgar Thomson, the builder and first superintendent of the Georgia Railroad, had rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Edgar Thomson, the builder and first superintendent of the Georgia Railroad, had come to the Pennsylvania in 1849 to take charge of its construction ●●

1849 One of Poor’s earliest editorial campaigns in 1849 urged roads to set aside fund... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story One of Poor’s earliest editorial campaigns in 1849 urged roads to set aside funds for renewal and replacement ●●

c. 1849 Kivoi wa Mwendwa, the Kamba caravan king 3 cit. Kivoi wa Mwendwa was the greatest of the Kamba long-distance traders, a wealthy Kitui big-man whose caravans carried ivory from the interior to the coast in the decades before the Swahili and Arab caravans took the trade over. He hosted and guided the missionary Johann Ludwig Krapf, the first European to see Mount Kenya, on his journeys into Ukambani and toward the Tana. Kivoi was killed in 1851 when his caravan was ambushed near the Tana River, and Krapf barely escaped. economy / politics / society ●●●

1850 Marx formulates the class struggle, about 1850 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Around 1850 Karl Marx built his theory of an inevitable class struggle on the polarized two-class society then emerging under industrial capitalism. ●●

1850 Monongahela site on the Underground Railroad in the 1850s ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto notes that his hometown of Monongahela was a stop on the Underground Railroad, with the barn of the Anawalt house used for that purpose through the 1850s. ●●

1850 International bankers command London money markets ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The book cites Quigley that by 1850 a London-centered group of financiers could tap the power of the Stock Exchange, the Bank of England and the London money market. It presents them as aspiring to dynasties of international bankers. ●●

1850 Rockefellers relocate to Owego, New York rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In the spring of 1850, Big Bill resettles his family in Owego, near the Pennsylvania border, possibly to evade legal trouble. John D. retains only vague memories of the three-year Moravia period. ●●

1850 Similarly, the historical record suggests that there is rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The France of 1914 was, absolutely, more powerful than that of 1850—but this was little consolation when France was being eclipsed by a much stronger Germany. Britain today has far greater wealth, and ●●

1850 diplomacy as a strategic opportunity rather than a... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story diplomacy as a strategic opportunity rather than as a threat. When Bismarck delivered a speech in 1850 attacking the conventional wisdom that German u ●●

1850 1850 and 1912 to just over 21,000, the number of women in rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 1850 and 1912 to just over 21,000, the number of women in monastic life had risen astonishingly from 8,533 to 70,453 ●●

1850 Even the laying down of the railroad could be part of God’s rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Even the laying down of the railroad could be part of God’s grand design - witness a paean to its providential character in 1850 from a Yankee revivalist turned Episcopalian, Calvin Colton: As the human family, at a very remote period of antiquity, w ●●

1850 Therefore, less than a dozen plantations in the south in 1850 had a work force o rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Therefore, less than a dozen plantations in the south in 1850 had a work force of 300 full-time field hands, in other words, a work force comparable i ●●

1850 Moreover, the trade had hardly been fully established before it was radically tr rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Moreover, the trade had hardly been fully established before it was radically transformed in the 1850s by the coming of the railroad and the telegraph ●●

1850 By the 1850s the Ames Manufacturing Company in Chicopee, Pratt and Whitney in Ha rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By the 1850s the Ames Manufacturing Company in Chicopee, Pratt and Whitney in Hartford, Browne & Sharp in Providence, and Sellers & Bancroft in Philad ●●

1850 During the 1850s, railroad and telegraph enterprises began to devise the organiz rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story During the 1850s, railroad and telegraph enterprises began to devise the organizational structures and accounting procedures so central to the operati ●●

1850 Indeed, the modern call loan market began in the 1850s, as New York banks began rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Indeed, the modern call loan market began in the 1850s, as New York banks began to loan to speculators on call in order to provide funds to cover the ●●

1850 These administrative challenges first appeared in the 1850s when the railroads g rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story These administrative challenges first appeared in the 1850s when the railroads grew large enough to require the coordination of the activities of seve ●●

1850 In the mid-1850s the new large railroads and the fast-freight lines began to mak rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In the mid-1850s the new large railroads and the fast-freight lines began to make mutually beneficial alliances ●●

1850 It had its beginnings in the mid-1850s when the trunk lines and their connecting rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story It had its beginnings in the mid-1850s when the trunk lines and their connecting roads began to work out their procedures for billing shipments that m ●●

1850 In sum, to meet the needs of managing the first modern business enterprise, mana rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In sum, to meet the needs of managing the first modern business enterprise, managers of large American railroads during the 1850s and 1860s invented n ●●

1850 In discussing capital accounting in the 1850s, railroad managers, stockholders, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In discussing capital accounting in the 1850s, railroad managers, stockholders, and journalists at first gave the most attention to defining clearly t ●●

1850 The new methods, devised in the 1850s and perfected in the following years, were rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The new methods, devised in the 1850s and perfected in the following years, were quickly adopted by the first large industrial enterprises when they a ●●

1850 Steam power began to alter ocean-going transportation in the 1850s, at almost ex rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Steam power began to alter ocean-going transportation in the 1850s, at almost exactly the same time the railroads were beginning to transform overland ●●

1850 On the west coast the Southern Pacific controlled and operated the Pacific Mail rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On the west coast the Southern Pacific controlled and operated the Pacific Mail Line established in the 1850s ●●

1850 By the mid-1850s, the managers of telegraph companies began to work out the coop rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By the mid-1850s, the managers of telegraph companies began to work out the cooperative arrangements required to send messages directly from one part ●●

1850 Gould developed such a threat by using the telegraph subsidiaries of railroad co rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gould developed such a threat by using the telegraph subsidiaries of railroad companies under his control—subsidiaries that were operated by Western U ●●

1850 In the 1850s and 1860s the modern commodity dealer, who purchased directly from rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In the 1850s and 1860s the modern commodity dealer, who purchased directly from the farmer and sold directly to the processor, took over the marketing ●●

1850 Here they began as the railroad and telegraph moved across the upper Mississippi rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Here they began as the railroad and telegraph moved across the upper Mississippi Valley in the 1850s and opened up highly productive grain-growing are ●●

1850 From the 1850s on, railroads and grain dealers began to build elevators for stor rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story From the 1850s on, railroads and grain dealers began to build elevators for storing the grain purchased directly from the farmers along the lines of r ●●

1850 During the 1850s and again in the 1870s, depressed years in their industry, lead rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story During the 1850s and again in the 1870s, depressed years in their industry, leading textile manufacturers, the largest enterprises in American mechani ●●