Events, Verisoph

1880 Feudal structure of American finance capitalism ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley argues that for almost fifty years, from 1880 to 1930, American financial capitalism approximated a feudal structure in which two great New York powers dominated a web of lesser powers. ●●

1880 Charles Francis Adams compares schools to mills and prisons ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto cites Charles Francis Adams, who observed in 1880 that the newly proposed institutional schools combined features of the cotton mill, the railroad, and the state prison. ●●

1880 Aztec Club of 1847 founding dinner, 1880 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto describes the hereditary Aztec Club of 1847, whose 1880 founding dinner he says would have seated President Grant and Jefferson Davis together. ●●

1880 Wundt founds his psychology laboratory ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto dates the founding of Wilhelm Wundt's laboratory of scientific psychology in Germany to 1880, tying it to the rise of scientific pedagogy. (The lab is usually dated to 1879.) He links it to Francis Parkman's contemporaneous negative judgment of schooling. ●●

1880 Natty Rothschild votes against Irish Land Bill ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Natty Rothschild joins Whig opponents voting against the Irish Land Bill, a measure to protect tenant interests. This marks the first organized Rothschild resistance to Liberal domestic reform. ●●

1880 It is therefore hardly an exaggeration to suggest that betwe rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story It is therefore hardly an exaggeration to suggest that between 1815 and 1880 much of the British Empire existed in a power-political vacuum, which is why its colonial army could be kept relatively low ●●

1880 As the twentieth century approached, therefore, the pace rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story This was manifested in the frantic post-1880 jostling by the Great Powers for additional colonial territories in Africa, Asia, and the Pacific, partly for gain, partly out of a fear of being eclipsed. ●●

1880 1880 Economic rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On the other hand, unlike the 1880–1913 changes, these particular shifts in the global economic balances were not taking place in peacetime over several decades and in accord with ... ●●

1880 By August, twenty thousand construction workers swarmed over the area rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By August, twenty thousand construction workers swarmed over the area.1880, 1881 An experimental Alpha unit saw successful operation. ●●

1880 For instance, Great Britain’s support for Turkey i... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story For instance, Great Britain’s support for Turkey in the 1870s ended abruptly when Gladstone, who regarded the Turks as morally reprehensible, defeated ●●

1880 Gladstone defeats Disraeli in general election ai_extracted 1 cit. no story But the most striking example of the vital new role of public opinion was in Great Britain, when Gladstone defeated Disraeli in 1880 in the only Briti ●●

1880 1880, the French had represented 15.7 percent of E... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1880, the French had represented 15.7 percent of Europe’s population. ●●

1880 1880: because Herman Hollerith, an employee of the U.S. Census Bureau, was a rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story because Herman Hollerith, an employee of the U.S. Census Bureau, was appalled that it took close to eight years to manually tabulate the 1880 census. ●●

1880 Information history in 1880 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ments came from those who focused on the exponential power of interconnection. Scientific American assessed “The Future of the Telephone” as early as 1880 and emphasized the forming of “little cluster ●●

1880 Event of 1880 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Marital fertility rates in Denmark, Norway, Finland, Sweden, Germany, Belgium, Britain, Switzerland, the Netherlands, and Austria had all peaked by 18 ●●

1880 James Duane Bolin, Bossism and Reform in a Southern City: Lexington, Kentucky, 1880–1940 (Lexington: rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story James Duane Bolin, Bossism and Reform in a Southern City: Lexington, Kentucky, 1880–1940 (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2000), pp. ●●

1880 Bossism and Reform in a Southern City: Lexington, Kentucky, 1880–1940. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Bossism and Reform in a Southern City: Lexington, Kentucky, 1880–1940. ●●

1880 The creation of a modern, centralized, merit-based bureaucracy capable of exercising jurisdiction ov rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The creation of a modern, centralized, merit-based bureaucracy capable of exercising jurisdiction over the whole territory of the country began only in the late 1880s, and the number of classified civil servants did not reach 80 percent until the tim ●●

1880 As in the 1880s, a reform coalition has to emerge that unites groups that don’t have a stake in the rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As in the 1880s, a reform coalition has to emerge that unites groups that don’t have a stake in the current system. ●●

1880 The pioneering firms in the manufacturing of typewriters and cash registers whic rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The pioneering firms in the manufacturing of typewriters and cash registers which set up their sales forces in the 1880s relied more heavily on canvas ●●

1880 Again, it was the decade of the 1880s when enterprises in these industries began rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Again, it was the decade of the 1880s when enterprises in these industries began to build or rationalize their national and global sales forces ●●

1880 Railroad track construction peaks in the 1880s ai_extracted 1 cit. no story During the 1880s more miles of track were built than in any other decade in American history, and in the 1890s more mileage was in bankruptcy than in ●●

1880 System-building in the 1880s As the decade of the 1880s opened, Jay Gould was em rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story System-building in the 1880s As the decade of the 1880s opened, Jay Gould was embarked on a venture in railroad combination that dwarfed his attempt o ●●

1880 By the early 1880s, such associations had been formed for nearly every major rai rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By the early 1880s, such associations had been formed for nearly every major railroad activity ●●

1880 First, and most significant, the large enterprises that were to operate the Amer rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story First, and most significant, the large enterprises that were to operate the American railroad network throughout the twentieth century took their mode ●●

1880 During the 1880s, 75,000 miles of track had been laid down in the United States, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story During the 1880s, 75,000 miles of track had been laid down in the United States, by far the greatest amount of railroad mileage ever built in any deca ●●

1880 In the 1880s railroad men employed two alternative structures for the management rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In the 1880s railroad men employed two alternative structures for the management of the huge new consolidated megacorps ●●

1880 In the 1880s most of the firms that grew large followed the first path rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In the 1880s most of the firms that grew large followed the first path ●●

1880 In the 1880s and early 1890s, Swift & Company built new packing plants in six ci candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In the 1880s and early 1890s, Swift & Company built new packing plants in six cities along the cattle frontier ●●

1880 For these reasons the long-lived mergers came to cluster in the same industries rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story For these reasons the long-lived mergers came to cluster in the same industries in which the first large integrated enterprise appeared in the 1880s ●●

1880 For the 1880s and 1890s, when the multiunit industrial corporation was new, the rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story For the 1880s and 1890s, when the multiunit industrial corporation was new, the few individual pioneering enterprises provide the information necessar ●●

1880 At General Electric, therefore, the practices of middle management first develop rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story At General Electric, therefore, the practices of middle management first developed in the entrepreneurial firms of the 1880s were married to the metho ●●

1880 12 Managers in the auditing and accounting departments of railroads had formed t rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 12 Managers in the auditing and accounting departments of railroads had formed their own national association in the 1880s ●●

1880 Like the early machinery companies, most insurance firms began in the 1880s and rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Like the early machinery companies, most insurance firms began in the 1880s and 1890s to replace large sales agencies with branch offices operated and ●●

1880 The greatest weakness in Kolko’s pioneering study is his failure to recognize th rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The greatest weakness in Kolko’s pioneering study is his failure to recognize the importance of system-building as an alternative to pooling in railro ●●

1880 Before 1880, Western Union and Montgomery Ward were among the few large firms to... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Before 1880, Western Union and Montgomery Ward were among the few large firms to operate on a national scale ●●

1880 These changes can be traced in the Annual Reports of the president of the Wester... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story These changes can be traced in the Annual Reports of the president of the Western Union Company for 1880 through 1883 ●●

1881 Assassination of Tsar Alexander II, 1881 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Anarchist terror produced the assassinations of Tsar Alexander II in 1881, King Humbert of Italy in 1900, and President McKinley in 1901. ●●

1881 French protectorate over Tunis, 1881 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story France, occupying Algeria since 1830, established a protectorate over Tunis in 1881, which triggered the British occupation of Egypt the following year. ●●

1881 First Japanese political parties founded (1881-1882) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Opposition to the Sat-Cho oligarchy led to the first real political parties, Itagaki's Liberal Party (1881) and Okuma's Progressive Party (1882), whose leaders often traded support for office. ●●

1881 Russian pogroms against Jews ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Russian pogroms against Jews ●●

1881 Vacuum employees found Buffalo Lubricating Oil ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1881, a trio of Vacuum employees—J. Scott Wilson, Charles B. Matthews, and Albert Miller—defected to start a rival refinery, the Buffalo Lubricating Oil Company. ●●

1881 Oil Industry Development rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Senate in 1881 and held that seat for the next thirty years, winding up as chairman of the Senate Finance Committee. A confirmed protectionist and devoted servant of the trusts, he used public offi... ●●

1881 Decree of Muharrem places Ottoman debt under control ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Ottoman Sultan issued the Decree of Muharrem on December 20, 1881, reducing foreign debt obligations and establishing an international administration to manage Ottoman public debt. This gave European creditors formal control over Turkish finances. ●●

1881 1881, a new tsar, Alexander III, came to the thron... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1881, a new tsar, Alexander III, came to the throne in St. ●●

1881 by lobbing a hail of small bombs into his open carriage in broad daylight on a main street of St. candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story by lobbing a hail of small bombs into his open carriage in broad daylight on a main street of St. ●●

1881 Information history in 1881 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story lectric Telegraph. ♦ COUNT MIOT DE MELITO CLAIMED: Memoirs of Count Miot de Melito, vol. ●●

1881 Feuerbach, The Essence of Christianity (London, 1881; first published 1841), 12 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Feuerbach, The Essence of Christianity (London, 1881; first published 1841), 12 ●●

1881 In 1881, four enterprises using the most efficient match-making machines combine candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1881, four enterprises using the most efficient match-making machines combined to produce a machine that made matches by the billions and also auto ●●

1881 25 Between 1881 and 1894 company built thirty more branches in every part of the rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 25 Between 1881 and 1894 company built thirty more branches in every part of the country ●●

1881 Duke begins producing cigarettes in Durham ai_extracted 2 cit. no story Duke, a manufacturer of smoking tobacco in Durham, North Carolina, had decided in 1881 to produce cigarettes because he was having difficulty in compe ●●

1881 Diamond Match Company formed by merger ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After a brief period of competition for the national market, these four combined in 1881 to form the Diamond Match Company ●●

1881 T.S. Hunt reads his Celestial Chemistry paper ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On November 28, 1881, Dr. T.S. Hunt read a paper titled Celestial Chemistry, from the time of Newton, bringing attention to long-neglected passages in Newton's works that described his beliefs in a universal ethereal medium. ●●

1881 Modern refrigerated railroad car appears ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Then, in 1881 the modern refrigerated car made its appearance ●●

1881 Swift builds national branch-house distribution network ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In the dozen or so years after 1881, when Swift began to build a national branch-house distributing network, six integrated packers dominated the trade—two giants, Armour and Swift, and four smaller firms, Hammond, Morris, Cudahy, and Schwartzchild & Sulzberger ●●

1882 Society for Psychical Research founded by the Balfour circle ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley calls the Society for Psychical Research an enduring creation of the Cecil Bloc. It was founded in 1882 by the Balfour family with Lord Rayleigh and Professor Sidgwick. ●●

1882 Milner's Whitechapel socialism lectures (1882) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Milner delivered six lectures on socialism in Whitechapel in 1882, later published in 1931. Quigley cites this as evidence of the Group's early, undemocratic socialistic leanings. ●●

1882 Appleton School Reader for fifth graders ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto reports that in 1882 fifth graders read authors such as Shakespeare, Thoreau, Scott, and Franklin in their Appleton School Reader. ●●

1882 Grand dinner honors Herbert Spencer in New York ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto describes an early 1882 dinner held in Herbert Spencer's honor, where the powerful gathered to hear scientific proof of Anglo-Saxon fitness for rule. He says it set a standard for twentieth-century management. ●●

1882 Atlantic Monthly writer warns of immigrant threat to homogeneity ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto cites an 1882 Atlantic Monthly writer who predicted a coming struggle to preserve the American social order against European immigration. ●●

1882 Elite boarding schools founded after Spencer's 1882 visit ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto argues that over 90 percent of the great American private boarding schools were founded in the short period just after Herbert Spencer's 1882 American visit. ●●

1882 In this case, the agents of reconfigured imperial rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In this case, the agents of reconfigured imperial ism were the accountant and the banker-something like 1 , 300 of them by 1882-who ensured that state... ●●

1882 Drexel, Morgan offices wired for Edison's electricity ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Downtown, Drexel, Morgan hosted early meetings of the Edison company and in 1882 became the first Wall Street office to draw electricity from Edison’s generating station at Pearl Street. Edison himsel... ●●

1882 In 1882, he visited Palestine rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1882, he visited Palestine. Deeply moved, he wrote Fanny about the sensations he experienced before the doorway of Christ’s sepulcher: “There is the slab on which He was laid. ●●

1882 Senior’s interest in southern black education antedated this rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Senior’s interest in southern black education antedated this junket by two decades, going back to 1882 when Spelman Seminary was still operating from a leaky church basement. In his own travels through the South, he often attended black Baptist churches on Sunday mornings. ●●

1882 Oil Industry Development rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In his testimony, Rockefeller supplied for the first time the Standard Oil trust agreement that had been drawn up in 1882; named the eight current trustees; revealed that the trust now had seven hu... ●●

1882 Marianne Warburg dies; Sara's grief rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Marianne, Sara's eldest daughter, died in December after hiding her illness. Sara's grief was boundless as she blamed herself for Marianne's disastrous marriage decades earlier. ●●

1882 Above all, he had removed the incentives that migh... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Above all, he had removed the incentives that might have turned a local crisis into a general war. In 1882, the year following the second Three Empero ●●

1882 Event of 1882 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 44 Ironically, after Congress acted to exclude Chinese immigration in 1882, many thousands continued to secure admission by compelling courts to recog ●●

1882 It is not supported by evidence,’ he responded to uncourteously persistent questioning rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story It is not supported by evidence,’ he responded to uncourteously persistent questioning a few months before his death in 1882 ●●

1882 47 In 1882, in retaliation for Gould’s move into Iowa, Perkins built his own lin rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 47 In 1882, in retaliation for Gould’s move into Iowa, Perkins built his own line to Denver, paralleling that of the Union Pacific (and also that of t ●●

1882 11 So, too, did a comparable mill built in 1882 by the oatmeal producer, Henry P rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 11 So, too, did a comparable mill built in 1882 by the oatmeal producer, Henry P ●●

1882 Libby and Wilson begin canned meat production ai_extracted 2 cit. no story In 1882 two of the smaller meat packers, Libby, McNeil & Libby and Wilson & Company, began volume production of canned meat in Chicago ●●

1882 Standard Oil Trust formed by shareholder agreement ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By the agreement signed on January 2, 1882, the shareholders of the forty companies exchanged their stock for certificates in the new Standard Oil Trust ●●

1882 16 Between 1882 and 1885 the trust reduced the number of refineries it operated... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 16 Between 1882 and 1885 the trust reduced the number of refineries it operated from fifty-three to twenty-two ●●

1883 Pendleton civil service reform, 1883 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley argues that the 1883 Pendleton Bill introducing civil service reform was pushed by business interests to cut off the patronage income that made party machines independent of business money. ●●

1883 Mahdist revolt and the fall of Khartoum, 1883 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Mahdi Muhammad Ahmed led a Sudanese revolt against Egyptian control in 1883, wiped out a British force under General Charles Gordon at Khartoum, and held an independent Sudan for fifteen years. ●●

1883 German law regulating stock promotion ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After the promotion excesses of 1870-1874, a government investigation led to a strict 1883 law regulating promotion. Quigley argues this pushed German bankers toward long-term control of industry rather than short-term speculation. ●●

1883 Milner establishes Toynbee Hall in memory of Arnold Toynbee ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Arnold Toynbee, Milner's closest friend at Balliol, died young in 1883. Milner then helped found Toynbee Hall, a settlement house in London, and chaired its governing board for years. ●●

1883 Maguire obtains the Lobengula mining concession ai_extracted 1 cit. no story J. Rochfort Maguire, Rhodes's close college friend, obtained the original mining concession from Lobengula in 1883. Quigley notes it became the basis of the British South Africa Company. ●●

1883 Standard Oil assembles Manhattan headquarters site ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In late 1883, Standard Oil began assembling real estate in Manhattan for new headquarters overlooking Broadway at Bowling Green. ●●

1883 The Army had contracted with Tennessee Eastman, a manufacturing subsidiary of Ea rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Army had contracted with Tennessee Eastman, a manufacturing subsidiary of Eastman Kodak, to operate the electromagnetic separation plant.1883 By late October 1943, when Stone & Webster finished installing the first Alpha racetrack, the company had assembled a work force of 4,800 men and women. ●●

1883 BIRTH OF BUREAUCRACY Prior to the landmark 1883 Pendleton Act, there were a number of efforts at pu rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story BIRTH OF BUREAUCRACY Prior to the landmark 1883 Pendleton Act, there were a number of efforts at public-sector reform. ●●

1883 Pendleton Act creates merit-based civil service ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Pendleton Act was passed in 1883, but it was not until the 1920s that a large majority of public servants were put under the merit classification system. ●●

1883 Pendleton Act reforms the US civil service ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Prior to passage of the 1883 Pendleton Act and the spread of merit-based bureaucracy, American government was a cli-entelistic system in which public offices were allocated by the political parties on the basis of patronage. ●●

1883 In the United States, the Tidewater Company, the consolidation of crude oil prod candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In the United States, the Tidewater Company, the consolidation of crude oil producers that built the long-distance pipeline, had made a deal as early ●●

1884 Formation of the Comité des Forges ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Comité des Forges was formed in 1884 as an association of all French metallurgical industries, using a single joint selling agency (comptoir) to prevent price competition. ●●

1884 Toynbee Hall founded as a settlement house (1884) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley notes that Toynbee and Milner's mildly socialistic social-service work led to the founding of Toynbee Hall as a settlement house in 1884. He uses this to argue the Group was not driven by capitalist motives. ●●

1884 Rosebery uses 'commonwealth' at Adelaide (1884) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley notes the older Cecil Bloc imperialists used the term commonwealth for the Empire as early as 1884, when Rosebery did so in a speech at Adelaide. He argues the Group popularized rather than invented it. ●●

1884 IEEE founded ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers was founded in 1884 and has set electricity standards since Thomas Edison's era. Wood argues the IEEE, with hundreds of thousands of members, is positioned to lead the global Smart Grid standards effort. ●●

1884 Sara Warburg, banking matriarch, dies at 79 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Sara, the formidable matriarch of the Warburg banking dynasty, died abruptly of a heart attack or stroke. Hamburg had never seen so many mourners at a funeral. ●●

1884 Japan creates a civil service career track ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A civil service career track was created in 1884 with a pension system that rewarded long service. ●●

1884 Franchise expansion stretched out over three major reform bills in 1832, 1867, and 1884 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Franchise expansion stretched out over three major reform bills in 1832, 1867, and 1884. ●●

1884 Death of Gregor Mendel and burning of his notes debunked ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gregor Mendel died in 1884, with his monastery burning all his scientific notes. His work remained obscure until 1900 when William Bateson rediscovered it, allowing American eugenicists to misapply his plant heredity laws to justify racial pseudoscience. ●●

1884 Huntington combines rail and steamship lines ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1884 Huntington and his associates combined all these rail and steamship lines into a single system headed by a holding and operating concern, the ●●

1884 Patterson of National Cash Register attributed the swift growth of his innovativ... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Patterson of National Cash Register attributed the swift growth of his innovative enterprise after 1884—and with it the expansion of the industry as a whole—to the strength of his canvassing force, the training and competence of his salesmen, and the ability of his marketing organization to provide credit and service ●●

1885 Indian National Congress established (1885) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A British official who foresaw violent nationalism sought to channel it constructively by establishing the Indian National Congress in 1885, hoping to train Indians in representative institutions. ●●

1885 Cattell claims people read whole words ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto recounts that in 1885 James McKeen Cattell, trained under Wundt at Leipzig, used the tachistoscope to claim people read whole words rather than letters, a finding later shown to be wrong. ●●

1885 Vienna University bars Jews from membership ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Vienna University bars Jews from membership ●●

1885 Morgan brokers the Corsair Compact railroad treaty ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The newspapers lionized the author of this Great Railroad Treaty of 1885, also known as the Corsair Compact.23 Pierpont had pulled off such a masterly feat that even Junius—so stingy with compliments—... ●●