Events, Verisoph

1875 Information history in 1875 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story e of protoplasm. “The biologist must be allowed as much scientific use of the imagination as the physicist,” The Popular Science Monthly explained in 1875. ●●

1875 When Gustavus Swift, a New England wholesale butcher, moved to Chicago in 1875,... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story When Gustavus Swift, a New England wholesale butcher, moved to Chicago in 1875, nearly all meat went east “on the hoof ●●

1875 After 1875 tank car began to replace the barrel and can for long-distance shipme... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After 1875 tank car began to replace the barrel and can for long-distance shipments of kerosene and other refined products ●●

1876 The telephone 1 cit. Alexander Graham Bell patented a device that carried the human voice over an electric wire. The telephone let people talk across distances and grew into a worldwide network. technology ●●●●●

1876 Lombroso claims criminals are born, not made 1 cit. Cesare Lombroso argued that criminals could be identified by physical features and were evolutionary throwbacks. His criminal anthropology fed racist and classist ideas about who was dangerous by nature. science / society ●

1876 Leopold II's Congo and the scramble for Africa, 1876-1880 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story King Leopold II of Belgium, using Henry Stanley, moved to secure the Congo as his personal preserve in 1876-1880, setting off a decades-long fever of colony-grabbing in Africa. ●●

1876 Edward Mandel House at Hopkins Grammar School ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto recounts that during the 1876 Hayes-Tilden campaign the young Edward Mandel House frequented political offices in New Haven instead of attending to his studies at Hopkins Grammar School. ●●

1876 William H. Welch travels to Germany for a doctorate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto uses William H. Welch as an example of Americans seeking German credentials. In 1876 Welch left for Germany to earn a Ph.D.; he later became first dean of Johns Hopkins Medical School and a Rockefeller Foundation adviser. ●●

1876 Oil production booms in Bradford, Pennsylvania ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1876, oil production soared in Bradford, and prices sank from $4 per barrel to much lower levels as wild-eyed drillers besieged the area. ●●

1876 Britain Pursues Strategic Control of Egypt rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By July 1876, rumors in Berlin suggested Britain had purchased effective suzerainty over Egypt for £10 million, signaling determination to control the strategically vital Suez region. This marked the beginning of intensified British financial involvement. ●●

1876 Disraeli peerage prompts Buckinghamshire by-election ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Lord Disraeli's elevation to the House of Lords prompts a by-election in his Buckinghamshire constituency. The political tensions deepen the Rothschilds' drift from the Liberal party toward Conservatism. ●●

1876 But the great Eastern Crisis of 1876–1878 also did a great d rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story But the great Eastern Crisis of 1876–1878 also did a great deal for Germany’s relative position. While the small Russian fleet in the Black Sea performed brilliantly against the Turks, the Russian arm ●●

1876 Negotiations would start, during which Russia woul... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Negotiations would start, during which Russia would reduce its demands, at which precise point the whole thing would blow up. In 1876, the Bulgarians, ●●

1876 Altman & Company (its large store was built in 1876), Best & Company (store buil rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Altman & Company (its large store was built in 1876), Best & Company (store built in 1879), and Stern Brothers (store in 1878) ●●

1876 Western roads form Southwestern Railway Rate Association ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1876 a number of western roads organized the Southwestern Railway Rate Association with an organization copied directly from that of the Southern R ●●

1876 After he became president in 1876 he and his vice president, George Ross McKenzi... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After he became president in 1876 he and his vice president, George Ross McKenzie, determined to speed up and complete the slow transformation of Singer’s marketing network ●●

1876 Schmidt discovers temporary star in Cygnus ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A temporary star was discovered in November 1876 in the constellation Cygnus by J. F. J. Schmidt, exhibiting a spectrum with brilliant lines that gradually transformed, raising questions about the Nebular Theory. ●●

1876 Discovery of Nymphæa lutea (yellow water-lily) in Florida rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After being accused of falsehood for inventing the description of the yellow water-lily, Audubon was vindicated by the discovery of the long-lost flower in Florida, confirming his account. ●●

1877 Chinese famines of 1877-1879 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley records that Chinese population pressure was relieved by the famines of 1877-1879, which killed about 12 million people. ●●

1877 The Treasury was in charge of creating coins and paper currency; its Bureau... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Treasury was in charge of creating coins and paper currency; its Bureau of Engraving and Printing had been producing all currency for the US government, including silver and... ●●

1877 Standard Oil conquers last independent refineries ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On December 21, 1877, Camden reported completing the conquest of the last independent refineries, giving Standard Oil near-total monopoly. ●●

1877 While the small Russian fleet in the Black Sea performed bri rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story While the small Russian fleet in the Black Sea performed brilliantly against the Turks, the Russian army’s 1877 campaigning revealed that its post-Crimean War reforms had not really taken effect. Alth ●●

1877 By running it continuously for a month his crews produced a partially separated rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By running it continuously for a month his crews produced a partially separated 100-microgram sample of U235.1877 That was several hundred million times less than the 100 kilograms Robert Oppenheimer had originally estimated would be necessary to make a bomb. ●●

1877 During Russia’s 1877 campaign in the Balkans, Dost... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story During Russia’s 1877 campaign in the Balkans, Dostoyevsky wrote: Ask the people; ask the soldier; Why are they arising? ●●

1877 That was several hundred million times less than the 100 kilograms Robert Oppenheimer had originally rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story That was several hundred million times less than the 100 kilograms Robert Oppenheimer had originally estimated would be necessary to make a bomb. ●●

1877 Edison invents the phonograph ai_extracted 1 cit. have been vinyl, but in this case it was copper, plated with gold. This analog means of capturing, preserving, and reproducing sound was invented in 1877 by Thomas Edison, who called it phonography. ●●

1877 Event of 1877 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story But the summer of 1877 was more momentous than most ●●

1877 Satsuma Rebellion suppressed by conscript army ai_extracted 1 cit. no story These changes led to a samurai revolt known as the Satsuma Rebellion in 1877, which was militarily suppressed in short order by the new conscript army. ●●

1877 Former samurai staged half a dozen armed uprisings after the restoration, but with the military defe rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Former samurai staged half a dozen armed uprisings after the restoration, but with the military defeat of the Satsuma Rebellion in 1877 they disappeared from politics. ●●

1877 Railroads and Regulation, 1877–1916 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Railroads and Regulation, 1877–1916. ●●

1877 , London, 1877-87), III, 99- 100 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story , London, 1877-87), III, 99- 100 ●●

1877 Thirtieth Annual Report of … the Pennsylvania Railroad Company … March 17, 1877,... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Thirtieth Annual Report of … the Pennsylvania Railroad Company … March 17, 1877, p ●●

1877 Exhibition of strobic circles at British Association meeting candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Professor Sylvanus Thompson exhibited optical illusions known as strobic circles at the British Association meeting, demonstrating the mysterious appearance of the number seven in natural phenomena. ●●

1877 British royal ceremonial reinvented as grand spectacle ai_extracted 1 cit. Cannadine dates the heyday of invented royal tradition in Britain to the period beginning in 1877, when Victoria was made empress of India. As the monarchy lost real political power, its rituals were staged with new expertise and splendour, and fresh ceremonies were invented to look ancient. ●●●

1877 Imperial Assemblage of 1877 invents feudal heraldry for India ai_extracted 1 cit. At the Imperial Assemblage in Delhi proclaiming Victoria empress of India, the British staged an invented feudal order. They set up a College of Arms and presented ninety leading princes with European-style armorial banners, replacing the older Mughal exchange of gifts and turning Indian rulers into legal subjects of the crown. ●●●

1878 Treaty of Berlin, 1878 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley calls the 1878 Treaty of Berlin a disaster that left nearly every Balkan state dissatisfied, turning the region into a powder keg for decades. ●●

1878 John H. Vincent founds the Chautauqua reading circle ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto describes the launch of the Chautauqua Literary and Scientific Circle. On August 10, 1878, John H. Vincent announced a four-year guided reading program, and it enrolled thousands within its first year. ●●

1878 Backus— forever known to history as “the Widow rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Backus— forever known to history as “the Widow Backus”—blind when buying her Cleveland lubricating plant in 1878. If every melodrama needs a poor, lorn widow, cheated by a scheming cad, then Mrs. Backus perfectly fitted Tarbell’s portrait of Rockefeller. ●●

1878 First US pathology lab opens at Bellevue ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Trained in Germany, he had transplanted high German medical standards to America by opening the first pathology lab at Bellevue Hospital Medical College in 1878. ●●

1878 But the great Eastern Crisis of 1876–1878 also did a great d rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story But the great Eastern Crisis of 1876–1878 also did a great deal for Germany’s relative position. While the small Russian fleet in the Black Sea performed brilliantly against the Turks, the Russian arm ●●

1878 European congresses, the last of which was held in... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story European congresses, the last of which was held in Berlin in 1878, met periodically to sort out solutions to Europe’s major conflicts. ●●

1878 Berkeley could promise only 5 grams of enriched uranium per day per racetrack, b rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Berkeley could promise only 5 grams of enriched uranium per day per racetrack, but Groves thought 2,000 tanks well beyond Stone & Webster’s capability and cut the number back to 500, reasoning, as Lawrence recalled later, “that the art and science of the process would go forward and that by the time the plant was built substantially higher production rates would be assured.”1878 Five grams per day per racetrack with only five racetracks would mean 1,200 days per 30-kilogram bomb even if the Alpha calutrons produced nearly pure U235, which they did not—their best production was around 15 percent. ●●

1878 The son of a beer distributor, Stresemann was born... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The son of a beer distributor, Stresemann was born in Berlin in 1878 and had built his political career by espousing the views of the conservative, pr ●●

1878 Five grams per day per racetrack with only five racetracks would mean 1,200 days per 30-kilogram bom rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Five grams per day per racetrack with only five racetracks would mean 1,200 days per 30-kilogram bomb even if the Alpha calutrons produced nearly pure U235, which they did not—their best production was around 15 percent. ●●

1878 Information history in 1878 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story es at the ends of the wire, and the two gossips at the ends of the telephones—may be very fascinating to a mere mathematician. —James Clerk Maxwell (1878)♦ A CURIOUS CHILD IN A COUNTRY TOWN in the 192 ●●

1878 Event of 1878 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story At the same time, the establishment of the gold standard in 1878 and a global capital market financed further expansion ●●

1878 These local governments lost their independence in the period 1868–1878 and were turned into prefect candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story These local governments lost their independence in the period 1868–1878 and were turned into prefectural administrative units subordinate to the central government in Tokyo. ●●

1878 Yohannes IV convenes Ethiopian Church council ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Yöhannes IV, another provincial governor turned Negus, imitated Constantine in presiding over a Church council in 1878 to settle long-standing disputes on Christology, although his order to tear out the tongues of some of those challenging his decisi ●●

1878 First long-distance oil pipeline construction begins ai_extracted 1 cit. no story But the construction of the first long-distance pipeline was not begun until 1878 ●●

1878 Albert Fink creates trunk-line railroad federation ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In this way Albert Fink had by the end of 1878 created a federation of railroads which included nearly all the lines north of the Ohio and east of the ●●

1878 To carry out his strategy, Swift, who had begun winter shipments in 1878, not on... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story To carry out his strategy, Swift, who had begun winter shipments in 1878, not only concentrated on improving the refrigerated car but also built a network of branch houses, first in the northeast and then after 1881 in the rest of the country ●●

1878 Clark outlined the final plan for the reorganization in a circular that went out... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Clark outlined the final plan for the reorganization in a circular that went out to all regional offices in November 1878 ●●

1879 34 The Japanese were insured; between 1879 and 1914 their insurance industry had grown from rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 34 The Japanese were insured; between 1879 and 1914 their insurance industry had grown from nothing into a vibrant sector of the economy, offering cover against loss at sea, death, fire, conscription, transport accident and burglary, to name just some of the thirteen distinct forms of insurance sold by more than thirty companies. ●●

1879 United States resumes specie payment ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By 1879, the ascendant Morgans were joining with August Belmont and the Rothschilds to market the last Civil War refunding loan. The United States resumed specie payment that year—that is, government ... ●●

1879 Rockefeller creates the Standard Oil trust agreement ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1879, Rockefeller created an ingenious trust agreement using three trustees to hold subsidiary stock, circumventing state incorporation laws. ●●

1879 Gilchrist and Thomas invent the basic steel process ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Within five years of Gilcrist and Thomas’s 1879 invention of a way to turn cheap phosphoric ores into basic steel, there were eighty-four basic converters in operation in western and central Europe,16 ●●

1879 Event of 1879 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1879 an Irish Catholic stonemason named Michael Higgins and his long-suffering wife conceived their sixth child, almost certainly un- planned, and ●●

1879 Its words are much enhanced by a later tune, ‘Love Unknown’, written rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Its words are much enhanced by a later tune, ‘Love Unknown’, written by the British composer John Ireland (1879-1962) ●●

1879 11 The first such mill was completed on an experimental basis in Minneapolis in rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 11 The first such mill was completed on an experimental basis in Minneapolis in 1879 ●●

1879 19 In 1879, a small Cincinnati soap maker, Procter & Gamble, developed by accide... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 19 In 1879, a small Cincinnati soap maker, Procter & Gamble, developed by accident a soap that floated ●●

1879 In 1879 McKenzie added a “second man” to each of the foreign agencies “so that n... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1879 McKenzie added a “second man” to each of the foreign agencies “so that neither sickness, death, nor any other circumstances may interfere with the smooth working of the business to any great extent ●●

1879 “Proceedings of the Convention of Railroad Commissioners Held at Saratoga Spring... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “Proceedings of the Convention of Railroad Commissioners Held at Saratoga Springs, New York, June 10, 1879,” Appendix 21, a pamphlet in Baker Library, Harvard University ●●

1879 Barger says on page 11, “For all practical purposes … in 1879 there were no depa... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Barger says on page 11, “For all practical purposes … in 1879 there were no department stores ●●

1879 Theosophical Society arrives in India ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Blavatsky marks the arrival of the Theosophical Society in India in 1879, a pivotal moment in her narrative of reviving ancient esoteric wisdom in the modern age. ●●

1880 Feudal structure of American finance capitalism ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley argues that for almost fifty years, from 1880 to 1930, American financial capitalism approximated a feudal structure in which two great New York powers dominated a web of lesser powers. ●●

1880 Charles Francis Adams compares schools to mills and prisons ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto cites Charles Francis Adams, who observed in 1880 that the newly proposed institutional schools combined features of the cotton mill, the railroad, and the state prison. ●●

1880 Aztec Club of 1847 founding dinner, 1880 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto describes the hereditary Aztec Club of 1847, whose 1880 founding dinner he says would have seated President Grant and Jefferson Davis together. ●●

1880 Wundt founds his psychology laboratory ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto dates the founding of Wilhelm Wundt's laboratory of scientific psychology in Germany to 1880, tying it to the rise of scientific pedagogy. (The lab is usually dated to 1879.) He links it to Francis Parkman's contemporaneous negative judgment of schooling. ●●

1880 Bismarck's social insurance and its stated aim candidate ai_extracted 2 cit. The aim of Otto von Bismarck’s social insurance legislation, as he himself put it in 1880, was ‘to engender in the great mass of the unpropertied the conservative state of mind that springs from the feeling of entitlement to a pension. ●●

1880 Natty Rothschild votes against Irish Land Bill ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Natty Rothschild joins Whig opponents voting against the Irish Land Bill, a measure to protect tenant interests. This marks the first organized Rothschild resistance to Liberal domestic reform. ●●

1880 It is therefore hardly an exaggeration to suggest that betwe rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story It is therefore hardly an exaggeration to suggest that between 1815 and 1880 much of the British Empire existed in a power-political vacuum, which is why its colonial army could be kept relatively low ●●

1880 As the twentieth century approached, therefore, the pace rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story This was manifested in the frantic post-1880 jostling by the Great Powers for additional colonial territories in Africa, Asia, and the Pacific, partly for gain, partly out of a fear of being eclipsed. ●●

1880 1880 Economic rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On the other hand, unlike the 1880–1913 changes, these particular shifts in the global economic balances were not taking place in peacetime over several decades and in accord with ... ●●

1880 By August, twenty thousand construction workers swarmed over the area rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By August, twenty thousand construction workers swarmed over the area.1880, 1881 An experimental Alpha unit saw successful operation. ●●

1880 For instance, Great Britain’s support for Turkey i... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story For instance, Great Britain’s support for Turkey in the 1870s ended abruptly when Gladstone, who regarded the Turks as morally reprehensible, defeated ●●

1880 Gladstone defeats Disraeli in general election ai_extracted 1 cit. no story But the most striking example of the vital new role of public opinion was in Great Britain, when Gladstone defeated Disraeli in 1880 in the only Briti ●●

1880 1880, the French had represented 15.7 percent of E... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1880, the French had represented 15.7 percent of Europe’s population. ●●

1880 1880: because Herman Hollerith, an employee of the U.S. Census Bureau, was a rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story because Herman Hollerith, an employee of the U.S. Census Bureau, was appalled that it took close to eight years to manually tabulate the 1880 census. ●●

1880 Information history in 1880 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ments came from those who focused on the exponential power of interconnection. Scientific American assessed “The Future of the Telephone” as early as 1880 and emphasized the forming of “little cluster ●●

1880 Event of 1880 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Marital fertility rates in Denmark, Norway, Finland, Sweden, Germany, Belgium, Britain, Switzerland, the Netherlands, and Austria had all peaked by 18 ●●

1880 James Duane Bolin, Bossism and Reform in a Southern City: Lexington, Kentucky, 1880–1940 (Lexington: rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story James Duane Bolin, Bossism and Reform in a Southern City: Lexington, Kentucky, 1880–1940 (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2000), pp. ●●

1880 Bossism and Reform in a Southern City: Lexington, Kentucky, 1880–1940. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Bossism and Reform in a Southern City: Lexington, Kentucky, 1880–1940. ●●

1880 The creation of a modern, centralized, merit-based bureaucracy capable of exercising jurisdiction ov rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The creation of a modern, centralized, merit-based bureaucracy capable of exercising jurisdiction over the whole territory of the country began only in the late 1880s, and the number of classified civil servants did not reach 80 percent until the tim ●●

1880 As in the 1880s, a reform coalition has to emerge that unites groups that don’t have a stake in the rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As in the 1880s, a reform coalition has to emerge that unites groups that don’t have a stake in the current system. ●●

1880 The pioneering firms in the manufacturing of typewriters and cash registers whic rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The pioneering firms in the manufacturing of typewriters and cash registers which set up their sales forces in the 1880s relied more heavily on canvas ●●

1880 Again, it was the decade of the 1880s when enterprises in these industries began rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Again, it was the decade of the 1880s when enterprises in these industries began to build or rationalize their national and global sales forces ●●

1880 Railroad track construction peaks in the 1880s ai_extracted 1 cit. no story During the 1880s more miles of track were built than in any other decade in American history, and in the 1890s more mileage was in bankruptcy than in ●●

1880 System-building in the 1880s As the decade of the 1880s opened, Jay Gould was em rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story System-building in the 1880s As the decade of the 1880s opened, Jay Gould was embarked on a venture in railroad combination that dwarfed his attempt o ●●

1880 By the early 1880s, such associations had been formed for nearly every major rai rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By the early 1880s, such associations had been formed for nearly every major railroad activity ●●

1880 First, and most significant, the large enterprises that were to operate the Amer rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story First, and most significant, the large enterprises that were to operate the American railroad network throughout the twentieth century took their mode ●●

1880 During the 1880s, 75,000 miles of track had been laid down in the United States, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story During the 1880s, 75,000 miles of track had been laid down in the United States, by far the greatest amount of railroad mileage ever built in any deca ●●

1880 In the 1880s railroad men employed two alternative structures for the management rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In the 1880s railroad men employed two alternative structures for the management of the huge new consolidated megacorps ●●

1880 In the 1880s most of the firms that grew large followed the first path rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In the 1880s most of the firms that grew large followed the first path ●●

1880 In the 1880s and early 1890s, Swift & Company built new packing plants in six ci candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In the 1880s and early 1890s, Swift & Company built new packing plants in six cities along the cattle frontier ●●

1880 For these reasons the long-lived mergers came to cluster in the same industries rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story For these reasons the long-lived mergers came to cluster in the same industries in which the first large integrated enterprise appeared in the 1880s ●●

1880 For the 1880s and 1890s, when the multiunit industrial corporation was new, the rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story For the 1880s and 1890s, when the multiunit industrial corporation was new, the few individual pioneering enterprises provide the information necessar ●●

1880 At General Electric, therefore, the practices of middle management first develop rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story At General Electric, therefore, the practices of middle management first developed in the entrepreneurial firms of the 1880s were married to the metho ●●

1880 12 Managers in the auditing and accounting departments of railroads had formed t rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 12 Managers in the auditing and accounting departments of railroads had formed their own national association in the 1880s ●●

1880 Like the early machinery companies, most insurance firms began in the 1880s and rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Like the early machinery companies, most insurance firms began in the 1880s and 1890s to replace large sales agencies with branch offices operated and ●●

1880 The greatest weakness in Kolko’s pioneering study is his failure to recognize th rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The greatest weakness in Kolko’s pioneering study is his failure to recognize the importance of system-building as an alternative to pooling in railro ●●