Events, Verisoph

1885 Penjdeh crisis threatens Anglo-Russian war ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Russian forces defeat Afghan troops at Penjdeh, precipitating serious diplomatic crisis over Central Asian boundaries. Natty Rothschild negotiates with Russian ambassador to achieve peaceful compromise. ●●

1885 Conclusions With the important exception of the American Ci rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Conclusions With the important exception of the American Civil War, the period 1815–1885 had not witnessed any lengthy, mutually exhausting military struggles. The lesser campaigns of this age, like ●●

1885 5The Coming of a Bipolar World and the Crisis of the “Middle rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 5The Coming of a Bipolar World and the Crisis of the “Middle Powers”: Part One, 1885–1918 In the winter of 1884–1885, the Great Powers of the world, joined by a few smaller states, met in Berlin in a ●●

1885 While it is obvious that no one in 1885 could accurately for rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story While it is obvious that no one in 1885 could accurately forecast the ruin and desolation which prevailed in Europe sixty years later, it was the case that many acute observers in the late nineteenth ●●

1885 The multipolar world of 1885 was replaced by a bipolar world rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The multipolar world of 1885 was replaced by a bipolar world as early as 1943. The international struggle intensified, and broke into wars totally different from the limited clashes of nineteenth-cent ●●

1885 The Position of the Powers, 1885–1914 In the face of such u rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Position of the Powers, 1885–1914 In the face of such unnervingly specific figures, that a certain power possessed 2.7 percent of world manufacturing production in 1913, or that another had an in ●●

1885 The Tsar’s suspicions were reinforced by his Danis... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Tsar’s suspicions were reinforced by his Danish wife, who could not forgive Bismarck for taking Schleswig-Holstein from her native country. The Bu ●●

1885 Event of 1885 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story it, reducing a force of more than one million men to roughly 65,000. In 1890, the American army ranked fourteenth in the world, after Bulgaria’s, and the American navy was smaller than Italy’s, a country with one-thirteenth of America’s industrial st ●●

1885 Information history in 1885 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story say, four messages of five words each and bundle them into a fixed-price telegram of twenty words. The code books got bigger and they got smaller. ●●

1885 Event of 1885 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Be- tween 1872 and 1885, nearly all of the European states plus Japan adopted military conscription ●●

1885 Methodist schism sparks persecution in Tonga ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Schism with Conference loyalists resulted, and between 1885 and 1887 there followed a brutal persecution of Methodists by Methodists, until the British High Commissioner intervened ●●

1885 When one young liberal Catholic Belgian academic in 1956 published a work rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story When one young liberal Catholic Belgian academic in 1956 published a work proposing that the Belgian Congo might suitably be given independence on the centenary of its cession to King Leopold in 1885, his book provoked a storm of ridicule and fury in ●●

1885 Thus, at the June 1885 meeting of the Master Car Builders Association, its presi rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Thus, at the June 1885 meeting of the Master Car Builders Association, its president, Leander Garvey, opened the session, the Railroad Gazette reporte ●●

1885 By 1885, the company had constructed Ivorydale, a model industrial plant, which rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By 1885, the company had constructed Ivorydale, a model industrial plant, which became a Cincinnati showplace ●●

1885 Before Duke made his gamble in 1885 on Bonsack’s continuous-process cigarette ma... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Before Duke made his gamble in 1885 on Bonsack’s continuous-process cigarette machine, he and his four major competitors were still basically single-function manufacturing enterprises ●●

1885 Before 1885 none had set up branch sales offices operated by their own salaried... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Before 1885 none had set up branch sales offices operated by their own salaried personnel and managers ●●

1885 Duke signs Bonsack cigarette machine contract ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Even before he had signed the contract with James Bonsack in June 1885 to use his machine to make all his cigarettes, expensive as well as cheap, he began to set up selling and distributing offices in the leading American commercial centers ●●

1885 The lubricating oil committee appeared in 1885 when the trust decided to central... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The lubricating oil committee appeared in 1885 when the trust decided to centralize the sale of lubricants in New York ●●

1885 W. Pengelly lecture on extinct lake geology candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Geologist W. Pengelly, F.R.S., delivered a lecture in March 1885 discussing the geological evidence of extinct lakes and ancient climate conditions in Devonshire, delivered to scholarly societies. ●●

1885 Mannesmann steel company founded in the Ruhr ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Mannesmann steel firm, one of the most important companies in Germany's Ruhr industrial region, was founded and later came under a chairman Nkrumah notes was a former Nazi party member. ●●

1886 Diamonds and gold discovered in South Africa ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The discovery of diamonds in 1869 and of gold in 1886 in South Africa, especially in the Boer Transvaal, intensified the imperial scramble for the region. ●●

1886 Heyday of English financial capitalism under Montagu Norman ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The heyday of English financial capitalism is associated with Montagu Norman's governorship of the Bank of England (1920-1944), but Quigley dates its start to the 1886 promotion of Guinness, Ltd., by Barings. ●●

1886 Smithsonian removes Adena burial mound contents in 1886 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto says that in 1886 the Smithsonian took the contents of two ancient Adena burial mounds in Monongahela to Washington. ●●

1886 From 1886 to 1899, annual profits in Rockefeller’s Standard Oil Company, on... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story From 1886 to 1899, annual profits in Rockefeller’s Standard Oil Company, one of the world’s preeminent industrial companies, tripled from $15 million to $45 million. Such a gush... ●●

1886 Edith Foster and Allen Macy Dulles Marry rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Edith Foster and Reverend Allen Macy Dulles married in January 1886 after their courtship through diplomatic circles. ●●

1886 Oil Industry Development rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story His correspondence does show that his problem with hair loss began earlier than previously imagined; in 1886, at age forty-seven, he was already ordering bottles of hair restorative. ●●

1886 Unionists defeat Gladstone's Home Rule Bill ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Conservatives and Liberal Unionists decisively defeat Gladstone's Home Rule Bill, with 394 Unionist seats versus 276 Nationalist MPs. The Rothschild-Conservative alliance proves decisive in British electoral politics. ●●

1886 “The first lay in the design,” writes Groves, “which placed the heavy current-ca rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “The first lay in the design,” writes Groves, “which placed the heavy current-carrying silver bands too close together.1886 The other lay in the excessive amount of rust and other dirt particles in the circulating oil. ●●

1886 Information history in 1886 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story as Hobbes, Leviathan, or The Matter, Forme and Power of a Commonwealth, Ecclesiasticall, and Civill, (1651; repr. , London: George Routledge and Sons, 1886), 299. ●●

1886 Theosophist publishes article on the Solar Sphinx rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Theosophist magazine published an article in March 1886 answering a query about the Solar Sphinx from a member of the London Lodge ●●

1886 In 1886, before Standard began to produce its own crude oil, a “crude stock depa rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1886, before Standard began to produce its own crude oil, a “crude stock department” assisted National Transit and the Joseph Seep Agency (the comp ●●

1886 Hammond, in 1886, that company stopped expanding at home and began to specialize rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Hammond, in 1886, that company stopped expanding at home and began to specialize in overseas shipments of refrigerated ships ●●

1886 Then, as it took on marketing activities, its top executives created in 1886 the... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Then, as it took on marketing activities, its top executives created in 1886 the domestic marketing committee ●●

1886 Coffin, had by 1886, four years after its founding, completed a national network... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Coffin, had by 1886, four years after its founding, completed a national network of sales offices ●●

1886 Romanes proposes physiological selection theory ai_extracted 1 cit. no story G. J. Romanes published an article proposing physiological selection (reproductive barriers) as an alternative to Darwin's natural selection as the mechanism for species formation. ●●

1886 Compagnie du Congo founded under Leopold II ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Compagnie du Congo pour le Commerce et l'Industrie was constituted as Leopold II built his personal empire in the Congo, one of the founding vehicles of the colonial exploitation Nkrumah traces into modern Union Miniere. ●●

1887 Colonial Conferences of the Cecil Bloc era (1887-1907) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The first four Colonial Conferences of 1887, 1897, 1902 and 1907 were, Quigley says, largely dominated by the Cecil Bloc. The 1907 meeting reshaped the system into the Imperial Conference. ●●

1887 G. Stanley Hall opens the Johns Hopkins psychology lab, 1887 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto reports that Wundt's assistant G. Stanley Hall organized the psychology laboratory at Johns Hopkins in 1887 and founded the American Journal of Psychology. ●●

1887 (Rockefeller, we recall, always insisted that Standard Oil rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story (Rockefeller, we recall, always insisted that Standard Oil took no rebates after they were banned in 1887.) The presiding figure in the Chicago courtroom was a gaunt, outspoken judge with premature white hair named Kenesaw Mountain Landis who, at forty-one, was newly appointed to the federal bench and later served as the first baseball commissioner. ●●

1887 Oil Industry Development rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In a January 1887 letter, he began by telling Rockefeller that he had abided by his promise not to broach the forbidden subject, but time constraints now forced him to break long silence. “It has h... ●●

1887 Interstate Commerce Act Regulation rejected ai_extracted 2 cit. no story With all the hostile publicity directed against Standard Oil during the debate over the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887, it was certainly an auspicious time for Rockefeller to consider a major phil... ●●

1887 Family Correspondence 1887–1900, letter from rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Family Correspondence 1887–1900, letter from unnamed Kamerad, June 20, 1894. 14. ●●

1887 5. AW. Family Correspondence 1887–1900. Report of female rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 5. AW. Family Correspondence 1887–1900. Report of female visitor to Florence. ●●

1887 30. AW, Family Correspondence, 1887–1900, letter to Charl... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 30. AW, Family Correspondence, 1887–1900, letter to Charlotte Warburg, November 24, 1898. ●●

1887 Austria and Italy conclude Mediterranean Agreement ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Finally, in 1887, Bismarck encouraged his two allies, Austria and Italy, to conclude the so-called Mediterranean Agr ●●

1887 Alexander III declines to renew Three Emperors' League ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In this atmosphere, Alexander refused to renew the Three Emperors’ League in 1887. Bismarck, however, was not ready to give up on his Russian option. ●●

1887 discovery of “electric waves”—radio, we call the phenomenon now—had impressed Rutherford wonderfully rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story discovery of “electric waves”—radio, we call the phenomenon now—had impressed Rutherford wonderfully, as it did young people everywhere in the world. ●●

1887 Information history in 1887 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ese—these cleverly encoded messages could be disrupted by a mistake in a single character. By a single dot, for that matter. ●●

1887 Japan establishes civil service examinations ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The examination system was established in 1887 and strengthened in 1893 to put strong emphasis on jurisprudence and law. ●●

1887 Schism with Conference loyalists resulted, and between 1885 and 1887 there followed rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Schism with Conference loyalists resulted, and between 1885 and 1887 there followed a brutal persecution of Methodists by Methodists, until the British High Commissioner intervened ●●

1887 25 The lead trust formed in 1887 was a merger of a large number of lead-processi rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 25 The lead trust formed in 1887 was a merger of a large number of lead-processing firms, and it continued to concentrate on the chemical processing r ●●

1887 West End Street Railway consolidates Boston transit ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In Boston, for example, the West End Street Railway Company in 1887 merged seven out of the eight street railways in Boston to form a single transport ●●

1887 Sayce delivers Hibbert Lectures on Babylonia ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Oxford professor A. H. Sayce delivered the first of six Hibbert Lectures presenting revised chronology of ancient Babylonia, pushing dates of Sargon of Accad back to approximately 3750 BCE based on recent archaeological discoveries. ●●

1888 Rhodes gives £10,000 to Parnell's Irish cause ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley says Rhodes embraced imperial federation based on Home Rule. In pursuit of that idea Rhodes contributed £10,000 to the Irish leader Parnell in 1888. ●●

1888 Lugard leads an expedition against slave-traders on Lake Nyasa ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Frederick Lugard, later a colonial governor and theorist of indirect rule, led a successful expedition against slave-traders on Lake Nyasa in 1888. He then worked for chartered companies opening the African interior. ●●

1888 Senate committee calls education a cause of labor discontent ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto quotes the 1888 Report of the Senate Committee on Education, which stated that education was one of the principal causes of discontent among the laboring classes. ●●

1888 Morgan buys his first literary manuscript ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Before Junius’s death, Pierpont’s collections were modest; in 1888, he had bought his first literary manuscript, a Thackeray. Now he embarked on a buying spree that would eventually produce the world’... ●●

1888 Birth of John Foster Dulles ai_extracted 1 cit. no story John Foster Dulles was born in Washington, D.C., son of Edith Foster and Reverend Allen Macy Dulles. He would become Secretary of State. ●●

1888 Pasteur Institute founded in Paris ai_extracted 1 cit. no story With a rush of emotion, Gates drafted a strongly worded memo to Rockefeller, advocating the establishment of such an institute and citing European precedents, including the Pasteur Institute in Paris (founded in 1888) and the Koch Institute for Infectious Diseases in Berlin (1891), both of which greatly elevated the prestige of European medicine. ●●

1888 New York senate committee investigates Standard Oil ai_extracted 1 cit. no story When a New York senate committee investigated Standard Oil in 1888, it learned just how elusive he could be. When a process server came to 26 Broadway, he was told that Mr. ●●

1888 Kaiser Wilhelm I dies; Frederick III succeeds ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Kaiser Wilhelm I died in March 1888. His successor Frederick III, already dying of throat cancer, reigned only three months and communicated by written notes. ●●

1888 Max Warburg joins Bavarian cavalry regiment rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Max Warburg began military service with the 3rd Bavarian Light Cavalry Regiment in Munich, one of few places with Jewish officers. Despite his hope to become a career officer, he was blackballed by fellow officers. ●●

1888 Aby Warburg studies art in Florence rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Aby studied in Florence and freelanced for Baedeker, making Italy his second home. He learned to speak Italian fluently and spent years researching Quattrocento art history. ●●

1888 was closely allied with Blavatsky’s group rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story was closely allied with Blavatsky’s group as well. ●●

1888 Emperor William I dies; Frederick III's brief reign ai_extracted 1 cit. no story When Emperor William I died in 1888, his son, Frederick (whose liberalism had so worried Bismarck), governed for a mere ninety-eight days before succu ●●

1888 Event of 1888 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story f Muslim and Hindu soldiers in the East India Company’s army by declaring direct British rule, it did not conceive of this act as establishing British governance over a foreign nation. Rather, it saw itself as a neutral overseer and civilizing uplift ●●

1888 McCulloch presents 'Tribe of Ishmael' degeneration study ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1888, Reverend Oscar McCulloch presented a paper entitled Tribe of Ishmael: A Study of Social Degeneration to the Fifteenth National Conference of Charities and Correction, attributing poverty and criminality to heredity rather than social conditions. ●●

1888 Lambeth Conference condemns polygamy ai_extracted 1 cit. no story His fellow bishops worldwide were not going to agree with a heretical troublemaker, and the Lambeth Conference of Anglican bishops (with the agreement of Samuel Ajayi Crowther, the one African present and on the relevant committee) condemned polygamy ●●

1888 Printers' Ink founded as advertising journal ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Then in 1888 Printers’ Ink was established as a journal for advertising managers and firms ●●

1888 American Cereal Company formed ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1888 after a brief attempt at a cartel, Crowell, Schumaker, and a third large mass producer of oatmeal, Robert Stuart, formed the American Cereal C ●●

1888 New Jersey eases law for holding companies ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In its session of 1888–1889, that body modified the state’s general incorporation law to permit manufacturing companies to purchase and to hold stock in other enterprises within and without the state, and to pay for property owned outside the state with stock issued for that purpose ●●

1889 Meiji Constitution drawn up (1889) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley argues the Meiji oligarchy drew up the 1889 constitution, based on Imperial Germany's, to assure and conceal its own political domination rather than to grant popular sovereignty. ●●

1889 First Japanese Diet marked by intimidation (1889) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley asserts that in the first Diet of 1889 gangsters employed by the oligarchy barred opposition members and at least twenty-eight were bribed to shift their votes. ●●

1889 Second (Socialist) International founded ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Second International, the Socialist International, was founded in 1889. It grew increasingly conservative and was disrupted by the Communists during World War I. ●●

1889 Japanese constitution modeled on Bismarck's ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley notes the 1889 Japanese constitution was copied from Bismarck's German constitution, explaining how a parliamentary facade concealed real power held by an alliance of army, landlords, and industry. ●●

1889 British South Africa Company chartered; Grey a founding director ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The British South Africa Company was set up by royal charter in 1889. Albert Grey, introduced to Rhodes by Stead, became one of its original directors. ●●

1889 Rhodes and Stead meet for the first time ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Rhodes long regarded Stead as a mentor but did not meet him until 4 April 1889. Quigley quotes Stead's excited letter home describing Rhodes's secret scheme and a gift of £20,000. ●●

1889 William Torrey Harris serves as U.S. Commissioner of Education ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto presents William Torrey Harris as the most influential schoolman of his era, serving as U.S. Commissioner of Education from 1889 to 1906. He argues Harris both standardized and Germanized American schools. ●●

1889 Meiji oligarchy gains full control of Japan ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The book, following Quigley, says a shadowy Meiji oligarchy had won complete domination of Japan by 1889 while ruling in the emperor's name. It presents this as an example of hidden power behind a public figurehead. ●●

1889 Meiji oligarchy drafts the Japanese constitution ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The book says the Meiji oligarchy drew up a constitution in 1889 designed to assure and conceal its domination of Japan. It presents the elected House of Representatives as essentially meaningless under oligarchic control. ●●

1889 Railroad chiefs plan Interstate Commerce Railway Association ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A similar gathering took place at Pierpont’s “black library” in January 1889. This one yielded plans for a huge centralized group to regulate the entire rail system—the Interstate Commerce Railway Ass... ●●

1889 John Sherman introduces his antitrust bill ai_extracted 1 cit. no story From Standard Oil’s viewpoint, the most threatening bill was introduced in December 1889 by Ohio senator John Sherman, brother of General William Tecumseh Sherman. A few years earlier, Rockefeller ... ●●

1889 Oil Industry Development rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story One 1889 newspaper article showcased Rockefeller as America’s richest man, with a net worth of $150 million—an estimate he regarded as much too high, pegging forty to sixty million as the correct r... ●●

1889 Lima Crude Oil Field Expansion candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After all these excruciating dilatory tactics, the campaign for a Chicago college or university reached a surprisingly swift climax on a clear spring morning in May 1889. After breakfast, the two m... ●●

1889 Goschen converts consols to lower interest rates ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Chancellor Goschen reduces interest payments on £500 million of national debt through conversion from 3 percent to 2.5 percent consols. This operation demonstrates Britain's credit strength and Rothschild banking expertise. ●●

1889 Rothschilds found the Exploration Company ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Rothschilds establish the Exploration Company as a joint-stock venture to promote mining companies on the London exchange. Between 1889 and 1903 the company finances £20.7 million in mining flotations. ●●

1889 MMW Ma V, letter from rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story MMW Ma V, letter from Max to Charlotte Warburg, March 25, 1889. 7. ●●

1889 Siegmund Warburg dies at Baden-Baden ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Siegmund Warburg, the powerful patriarch of the Alsterufer branch, died of a heart attack in Baden-Baden at age 54. He was buried in the eternal cemetery he had secured from Bismarck. ●●

1889 While Costa Ricans date their democracy to the election of 1889, there was a subsequent military cou candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story While Costa Ricans date their democracy to the election of 1889, there was a subsequent military coup in 1914 and increasing political polarization as the country began to industrialize. ●●

1889 So the question that needs to be asked about Japan’s constitution is, Who were the social and politi rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story So the question that needs to be asked about Japan’s constitution is, Who were the social and political actors that were pushing for limitations on the sovereign powers of the emperor? Why did the Japanese oligarchs accept legal limitations on their ●●

1889 One of the most dramatic of the many dramatic conversion experiences of candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story One of the most dramatic of the many dramatic conversion experiences of the nineteenth century was that of the former Anglican country parson’s wife Mrs Annie Besant, who after years as president of the National Secular Society, horrified her fellow ●●

1889 Edison Electric formed by consolidation ai_extracted 2 cit. no story Edison Electric, formed in 1889, was a consolidation of the three manufacturing companies, a patent company owned by the Edison interests, and the Spr ●●

1889 Electrical Company, which Westinghouse purchased in 1889, had early financial su rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Electrical Company, which Westinghouse purchased in 1889, had early financial support from the Equitable Life Insurance Company ●●

1889 In 1889 with the move into crude oil production came the production committee rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1889 with the move into crude oil production came the production committee ●●

1890 Bismarck retires, leaving an unstable balance ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By 1890, when he retired, Bismarck had built an unstable balance of forces within Germany that only a genius could manage. He was followed by no genius. ●●

1890 Flora Shaw made head of The Times Colonial Department ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Flora Shaw, an agent and friend of Stead and Rhodes, was made head of the Colonial Department of The Times in 1890. Quigley uses her hiring to illustrate the group's concealed methods. ●●

1890 Rockefeller founds the University of Chicago under Harper ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto notes that William Rainey Harper left Chautauqua to become John D. Rockefeller's choice to lead a new German-style research university. Rockefeller brought the University of Chicago into being in 1890. ●●

1890 Roosevelt's antitrust suit against Northern Securities ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Roosevelt directed the Justice Department to pursue an antitrust suit charging the Northern Securities Company with violating the 1890 Sherman Antitrust Act, which prohibits... ●●

1890 While Junius Morgan lived, he ruled the family and the busin candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story While Junius Morgan lived, he ruled the family and the business—his son and his partners.”1 Until Junius died, in 1890, his massive shadow dominated his son’s life. Junius was cool and steady and seld... ●●

1890 Pierpont’s last stab at establishing railroad stability took candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Pierpont’s last stab at establishing railroad stability took place at a meeting on December 15, 1890. Besides the earlier luminaries, this gathering drew Stuyvesant Fish of the Illinois Central, fames... ●●