Events, Verisoph

1890 1890: “The first generation of computers were machines that counte... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Rometty says, harking back to IBM’s roots in Herman Hollerith’s punch-card tabulators used for the 1890 census. “The second generation involved programmable machines that used the von Neumann architec ●●

1890 1890: ates a system using algebra for logical reasoning. 1890 The census is rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ates a system using algebra for logical reasoning. 1890 The census is tabulated with Herman Hollerith’s punch-card machines. 1931 Vannevar Bush devise ●●

1890 1890: Vannevar Bush (1890–1974), with his Differential Analyzer at MIT. Alan rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Vannevar Bush (1890–1974), with his Differential Analyzer at MIT. Alan Turing (1912–54), at the Sherborne School i ●●

1890 1890: eight years to manually tabulate the 1880 census. He resolved to autom rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story eight years to manually tabulate the 1880 census. He resolved to automate the 1890 count. Drawing on the way that railway conductors punch ●●

1890 1890: ade with universities and industrial laboratories.” 2 Bush was born ne rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ade with universities and industrial laboratories.” 2 Bush was born near Boston in 1890, the son of a Universalist minister who had begun his career a ●●

1890 1890: ed human intelligence and artificial intelligence. “The first generati rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ed human intelligence and artificial intelligence. “The first generation of computers were machines that counted and tabulated,” Rometty says, harking ●●

1890 Event of 1890 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ounterbalancing commitments keeping the equilibrium in place by a virtuoso performance that forestalled general conflict during his tenure. But a country whose security depends on producing a genius in each generation sets itself a task no society ha ●●

1890 Information history in 1890 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story n is concerned, as the various members of the body now are by the nervous system. ♦ The scattered members using telephones numbered half a million by 1890; by 1914, 10 million. ●●

1890 Alfred Marshall’s Principles of Economics, on which much of modern neoclassical economics is based, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Alfred Marshall’s Principles of Economics, on which much of modern neoclassical economics is based, was only published in 1890. ●●

1890 Bishop Crowther forced to resign ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Crowther was induced to resign in 1890, and died a couple of years later ●●

1890 I, 1890), 158-9 (III rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story I, 1890), 158-9 (III ●●

1890 Bank of England faces 1890 speculation crisis ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1890, the Bank of England once again faced crisis, again the result of widespread and excessive speculation in foreign securities, particularly Ame ●●

1890 It was only when the mergers of the 1890s began to consolidate and rationalize t rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story It was only when the mergers of the 1890s began to consolidate and rationalize their processing facilities that American industrial enterprises requir ●●

1890 Although specialized retailers and even department stores continued to sell thro rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Although specialized retailers and even department stores continued to sell through catalogues, the first serious challenge to Montgomery Ward came in ●●

1890 By the coming of the depression of the 1890s, the railroad map of the United Sta rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By the coming of the depression of the 1890s, the railroad map of the United States had taken the form that would remain relatively unchanged until th ●●

1890 For example, Rockefeller himself in the 1890s purchased large areas in the Mesab candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story For example, Rockefeller himself in the 1890s purchased large areas in the Mesabi range, helped to start the Colorado Iron and Fuel Company, and obtai ●●

1890 36 The magnitude of this task is suggested by the fact that by the 1890s an indi rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 36 The magnitude of this task is suggested by the fact that by the 1890s an individual hardware jobbing firm handled 6,000 items purchased from well o ●●

1890 As the company moved into the plug tobacco business in the late 1890s its leaf d rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As the company moved into the plug tobacco business in the late 1890s its leaf department built a similar organization in the Burley leaf district of ●●

1890 18 The major stockholders besides the Dukes were the owners of the companies tha rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 18 The major stockholders besides the Dukes were the owners of the companies that had merged with Duke’s firm to become American Tobacco in 1890 ●●

1890 During the 1890s, the meat packers had created as complex an organizational stru rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story During the 1890s, the meat packers had created as complex an organizational structure as those earlier developed by railroad systems ●●

1890 23 By 1890 Adams had organized departments at the company’s central office at 29 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 23 By 1890 Adams had organized departments at the company’s central office at 29 Broadway for domestic sales, foreign sales, purchasing, transportatio ●●

1890 American Tobacco Company formed in Duke merger ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The desire to control this competition caused Duke and his four competitors to merge in 1890, forming the American Tobacco Company ●●

1890 Second, until the passage of the Sherman Antitrust Act in 1890 and, indeed, unti... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Second, until the passage of the Sherman Antitrust Act in 1890 and, indeed, until the act’s interpretation by the Supreme Court, horizontal combination did not violate federal law ●●

1890 Sherman Antitrust Act passed ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Most important were, on the one hand, the protests against the trade associations and trusts that culminated in 1890 in the passage of the Sherman Antitrust Act, and, on the other, the efforts of the manufacturers that led to the New Jersey general incorporation law for holding companies ●●

1890 A second reason for the increasing number of mergers after 1890 was the growing... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A second reason for the increasing number of mergers after 1890 was the growing market for industrial securities ●●

1890 After 1890 buyers continued to take the securities of the new holding companies rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After 1890 buyers continued to take the securities of the new holding companies ●●

1890 48 The combinations were the reincarnation of National Starch, originally formed... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 48 The combinations were the reincarnation of National Starch, originally formed in 1890 and financially reorganized in 1900, and the Glucose Refining Company, established in 1897 by the Matthiessen brothers, leading sugar refiners who had long been associated with American Sugar ●●

1890 23 By 1890 Adams had organized departments at the company’s central office at 29... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 23 By 1890 Adams had organized departments at the company’s central office at 29 Broadway for domestic sales, foreign sales, purchasing, transportation, and three for processing—the manufacturing, refining, and the cake and meal departments ●●

1890 For example, in 1890 the British firm of Price, Waterhouse & Co rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story For example, in 1890 the British firm of Price, Waterhouse & Co ●●

1890 Hollerith's machines tabulate the 1890 census ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Herman Hollerith's electric tabulating machines process the 1890 U.S. census in a fraction of the time manual counting took. ●●

1890 May Day evolves as an international workers' festival ai_extracted 1 cit. May Day began in 1890 as a one-day international strike and demonstration for the eight-hour day. It rapidly absorbed ritual and symbolic elements, becoming a highly charged annual festival of working-class identity, complete with red flags, flowers, banners and oratory. ●●

c. 1890 The Akamba pushed into drought-prone Ukambani 4 cit. The Kamba are a large Bantu people, yet colonial land policy confined them to the semi-arid reserves of Ukambani in Machakos and Kitui, land that dried out and eroded under pressure. Once famed as long-distance ivory traders, they became one of the main sources of soldiers for the King's African Rifles and of porters for colonial expeditions. A big community was turned into a labour and military reserve on poor land. economy / politics ●●

c. 1890 Masonic lodges lay courthouse cornerstones as public civic ceremonies 4 cit. Masonic lodges publicly laid cornerstones for some courthouses and other public buildings, using ritual tools such as the square, level, plumb, and corn, wine, and oil. Texas courthouse examples and museum accounts show real civic overlap between local elites, public architecture, and the lodge. They do not show that later court proceedings are Masonic rituals in a legal-jurisdictional sense. culture / politics / religion / society ●●●●

1891 Rhodes and Stead found a secret society, 1891 ai_extracted 1 cit. Quigley asserts that on February 5, 1891, Cecil Rhodes and W. T. Stead formally organized a secret society, with an inner circle of Rhodes, Stead, Brett, and Milner, to extend British and English-speaking power. ●●

1891 Quigley asserts a secret society has met since 1891 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In the preface Quigley asserts that Rhodes and Milner created a secret society that still meets in secret. He claims its meetings have been presided over by a succession of leaders since 1891. ●●

1891 Quigley dates the secret society's founding to February 1891 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley opens his account by asserting that in February 1891 three men met in London to organize a secret society. He names them as Cecil Rhodes, W. T. Stead, and Reginald Baliol Brett. ●●

1891 The secret society takes form in 1891 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley says the society took shape in 1891, the year of Rhodes's fourth will. Stead was made a trustee alongside Lord Rothschild, with Stead directing how the funds were used. ●●

1891 The society divided into an inner and outer circle ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In February 1891 Stead and Rhodes organized the society into two circles. The inner 'Society of the Elect' and the outer 'Association of Helpers' became Quigley's framework for the whole group. ●●

1891 Francis Amasa Walker declares 'racial suicide' in 1891 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto reports that in 1891 MIT president Francis Amasa Walker declared that Anglo-Saxons were committing 'racial suicide,' launching a decades-long scientific racism campaign. ●●

1891 Cecil Rhodes founds his secret society ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The book asserts, following Quigley, that Cecil Rhodes founded a secret society in 1891 that continues to operate through later 'instruments.' It presents this society as the origin of the Network. ●●

1891 Koch Institute for Infectious Diseases founded in Berlin ai_extracted 1 cit. no story With a rush of emotion, Gates drafted a strongly worded memo to Rockefeller, advocating the establishment of such an institute and citing European precedents, including the Pasteur Institute in Paris (founded in 1888) and the Koch Institute for Infectious Diseases in Berlin (1891), both of which greatly elevated the prestige of European medicine. ●●

1891 Rockefeller gains control of the Lima oil field ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “This latest deal shows that it has started to crush out the producers of the crude oil and obtain control of their property.” 17 By 1891, Rockefeller had gained control of a majority of the Lima f... ●●

1891 Sherman Antitrust Bill Introduced rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Never one to hold grudges in business, unfazed by the new law, Rockefeller supported the reelection of Senator Sherman in 1891. ●●

1891 Oil Industry Development rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story When Rockefeller consented to his demand for an extra million dollars to transfer the Morgan Park Theological Seminary to the new Chicago campus, the thirty-four-year-old Harper capitulated and for... ●●

1891 1891–1986. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 1891–1986. New York: William Morrow and Company, Inc., 1992. ●●

1891 Whereas the Franco-Russian Agreement of 1891 had b... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Whereas the Franco-Russian Agreement of 1891 had been a diplomatic instrument and could plausibly have been argued to be aimed at Great Britain as wel ●●

c. 1891 The Emutai: Rinderpest, Smallpox and Famine Break the Maasai 6 cit. In the early 1890s a cattle plague called rinderpest swept south through East Africa and destroyed most of the Maasai herds, followed by smallpox and famine among the people. Maasai tradition remembers this disaster as the emutai, the wiping out, a time when whole sections lost their cattle and their strength. The catastrophe left the Maasai weakened and divided just as the British arrived, and historians argue it made their later conquest and displacement far easier. economy / science / society ●●●

1892 Indian Councils Act of 1892 pushed through by Curzon ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Indian Councils Act of 1892 was carried through the Commons by George Curzon, then Under Secretary and protege of Lord Salisbury. Quigley says it introduced representative and communal principles into Indian government. ●●

1892 Munsterberg becomes Harvard psychology professor ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto identifies Hugo Munsterberg as an early architect of mass schooling who arrived from Wilhelm Wundt's Leipzig laboratory. In 1892 he became a Harvard professor of psychology and taught his students to treat schools as social laboratories. ●●

1892 Homestead steel strike breaks craft union power ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto notes that skilled-worker craft unions regulated factory work up to the Homestead steel strike of 1892, after which such unions were rendered ineffective except for the United Mine Workers. ●●

1892 Bankruptcy of the Panama Canal Company ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1892 the Panama Canal Company collapsed, and some 800,000 French investors lost $200 million. The scandal exposed deep corruption in France's political and financial elite. ●●

1892 The oral history that has come down through the Morgan famil rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The oral history that has come down through the Morgan family contends that Jack wanted to be a doctor and became a banker only when his father made it a matter of family honor.50 In 1892, at the age ... ●●

1892 University of Chicago Founding Support rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story From $124,000 in 1889 (right before his big pledge to Gates), his donations soared to $304,000 in 1890, $510,000 in 1891, and then a spectacular $1.35 million in 1892 ($22 million today) as he open... ●●

1892 Oil Industry Development rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By 1892, Gates joyously proclaimed to Rockefeller, “Our denomination has a larger, better distributed, better organized, and more efficient educational property than any other denomination in Ameri... ●●

1892 Carl Meyer Reports on Transvaal Gold Fields candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Rothschild agent Carl Meyer travels to the Transvaal and reports enthusiastically on mining prospects. His assessment encourages major Rothschild investment in South Africa. ●●

1892 Hamburg cholera epidemic kills 8,000 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A virulent cholera epidemic swept Hamburg, killing 8,000 residents through contaminated Elbe water. Max Warburg fearlessly ran the bank during the plague, working midnight shifts. ●●

1892 Urey saw the point and withdrew; “from that time forward,” write his colleague b rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Urey saw the point and withdrew; “from that time forward,” write his colleague biographers, “his energies were directed to the control of atomic energy, not its applications.”1892 * * * Twelve days after Enrico Fermi proved the chain reaction in Chicago on December 2, 1942, Groves had assembled a list of criteria for a plutonium production area and definitely and finally ruled out Tennessee. ●●

1892 Giers’ eventual successor as Foreign Minister, Cou... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Giers’ eventual successor as Foreign Minister, Count Vladimir Lamsdorff, wrote in his diary in early February 1892: They (the French) are also prepari ●●

1892 The first step in this direction occurred during t... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The first step in this direction occurred during the negotiation for a Franco-Russian military alliance in 1892. ●●

1892 Almost invariably, its definition hinged on who wa... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Almost invariably, its definition hinged on who was perceived to have initiated the hostilities. In May 1892, the Russian negotiator, Adjutant General ●●

1892 * * * Twelve days after Enrico Fermi proved the chain reaction in Chicago on December 2, 1942, Grov rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story * * * Twelve days after Enrico Fermi proved the chain reaction in Chicago on December 2, 1942, Groves had assembled a list of criteria for a plutonium production area and definitely and finally ruled out Tennessee. ●●

1892 Putnam’s Sons, 1892–99), 8:158–59, quoted in Robert W rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story nic growth. In New England: Alexis de Tocqueville, “Concerning Their Point of Departure,” in Democracy in America, trans. George Lawrence (New York: Harper & Row, 1969), 46–47. “We feel that we are acting”: Paul Leicester Ford, ed., The Writings of T ●●

1892 Event of 1892 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story And beginning in 1892, Great Britain’s Joseph Chamberlain showed how immigration restrictions might form part of a nationalist program with appeal to ●●

1892 Thus the directors of the National Wall Paper Company, formed in 1892, agreed in candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Thus the directors of the National Wall Paper Company, formed in 1892, agreed in 1900, “That the company be dissolved, and the factories be returned t ●●

1892 Although that company was formed in 1892, eight months before General Electric c rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Although that company was formed in 1892, eight months before General Electric came into being, its managers took two decades to perfect an organizati ●●

1892 General Electric incorporated through merger ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The General Electric Company, incorporated in November 1892, was a merger of two of these three large electrical equipment manufacturers ●●

1892 Holy Ghost Fathers open the Bura mission in Taita 3 cit. The Holy Ghost Fathers, also called the Spiritans, extended their East African work inland from the coast and founded a station at Bura in the Taita Hills in 1892, one of the earliest Catholic missions in Kenya. They built a church, school, and farm and trained catechists to spread the faith. The Spiritans became the pioneering Catholic order along the Kenya coast and its hinterland. religion / society ●●

August 1892 Waiyaki wa Hinga resists the Company at Dagoretti contested 5 cit. Waiyaki wa Hinga was a southern Kikuyu leader who first made a treaty with the Imperial British East Africa Company in 1890, then turned against the garrison at Fort Smith over its raids and grain demands. Summoned to talks in August 1892, he was overpowered, chained, and sent toward the coast under escort. Accounts of his end differ: colonial records say he died on the way and was buried near Kibwezi, while Kikuyu memory holds that he was buried alive, head downward. He became one of the earliest symbols of resistance in central Kenya. politics / war ●●●

1893 Birth of Mao Tse-tung, 1893 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley gives Mao's origins: born in 1893 in Hunan Province, the son of a domineering, miserly peasant who had grown modestly wealthy through moneylending. ●●

1893 Milner, Parkin and Brassey sign an imperial propaganda contract ai_extracted 1 cit. Quigley describes a 1893 contract that paid George Parkin to promote imperial federation. He treats it as an early instance of the group financing propaganda work. ●●

1893 NEA reports reverse the Committee of Ten report of 1893 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto follows Frances Fitzgerald in noting that the blue-ribbon Committee of Ten report of 1893 laid down a rigorous academic program for all children. He says later NEA reports of 1911 and 1918 reversed it. ●●

1893 Pinkertons and the Homestead steel strike ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto refers to the Homestead steel strike, when Pinkerton detectives were sent to do Andrew Carnegie's work against strikers. He dates the strike to 1893. ●●

1893 Panic of 1893 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A severe financial panic struck the United States in 1893. It fueled debtor unrest and gave rise to the Bryan free-silver campaigns. ●●

1893 (In this last capacity, he worked with Lorrin Thurston in rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story (In this last capacity, he worked with Lorrin Thurston in 1893 on the unsuccessful campaign to annex Hawaii.) Young Dulles often stayed at his grandfa (1893) ●●

1893 Planters stage overthrow of Hawaii's monarchy ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A few dozen sugar planters and descendants of missionaries, led by the firebrand lawyer Lorrin Thurston (left), staged Hawaii’s modest “revolution” in (1893) ●●

1893 Overthrow of the Hawaiian monarchy ai_extracted 1 cit. no story American diplomat John L. Stevens and local conspirators orchestrated the overthrow of Hawaii's Queen Liliuokalani. This operation was the first time the U.S. government explicitly planned and executed the overthrow of a foreign government, beginning a century-long pattern of American regime change. ●●

1893 Hawaii Overthrow Plot Meeting rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story American minister John L. Stevens joined conspirators on January 14, 1893, to overthrow Hawaii's monarchy. Stevens understood the historical significance of being the first Americans to explicitly plan a foreign government overthrow. ●●

1893 In 1893, Markoe told him of an operation he had performed in rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1893, Markoe told him of an operation he had performed in a tenement kitchen to save an immigrant mother and her baby. Pierpont counted out three hundred-dollar bills. ●●

1893 Anthony Drexel dies at Karlsbad ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In June 1893, Tony Drexel died while visiting the Austro-Hungarian health resort of Karlsbad, leaving an estate said to be worth between $25 and $30 million. While giving Pierpont managerial control i... ●●

1893 This exodus of metal was greatly accelerated by the 1893 pan rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story This exodus of metal was greatly accelerated by the 1893 panic, with its bank failures and railroad bankruptcies. Adding to European jitters were American attempts to tamper with the U. ●●

1893 As the 1893 panic worsened, agrarian populists asked the gov rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As the 1893 panic worsened, agrarian populists asked the government to mint silver coins and create cheap money, a move supported by the new silver-producing states. Farming districts scoffed at the n... ●●

1893 In 1893, Davison married Kate Trubee, and they moved to New rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1893, Davison married Kate Trubee, and they moved to New York so Harry could start work at the Astor Trust Company. One day, a crank appeared at his teller’s window, pointed a gun at Davison, and p... ●●

1893 Birth of Allen Welsh Dulles ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Allen Welsh Dulles was born on April 7, 1893, five years after his brother John Foster. He would become director of the Central Intelligence Agency. ●●

1893 Oil Industry Development rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Built at a moment of civic pride, the new university sprang up beside the fabled White City of the 1893 Columbian Exposition. The fairgrounds featured a spectacular Standard Oil exhibit of a miniat... ●●

1893 If because of some unknown and unanticipated factor a reactor were to explode an rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story If because of some unknown and unanticipated factor a reactor were to explode and throw great quantities of highly radioactive materials into the atmosphere when the wind was blowing toward Knoxville, the loss of life and the damage to health in the area might be catastrophic.” Such an accident might “wipe out all semblance of security in the project,” Groves could imagine, and it might render the electromagnetic and gaseous-diffusion plants “inoperable.”1893 Better to site plutonium production somewhere far away. ●●

1893 Better to site plutonium production somewhere far away. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Better to site plutonium production somewhere far away. ●●

1893 Information history in 1893 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story g the entries on angioplasty and Sigmund Freud. ♦ “IT HAS NEVER BEEN SPREAD OUT, YET”: Lewis Carroll, Sylvie and Bruno Concluded (London: Macmillan, 1893), 169. ●●

1893 Event of 1893 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Argentine pampas, and the North American plains therefore seemed to signal the end of an era, marked in the United States by Frederick Jackson Turner’ ●●

1893 Dahomey soldiers revolt in German Cameroon ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Consider the following vignette from German-controlled Cameroon, where the “imperial chancellor of the protectorate, Leist, had the wives of Dahomey soldiers whipped in the presence of their husbands, which resulted in December 1893 in a revolt of the soldiers. ●●

1893 As the largest New York enterprise, the Metropolitan Street Railway Company, beg candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As the largest New York enterprise, the Metropolitan Street Railway Company, began to shift from cable and horse to electric-powered cars in 1893, its ●●

1893 According to Bureau of Corporation’s investigators, wholesale prices fell from 1 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story According to Bureau of Corporation’s investigators, wholesale prices fell from 1893 (American Tobacco’s accounts were first consolidated in 1892) unti ●●

1893 The agricultural implement firms began to sell abroad extensively only after the rejected ai_extracted 2 cit. no story The agricultural implement firms began to sell abroad extensively only after the coming of hard times in 1893 reduced demand at home ●●

1893 The company continued to rely on regular meetings of the plant superintendents, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The company continued to rely on regular meetings of the plant superintendents, started in 1893, to set basic policies and procedures ●●

1893 5 For a brief time the constituent companies continued to operate independently;... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 5 For a brief time the constituent companies continued to operate independently; but after 1893 their functional activities were consolidated into the Duke manufacturing, sales, and leaf (purchasing) departments ●●

1893 The formal cartel operated from 1893 to 1902, with the exception of one year, 18... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The formal cartel operated from 1893 to 1902, with the exception of one year, 1897 ●●

1893 Ohio Supreme Court dissolves Standard Oil trust ai_extracted 1 cit. no story One reason was that the trust was dissolved in 1893 after it was declared illegal by the Ohio Supreme Court ●●

1893 The company continued to rely on regular meetings of the plant superintendents,... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The company continued to rely on regular meetings of the plant superintendents, started in 1893, to set basic policies and procedures ●●

1893 Coffee begins as a mission and settler crop 4 cit. Coffee was first planted at Bura in the Taita Hills in 1893, then at Kibwezi and Kikuyu near Nairobi. The crop became a settler and mission crop before African planting was allowed under control. Coffee did not just grow on Kenyan soil; it entered through alienated land, licensing, grading, auction and marketing rules. economy / politics ●●●●

1894 Franco-Russian Dual Alliance formed (1894) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Isolated by Germany's refusal to renew the Reinsurance Treaty, Russia and France moved together to form the Dual Alliance of 1894, a military convention that became the base of the Triple Entente. ●●

1894 Imperialist aggressions of 1894-1899 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley argues the late-19th-century cult of violence formed the background for imperialist aggressions begun by Japan, Italy, and Britain in China, Ethiopia, and South Africa in 1894-1899. ●●