Events, Verisoph

1936 Gestapo becomes supreme police organ of the Reich ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Bettina never publicized this heroic work and before her death destroyed all documents related to the effort, save a simple list of beneficiaries.39 — The Warburgs’ special influence during the Third Reich depended upon their matchless access to government officials, a situation threatened on February 10, 1936, when the Gestapo, under Heinrich Himmler, emerged as supreme police organ of the Third Reich. ●●

1936 Franco's coup triggers the Spanish Civil War ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In July 1936 a military coup led by General Francisco Franco triggered the Spanish Civil War, with Franco openly supported by large shipments of equipment from Germany and Italy. ●●

1936 Schacht received in Paris by Léon Blum ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In August 1936, five months after the reoccupation of the Rhineland, Germany's Economics Minister Hjalmar Schacht was received in Paris by Léon Blum, Socialist Party head and Prime Minister of a Popular Front government. ●●

1936 Turing conceives the Universal Machine ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Von Neumann’s project was the physical realization of Alan Turing’s Universal Machine, a theoretical construct invented in 1936 ●●

1936 Air Ministry contracts IG Farben for Leuna fuel plant ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On ro June 1936 the Air Ministry signed a second major contract with IG Farben, this time to build a plant at Leuna capable of turning out 200,000 tons of air fuel per annum. ●●

1936 Spanish officers rebel against the Popular Front ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Two months later, in July 1936, right-wing officers launched their rebellion against the newly elected Popular Front government of Spain. ●●

1936 Germany and Japan sign the Anti-Comintern Pact ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Shortly after- wards, in November 1936, Germany allied itself with Japan, the chief aggressor in Asia, in the anti-Comintern pact. ●●

1936 Turing goes to Princeton to study under Church ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Turing crosses the Atlantic to study at Princeton, where he works alongside Alonzo Church and John von Neumann. ●●

1936 Nazi racial science targets the Roma 3 cit. Under the Nazis, the Roma were classed both as asocial and as racially inferior. The psychiatrist Robert Ritter and his Racial Hygiene Research Unit examined and catalogued Roma to sort them by supposed racial type, work that fed later deportation lists. Around the 1936 Berlin Olympics, Roma in the capital were rounded up into a guarded camp at Marzahn. Forced sterilizations of Roma followed under the regime's racial laws. politics / science / society ●●●

1936 Moi is baptized Daniel at Kabartonjo 2 cit. At the Africa Inland Mission school Moi became Christian and adopted the name Daniel, with official Kenyan accounts placing the baptism in 1936. The conversion mattered politically because Moi later presented himself as a disciplined evangelical teacher and moral public figure. religion / society ●●

1937 Full-scale war with China begins ai_extracted 1 cit. When hostilities with China turned into full-scale war in 1937, the Japanese military pushed through major changes under emergency war legislation, giving reform bureaucrats a mandate to build a mobilized economy. ●●●●

1937 Konoe cabinet promulgates three wartime control laws ai_extracted 1 cit. In 1937 the promilitary Konoe cabinet promulgated three wartime control laws that directed critical materials and capital to the munitions industry and expanded bureaucratic control over the economy. ●●●

October 1937 Cabinet Planning Board established ai_extracted 1 cit. The Cabinet Planning Board, set up in October 1937, was designed as the economic general staff of the militarized economy, tasked with building a system for maximum growth and directing resources to priority industries. ●●●

1937 to 1945 Wartime transformation of the Japanese economy ai_extracted 1 cit. Between 1937 and 1945 the New Economic Order transformed Japanese firms from private profit-seeking undertakings into quasi-public ones focused on growth, replacing the prewar market mechanism with planning and government guidance. ●●●●

1937 Temporary Funds Adjustment Law ai_extracted 1 cit. With the reform bureaucrats in power after hostilities opened in China, the Temporary Funds Adjustment Law of 1937 brought banks' investment and loan decisions under strict control by the central bank and the Ministry of Finance. ●●●

1937 The recession of 1937 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In the spring of 1937 most countries experienced a sharp recession marked by falling wholesale prices, declining business activity, and rising unemployment. It lasted about ten months to a year. ●●

1937 Purge of the Red Army leadership ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1937 evidence of contacts between Soviet army leaders and the German High Command, contacts long approved by both governments, was used to purge the Red Army; eight top generals led by Marshal Tukhachevski were executed. ●●

1937 German Corporation Law of 1937 forces concentration ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Corporation Law of 1937 eased mergers, barred new corporations below 500,000 marks, and dissolved those under 100,000 marks capital, wiping out a fifth of all corporations and concentrating industry. ●●

1937 Thorne v. Motor Trade Association ruling ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley cites a House of Lords decision permitting the use of duress against outsiders to enforce restrictive economic agreements as monopoly capitalism's greatest legal achievement in Britain. ●●

1937 Re-privatization of German Great Banks ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After the depression forced the German government to rescue nearly all the Great Banks, the banks that had come under state ownership were re-privatized in 1937, by which time industry had escaped financial control. ●●

1937 Japanese attack on North China ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Just after a Kuomintang-Communist united front was agreed, the Japanese opened their attack on North China in July 1937, driving the Nationalist government successively back to Chungking. ●●

1937 US Neutrality Act applied to the Spanish war ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On 18 January 1937 the American Neutrality Act was revised to apply to civil as well as international wars and was invoked against Spain immediately, cutting off Loyalist supplies. ●●

1937 Hitler announces plans for aggression (Hossbach conference) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Hitler announced his decision to prepare open military aggression against Czechoslovakia and Austria to a secret meeting of seven persons on 5 November 1937, including his war minister and service chiefs. ●●

1937 The Round Table rejects war over Germany's ambitions ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley cites the December 1937 issue of The Round Table, which mentioned most of the seven points Halifax had just discussed with Hitler and rejected war to prevent Germany's ambitions in Europe as uncertain in outcome and likely to entail domestic disasters. ●●

1937 Aerial bombing of Guernica and Barcelona ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley says the theory that cities could be devastated from the air drew its chief support from the Spanish Civil War, notably the German destruction of Guernica in 1937 and the Italian bombardment of Barcelona in 1938, though both targets were undefended. ●●

1937 Brussels Conference on Japanese aggression ai_extracted 1 cit. no story From November 3-24, 1937, signers of the 1922 Nine-Power Treaty met at Brussels to discuss ending Japan's aggression in China. There was talk of economic sanctions, but no great power was willing to act and nothing was done. ●●

1937 Stalin's Great Purge of 1937 destroys thousands of army officers ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley describes how Stalin demonstrated his control over the Red Army in the Great Purge of 1937, destroying at least 5,000 officers on fabricated charges. It was one of a series of purges he used to consolidate power. ●●

1937 Lord Robert Cecil awarded the Nobel Peace Prize ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Lord Robert Cecil helped draft the Covenant of the League of Nations and became the public face of the League in Britain. He received the Nobel Prize in 1937. ●●

1937 Quigley says Dawson steered The Times toward appeasement ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley claims Dawson used The Times to back appeasement of Germany. He says Dawson wrote the 1937 articles that opened the last stage of that policy and personally guided the paper's support. ●●

1937 Quigley credits Coupland with authoring the Peel Report on Palestine ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley says Reginald Coupland was reputedly the chief author of the 1937 Peel Report. It recommended partition of Palestine and restriction of Jewish immigration, principles he says shaped British policy until 1949. ●●

1937 Quigley: the Milner Group at peak power at the 1937 Imperial Conference ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley asserts the 1937 Imperial Conference took place when the Milner Group was at the peak of its power, supplying five of the eight UK delegates. He names Halifax, Simon, Hoare and others. ●●

1937 Halifax's conversation with Hitler ai_extracted 2 cit. Acting Foreign Secretary Halifax met Hitler and, Quigley says, left the German government convinced Britain saw Germany as a bulwark against communism and would accept the peaceful liquidation of Austria, Czechoslovakia, and Poland. ●●

1937 Hitler outlines conquest plans at Hossbach meeting ai_extracted 1 cit. On November 5, 1937, Hitler called a meeting of his war minister, military commanders, and foreign minister where he outlined his strategic views and long-term plans for conquest in Eastern Europe and Soviet Union, as recorded by adjutant Hossbach. ●●

1937 French and British leaders meet in London ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On November 29-30, 1937, French and British leaders met in London with Chamberlain and Delbos to discuss France's alliance with Czechoslovakia and explore possible means of conciliation regarding German expansion. ●●

1937 Lord Halifax visits Hitler at Berchtesgaden ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1937, Lord Halifax, then Lord President, visited Hitler's aerie at Berchtesgaden and praised Nazi Germany as the bulwark of Europe against Bolshevism, listing Danzig, Austria, and Czechoslovakia as issues on which possible alterations might come about. ●●

1937 Stalin's Great Terror kills millions ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Zuboff documents Stalin's systematic violence: between 1937-1938, 7 million arrests, 1 million executions, 2 million deaths in labor camps, with another 7 million still imprisoned by 1938's end. ●●

1937 Cold Spring Harbor distributes Nazi eugenics film ai_extracted 2 cit. generate offspring for crime or let them starve for their imbecility, society can prevent those who are manifestly unfit from continuing their kind. Three generations of imbeciles are enough.'”137 In 1937, Laughlin and his Cold Spring Harbor office became the U.S. distributor of a two-reel Nazi euge ●●

1937 Porsche founds Volkswagen development company Gezuvor ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On 28 May 1937 Porsche and his associates founded the Gesellschaft zur Vorbereitung des Deutschen Volkswagens mbH (Gezuvor). ●●

1937 Germany imposes steel and metal rationing ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Rationing of nonferrous metals was adopted in January 1937; steel rationing was imposed as of 23 February 1937.” To clear the backlog with the rolling mills, all outstanding steel orders that could not be met by the end of April 1937 were cancelled. ●●

1937 Turing publishes 'On Computable Numbers' ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Turing's paper introduces the concept of a universal computing machine, soon dubbed the Turing machine. ●●

1937 Shannon's thesis links relays to Boolean logic ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Claude Shannon's MIT master's thesis shows how relay circuits can perform Boolean logic, later called the Magna Carta of the Information Age. ●●

1937 Aiken proposes a modern Babbage machine ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Howard Aiken writes a memo urging Harvard and IBM to fund construction of a modern digital calculating machine inspired by Babbage. ●●

1937 Atanasoff conceives an electronic digital computer ai_extracted 1 cit. no story John Vincent Atanasoff works out the design for an electronic digital computer during a long impulsive drive across the Mississippi into Illinois. ●●

1937 The 1937 Ordinance Squeezes the Squatters 1 cit. The Resident Labourers Ordinance of 1937, enforced from 1940, let district councils in the Highlands slash the land and livestock squatters were allowed and raise their labour days sharply. Squatter cattle were culled, cultivation plots cut, and families who had built up herds and farms saw them destroyed. This deliberate squeezing of squatter life in the 1930s and 1940s turned a settled tenantry into an angry, dispossessed mass and fed the land grievance behind Mau Mau. economy / politics / society ●●●

April 1937 Hicks turns Keynes into the IS-LM diagram 1 cit. John Hicks published "Mr. Keynes and the Classics: A Suggested Interpretation" in Econometrica in 1937. The IS-LM model made Keynesian economics teachable as a two-market diagram linking income, saving, investment, money demand and interest rates, even as later Keynesians argued that the simplification muted Keynes on uncertainty. economy / science ●●●●

April 1938 National General Mobilization Law ai_extracted 1 cit. In April 1938 the sweeping National General Mobilization Law was put to the Diet, allowing mobilization of all physical things in the country and the drafting of imperial subjects; Konoe pushed it through against vigorous resistance. ●●●●

1938 Industrial Patriotic Societies established ai_extracted 1 cit. In 1938 the doctrine of the firm as an organic organization was officially implemented through Industrial Patriotic Societies in all companies, while trade unions were abolished and union activity channeled to the company level. ●●●

1938 to 1939 Wartime health insurance laws ai_extracted 1 cit. The National Health Insurance Law of 1938 and the Personnel Health Insurance Law of 1939 provided virtually complete health coverage to employees, the most advanced welfare schemes in Asia. ●●

April 1938 National Savings Promotion Campaign launched ai_extracted 1 cit. In April 1938 a National Savings Promotion Campaign was launched to boost the savings rate to 30 percent of GNP, with savings committees spreading nationwide and a promotion agency established at the Bank of Japan. ●●●

1938 Final Moscow treason trial, March 1938 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In March 1938 the last of the Old Bolsheviks, including Bukharin, Rykov, and former secret-police head Yagoda, were tried, convicted, and executed. By 1939 nearly all older Bolshevik leaders had died violent deaths. ●●

1938 The Union Now campaign ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley describes the Union Now project, propagated in the United States in 1938-1945 by Clarence Streit on behalf of Lord Lothian and the Rhodes Trust, as an effusion of the three-bloc-world group. ●●

1938 Hitler purges his generals and foreign minister ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After Blomberg, Fritsch, and Neurath opposed his aggression plans, Hitler replaced the three with more amenable subordinates in a sudden coup on 4 February 1938, taking the war minister's post himself and installing Ribbentrop at the Foreign Ministry. ●●

1938 German invasion and annexation of Austria ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The invasion of Austria on 12 March 1938 and its immediate annexation surprised even the Nazi leaders and arose from unexpectedly favorable circumstances, both international and internal. ●●

1938 Schuschnigg summoned to Berchtesgaden ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Papen persuaded the Austrian chancellor Schuschnigg to visit Hitler at Berchtesgaden on 12 February 1938, where he was upbraided and forced to sign concessions advancing Nazi penetration of the Austrian government. ●●

1938 Soviet call for collective action after the Anschluss ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On 17 March 1938, five days after the Anschluss, the Soviet government called for consultations on collective action to stop aggression; the appeal was summarily rejected by Lord Halifax. ●●

1938 Hitler's directive to smash Czechoslovakia ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Hitler rewrote and signed a directive on 30 May 1938 whose opening sentence declared his unalterable decision to smash Czechoslovakia by military action in the near future, with X-day set for 1 October. ●●

1938 German generals' plot to assassinate Hitler ai_extracted 1 cit. no story German generals and civil leaders led by General Ludwig Beck planned to assassinate Hitler if he ordered an attack on Czechoslovakia; the plan was canceled at noon on 28 September 1938 when news arrived that Chamberlain was going to Munich to yield. ●●

1938 Britain forces France to threaten the Czech alliance ai_extracted 1 cit. no story From 31 May onward Lord Halifax pressed France to threaten the Czechs that their alliance would be revoked or weakened unless they conceded to the Sudetens; the threat was finally made on 21 September 1938. ●●

1938 Chamberlain's 'far-away country' radio speech ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Chamberlain broadcast on 27 September that it was horrible and fantastic that Britain should be digging trenches and trying on gas masks because of a quarrel in a far-away country between people of whom the British knew nothing. ●●

1938 Chamberlain meets Hitler at Godesberg ai_extracted 2 cit. On 22 September Chamberlain carried the Czech acceptance of partition to Hitler at Godesberg, where he found the Führer in a vile temper receiving reports of alleged Czech atrocities; Hitler then raised new demands. ●●

1938 The Munich Conference partitions Czechoslovakia ai_extracted 1 cit. no story At Munich, Hitler, Chamberlain, Mussolini, and Daladier carved up Czechoslovakia without consulting the Czechs, providing for German occupation of designated areas in stages from 1 to 7 October. ●●

1938 Hitler orders destruction of the Czech rump ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Within three weeks of Munich, on 21 October 1938, Hitler issued orders to his generals to prepare plans to destroy the remainder of Czechoslovakia and to annex Memel from Lithuania. ●●

1938 Kennedy's entry into the Establishment, 1938-1940 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley claims John Kennedy was admitted to the Anglo-American Establishment through his support of Britain, against his father, during his days at the London embassy in 1938-1940. ●●

1938 Hailey edits the Royal Institute's African Survey ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley traces the African Survey from a Smuts suggestion to a RIIA committee under Lord Lothian. Sir Malcolm Hailey directed it, and the survey was published in 1938 with Carnegie funds. ●●

1938 Second Commonwealth Relations conference, Sydney (1938) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The second unofficial Commonwealth relations conference met near Sydney, 3-17 September 1938, financed by Carnegie and the Rhodes Trustees. Quigley notes the chairmen of the key delegations were Milner Group men. ●●

1938 Woodhead Commission appointed (March 1938) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story To carry out partition in Palestine, the government appointed a new four-member royal commission in March 1938, the Woodhead Commission. Its report rejected partition as impractical. ●●

1938 Makins at the Evian Conference on Refugees (1938) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1938 Roger M. Makins was made secretary to the British delegation to the Evian Conference on Refugees. Quigley notes the British left the responsible positions there to the Americans. ●●

1938 Halifax replaces Eden as Foreign Secretary ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Halifax took the Foreign Office permanently after Eden resigned over recognizing Italy's conquest of Ethiopia. Quigley presents Halifax as a brake used to counter Eden's collective-security instincts. ●●

1938 Seizure of Austria and rejected Soviet conference proposal ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Days after Germany seized Austria, the Soviet Union proposed an international conference to stop aggression; Britain rejected it at once. Quigley shows Chamberlain then abandoning any idea of guaranteeing Czechoslovakia. ●●

1938 Lothian defends appeasement in the Lords ai_extracted 2 cit. Quigley describes the man he calls the Group's leader, Lord Lothian, speaking in the House of Lords in support of appeasement and in defense of the removal of the anti-appeasement official Vansittart. ●●

1938 Quigley: who first demanded Czech frontier revision ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley asserts that revision of Czechoslovakia's frontiers in Germany's favor was first floated by Chamberlain privately in May and by the Milner Group publicly in September, before Hitler had even demanded annexation of the Sudetenland. ●●

1938 The Times calls for ceding the Sudetenland ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A Times leading article, which Quigley links to the Astors, publicly suggested frontier revision in Germany's favor. The outcry, he says, showed the British public still needed softening up before Czechoslovakia could be handed over. ●●

1938 Halifax told of the anti-Hitler plot ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A group of German officers and officials planned to kill Hitler if his Czech policy meant war; Halifax was informed by Theodor Kordt but the plot was canceled when Chamberlain agreed to go to Munich. ●●

1938 Nazi Germany awards Henry Ford the Grand Cross, 1938 ai_extracted 2 cit. On July 30, 1938 the Hitler government presented Henry Ford with the Grand Cross of the Supreme Order of the German Eagle. ●●

1938 Turrou breaks up German Abwehr spy ring in New York ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By all accounts Turrou did well at his job, and by 1938 he had gained fame by breaking up a large spy ring run by undercover German Abwehr (military intelligence) agents based in New York. Turrou joined the U. ●●

1938 Fannie Mae created to buy mortgages ai_extracted 1 cit. no story This market came to life in 1938, when a new Federal National Mortgage Association – nicknamed Fannie Mae – was authorized to issue bonds and use the proceeds to buy mortgages from the local Savings and Loans, which were now restricted by regulation both in terms of geography (they could not lend to borrowers more than fifty miles from their offices) and in terms of the rates they could offer d... ●●

1938 Nazis seize S.M. von Rothschild bank in Vienna ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Vienna banking house S.M. von Rothschild was placed under Nazi compulsory administration on March 30, 1938, and later sold to the German firm Merck, Finck & Co. in October 1939. ●●

1938 Gestapo arrests Louis von Rothschild after Anschluss ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Following the Austro-German Anschluss on March 11, 1938, Louis von Rothschild attempted to flee Vienna but was arrested by the Gestapo, beginning the confiscation of all family assets. ●●

1938 Japan begins military atomic bomb studies ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Japanese studies toward an atomic bomb began first within the military.1285 The director of the Aviation Technology Research Institute of the Imperial Japanese Army, Takeo Yasuda, a lieutenant general and an alert electrical engineer, conscientiously followed the international scientific literature that related to his field; in the course of his reading in 1938 and 1939 he noticed and tracked the discovery of nuclear fission.1286 In April 1940, foreseeing fission’s possible consequences, he ordered an aide who was scientifically trained, Lieutenant Colonel Tatsusaburo Suzuki, to prepare a full report. ●●

1938 German troops march into Austria in the Anschluss ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On March 12, 1938, German troops marched into Austria with no resistance. The Austrian population, much of it deliriously joyful, seemed to feel that it preferred a future as a German province to being a minor player on the Central European stage. ●●

1938 Chamberlain meets Hitler at Berchtesgaden ai_extracted 2 cit. On September 15, 1938, Chamberlain decided to visit Hitler at Berchtesgaden. After enduring several hours of Hitler's ranting about mistreatment of the Sudeten Germans, Chamberlain agreed to dismember Czechoslovakia, ceding all districts with populations more than 50-percent German. ●●

1938 Hitler escalates demands at Bad Godesberg ai_extracted 1 cit. no story At Bad Godesberg on September 22, 1938, Hitler raised the ante and made clear he sought the abject humiliation of Czechoslovakia, demanding immediate evacuation of the entire Sudeten territory starting September 26 to be completed within forty-eight hours. ●●

1938 Munich Conference dismembers Czechoslovakia ai_extracted 2 cit. On September 29, 1938, the four leaders (Chamberlain, Daladier, Hitler, and Mussolini) met in Munich, the birthplace of the Nazi Party. Chamberlain and Daladier accepted Mussolini's draft containing Hitler's Bad Godesberg program, with Czech representatives left languishing in anterooms while their country was being dismembered. ●●

1938 Bohr brings news of fission to Princeton ai_extracted 1 cit. no story News of the discovery of fission in late 1938 had arrived in Princeton with Niels Bohr in early 1939, raising for the first time the real possibility, ●●

1938 Britain adopts the Scheme L air programme ai_extracted 1 cit. no story THE WAGES OF DESTRUCTION ‘business as usual’, London adopted an ambitious new air programme (Scheme L), which called for the production of 12,000 modern combat aircraft over the next two years.” Meanwhile, in France the decision was taken both to ste ●●

1938 Goering approves the New Military-Economic Production Plan ai_extracted 1 cit. no story To make up the gap, on 12 July 1938 Goering approved a new version of the Four Year Plan known as the New Military-Economic Production Plan (Wehrwirtschaftliche Neuer Erzeugungsplan).*° By the middle of 1941 Krauch aimed to reach monthly production o ●●

1938 Aryanization seizes Jewish factories and banks ai_extracted 1 cit. Aryanization sales in 1938 included 340 major factories, almost all of which were in textiles and clothing, 370 wholesale trading firms and no less than 22 private banks, including such prestigious names as Warburg and Bleichroeder.'” Both ‘ordinary’ ●●

1938 Roosevelt proposes an international refugee committee ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On 25 March 1938, within weeks of the Anschluss, President Roosevelt had proposed the formation of an international committee to address the problem of ‘political refugees’ from Germany and newly annexed Aus- tria.'** On 6 July delegates from thirty- ●●

1938 Anglo-American Trade Agreement signed ai_extracted 1 cit. The Anglo-American Trade Agreement signed on 2 November 1938 sent a clear message to Berlin.”’ As Britain and America celebrated their new unity of purpose, Goebbels issued strict instructions banning the German press from any comment implying that B ●●

1938 Zuse completes the Z1 calculator ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Konrad Zuse finishes the Z1, a binary mechanical calculator built in his parents' Berlin apartment. ●●

1938 Frank Buchman founds Moral Re-Armament ai_extracted 1 cit. no story American evangelist Frank Buchman founded the Moral Re-Armament movement, which Nkrumah says later spent heavily to advocate collaboration between colonial rulers and the peoples they oppressed. ●●

July 1938 Muindi Mbingu and the Ukamba destocking protest 6 cit. Samuel Muindi Mbingu led the Ukamba Members Association against a colonial policy that forced Kamba herders to sell off cattle the government judged to be surplus. In July 1938 he led about three thousand livestock owners on a march to Nairobi, where they camped in protest. The government arrested him in October and deported him to Lamu, but the pressure worked and compulsory destocking was dropped by the end of the year. He became a lasting figure of Kamba resistance. economy / politics ●●

1938 Moi moves through Kapsabet mission and government schooling 1 cit. By the late 1930s Moi had moved from Kabartonjo to Africa Inland Mission schooling at Kapsabet and then to Government African School at Kapsabet. This placed him inside both mission and colonial-government education rather than inside independent African schooling or the forest-resistance world. religion / society ●●

April 1939 Dividend increase permits required ai_extracted 1 cit. Beginning in April 1939, firms with dividend rates of 10 percent or more needed a Ministry of Finance permit to raise their dividend rate, making stock investment less attractive. ●●

1939 Hitler dismisses Schacht and nationalizes the Reichsbank ai_extracted 1 cit. In 1939 Hitler sacked Schacht as Reichsbank president after disagreements and took more direct control over the central bank through a new law; he nationalized the Reichsbank the same year. ●●●

January 1939 Reichsbank renamed and subordinated to the Reich government ai_extracted 1 cit. In January 1939 the Reichsbank Law was changed, renaming the bank the Deutsche Reichsbank and making it directly accountable and subordinate to the Reich government rather than private shareholders or the Reparations Commission. ●●●

1 September 1939 to 1941 Nazi T4 program begins murdering disabled people 1 cit. Under the T4 "euthanasia" program, Nazi doctors murdered more than 70,000 disabled and mentally ill people they judged unworthy of life. The killing methods pioneered here were later used in the death camps. politics / science ●●●

21 March 1939 Transfer of Czechoslovak gold through the BIS 1 cit. After Germany occupied Czechoslovakia, the BIS acted on instructions to move gold held for the Czech National Bank into an account controlled by Germany's Reichsbank. The episode became the most documented controversy about the bank's wartime conduct. economy / politics / war ●●●●

1939 Federation of British Industries seeks pact with Germany ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1939 the Federation of British Industries sought an agreement with Germany to divide markets and fix prices across most economic activities, an example Quigley cites of Britain's drift into cartelized bilateralism. ●●

1939 Prevention of Violence Act of 1939 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley argues the erosion of civil liberties reached its most dangerous stage with the Prevention of Violence Act of 1939, which let a secretary of state arrest without warrant and deport without trial. ●●