Events, Verisoph

1900 Liberal Protestantism after 1900 chose a very different path from either the rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Liberal Protestantism after 1900 chose a very different path from either the Holiness/Keswick styles of the conservatives, or the proliferation of identities in the new Churches ●●

1900 Catholic in outlook and Spanish or Portuguese in language in 1900, from rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Catholic in outlook and Spanish or Portuguese in language in 1900, from the first few decades of the century, Latin America was gaining a Pentecostal presence which marched in step with an increasingly diverse immigrant community, but which also rapi ●●

1900 In 1900, 55 per cent of British children attended Sunday School; the rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1900, 55 per cent of British children attended Sunday School; the figure was still 24 per cent in 1960, but 9 per cent in 1980 and 4 per cent in 2000 ●●

1900 In 1900, the Orthodox were estimated as 21 per cent of the rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1900, the Orthodox were estimated as 21 per cent of the world’s Christians; that had declined to 11 per cent at the beginning of the twenty-first century, while the Roman Catholic proportion, thanks to its growth in the south of the globe, had ris ●●

1900 Owain Hughes, ‘Anti-Catholicism in Wales, 1900-60’, JEH, 53 (2002), 312-25, at 322 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Owain Hughes, ‘Anti-Catholicism in Wales, 1900-60’, JEH, 53 (2002), 312-25, at 322 ●●

1900 Founding or establishment candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story And so, when more than 1900 S&Ls went belly-up in the Great Depression, Herbert Hoover—and a most willing Congress— created the Federal Home Loan Bank ●●

1900 In fact, most of the 35 firms had been formed before 1900 and a sizable number b rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In fact, most of the 35 firms had been formed before 1900 and a sizable number before 1890 ●●

1900 Indeed the only new firm of this type to be formed after 1900 was California Pac candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Indeed the only new firm of this type to be formed after 1900 was California Packing (Del Monte), a 1916 merger of local canning companies that built ●●

1900 All but one, Sharon Steel, is in table 8, and that firm was founded in 1900 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story All but one, Sharon Steel, is in table 8, and that firm was founded in 1900 ●●

1900 To operate his national enterprise, Vail quickly created an administrative struc candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story To operate his national enterprise, Vail quickly created an administrative structure based on legal changes instituted in 1900 ●●

1900 By 1900 the names of many integrated, multifunctional enterprises had become hou... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By 1900 the names of many integrated, multifunctional enterprises had become household words ●●

1900 By 1900 the American Tobacco Company had come to dominate that industry complete... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By 1900 the American Tobacco Company had come to dominate that industry completely, except for the making of cigars ●●

1900 Nevertheless, the giant, integrated industrial enterprise remained the exception... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Nevertheless, the giant, integrated industrial enterprise remained the exception until after 1900 ●●

1900 After 1900 National Biscuit continued to compete in the new manner, relying on b... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After 1900 National Biscuit continued to compete in the new manner, relying on brand names, advertising, and scale economies ●●

1900 Integration Completed An overview: 1900–1917 As the new century opened, patter... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Integration Completed An overview: 1900–1917 As the new century opened, patterns of success and failure were only just beginning to appear ●●

1900 But after 1900 the modern multiunit industrial enterprise became a standard inst... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story But after 1900 the modern multiunit industrial enterprise became a standard instrument for managing the production and distribution of goods in America ●●

1900 Even before 1900 a high degree of concentration could be found in many industrie... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Even before 1900 a high degree of concentration could be found in many industries ●●

1900 All three divisions marketed their products through Armour’s nationwide branch h... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story All three divisions marketed their products through Armour’s nationwide branch house organization, which by 1900 numbered 200 houses ●●

1900 Then after 1900 with the opening of new fields in the south and far west, Standa... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Then after 1900 with the opening of new fields in the south and far west, Standard of California and Standard of Louisiana developed similar integrated operations ●●

1900 The appurtenances of professionalism—societies, journals, university training, a... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The appurtenances of professionalism—societies, journals, university training, and specialized consultants—hardly existed in the United States in 1900 ●●

1900 After 1900, however, as the economy, particularly the cities, grew, the demand f... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After 1900, however, as the economy, particularly the cities, grew, the demand for banking services became more acute ●●

1900 British concentration camps during the Boer War 1 cit. As Boer commandos continued guerrilla resistance, British forces under Lord Kitchener adopted a scorched-earth policy, burning farms and interning Boer women, children, and elderly men in camps to deny fighters support. Roughly 26,000 Boer civilians, mostly children, died in these camps from disease and malnutrition, along with tens of thousands of Black African laborers interned in separate camps. The camps caused lasting bitterness and became a defining grievance in Afrikaner nationalist memory. society / war ●●●

c. 1900 The Catholic Church and the White Fathers 1 cit. The Catholic missionary order known as the White Fathers built the schools, churches, and record systems that shaped colonial Rwanda. Church thinkers embraced Hamitic race theory and, for decades, groomed a Tutsi elite while teaching Hutu inferiority as fact. When politics shifted in the 1950s the Church swung its support to the Hutu majority, helping legitimize the new order. The Church's deep involvement on both sides is documented and heavily studied. religion / society ●●

c. 1900 Maasai spears turned against the Nandi and Kamba 3 cit. The British recruited Maasai warriors as levies and irregulars in punitive expeditions against neighbours such as the Nandi, Kamba and others who resisted colonial control. In return for cattle taken as loot, Maasai moran did much of the fighting and raiding on Britain's behalf. Their martial tradition was thus used up in the service of the power that would soon dispossess them. politics / war ●●●

c. 1900 The long Pokomo-Orma contest over the river 3 cit. Farmers and herders on the Tana have long competed for the same narrow strip of watered land. The Pokomo plant crops on the banks, while the Orma need to bring cattle to the river to drink, especially in drought. This clash of farming and grazing along one river has been a recurring source of tension for generations. economy / environment ●●

1901 Taff Vale decision drives labor into politics ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In the Taff Vale case of 1901 the courts held labor unions liable for damages from their economic actions. To overturn this, the working classes turned to political action and founded their own party. ●●

1901 D'Arcy oil concession in Iran ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1901 the shah granted William Knox D'Arcy an exclusive concession to exploit petroleum across Iran except the five provinces bordering Russia. This concession later passed to the Anglo-Persian Oil Company and became a focus of Iranian nationalist grievance. ●●

1901 Edward A. Ross publishes Social Control ai_extracted 1 cit. Gatto points to sociologist Edward A. Ross's 1901 book Social Control, which he says announced the plan to replace community, family, and church with propaganda, education, and mass media. ●●

1901 Gallieni imposes a head tax in Madagascar ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After completing the conquest of Madagascar in 1901, the French general Gallieni imposed a head tax payable only in newly issued Malagasy francs. The aim was to force Malagasy into the money economy and wage labor. ●●

1901 Morgan controlled nearly 70 percent of the steel industry—following the cre... candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Morgan controlled nearly 70 percent of the steel industry—following the creation of US Steel in 1901—and at least one-fifth of all corporations trading on the New York Stock... ●●

1901 Northern Securities railroad trust formed ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Northern Securities, one of the nation’s largest railroad trusts, had been formed by Morgan, Harriman, and Hill in 1901. The president’s power play might have been avoided if... ●●

1901 Czech-language officials appointed in Bohemia and Moravia ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Czech language officials appointed in Bohemia and Moravia ●●

1901 Since 1901 a single corporation, the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company, pri... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Since 1901 a single corporation, the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company, principally owned by the British government, had held a monopoly on the extraction, re (1901) ●●

1901 Northern Pacific corner triggers Wall Street panic ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The New York Herald banner headline of May 9, 1901, summed up the popular view: “GIANTS OF WALL STREET, IN FIERCE BATTLE FOR MASTERY, PRECIPITATE CRASH THAT BRINGS RUIN TO HORDE OF PYGMIES.”63 The de... ●●

1901 Before he joined the bank in 1901, he was already an empire- rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Before he joined the bank in 1901, he was already an empire-building executive at New York Life Insurance. A voluble, glad-handing deal maker, he was an experiment on Pierpont’s part—more chief than I... ●●

1901 In 1901, when she visited Rome, Jack wrote her a letter that rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1901, when she visited Rome, Jack wrote her a letter that poignantly stated his conviction that she had to submit to her fate. Although Pierpont isn’t mentioned, his ghost hovers in the air: Your ... ●●

1901 It wasn’t the first unsolicited takeover in Wall Street history: wh... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Instead of tennis or golf, Greenhill liked solitary sports that tested endurance. Early each morning, he jogged near his Greenwich, Connecticut, home. He was also a motorcycle enthusiast. ●●

1901 JPMI, Box 7, Folder 1, letter to Frances Tracy Morgan, April 3, 1901 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 45. Winkler, Morgan the Magnificent, p. 284. ●●

1901 CHAPTER 24 The Millionaires’ Special In April 1901 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story CHAPTER 24 The Millionaires’ Special In April 1901, a specially chartered train, jammed with millionaires, pulled out of Manhattan and headed down the eastern seaboard for a ten-day tour of black colleges in the South, many of them financed with northern money, culminating in a conference on southern education in Winston-Salem, North Carolina. ●●

1901 Though Rockefeller studiously avoided the campus and visited rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Though Rockefeller studiously avoided the campus and visited only three times (1897, 1901, and 1903), he got little credit for this self-abnegation. The public was quick to pounce on his every move as yet another ruse. ●●

1901 As early as 1901, Rockefeller had realized that rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As early as 1901, Rockefeller had realized that he needed to create a foundation on a scale that dwarfed anything he had done so far, and he toyed with the idea of establishing a benevolent trust: “Let us erect a foundation, a trust, and engage directors who will make it a life work to manage, with our personal cooperation, this business of benevolence properly and effectively.” 4 Frederick Gates revived the idea in June 1906 when he wrote to Rockefeller, “I have lived with this great fortune of yours daily for fifteen years. ●●

1901 For all his panegyrics about Rockefeller’s wisdom, Gates rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story For all his panegyrics about Rockefeller’s wisdom, Gates had some private grievances and was irked by what he saw as his skimpy compensation; the value of his services had been a sore point with him ever since the 1901 Mesabi-ore sale to U.S. ●●

1901 Florida enacts the Flagler divorce law ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On April 9, 1901, a special law was enacted permitting divorce on grounds of incurable insanity—a law known as the Flagler divorce law. Within two weeks, Flagler married Mary Lily Kenan. ●●

1901 Death of Edith's Son Jack candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1901, Edith Rockefeller McCormick's four-year-old son Jack died. The loss was the first of two child deaths within a few years that cast a lasting shadow over her emotional life. ●●

1901 John Schiff, who avoided controversy, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story John Schiff, who avoided controversy, said the financial world hadn’t seen such bitterness since Jacob Schiff and Pierpont Morgan vied for the... ●●

1901 In December 1901, Georges married Lucie Kaulla, the... (1901) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In December 1901, Georges married Lucie Kaulla, the daughter of a Stuttgart lawyer. ●●

1901 Manly P. Hall born in Peterborough, Canada ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Manly Palmer Hall, future esoteric philosopher and author, was born in Peterborough, Canada, outside Toronto, to his mother Louise Palmer Hall, a chiropractor and progressive woman. ●●

1901 Crowley's Training in Yoga Discipline rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Crowley began receiving proper training in yoga principles in 1901, which he credits with helping to repair his earlier unsystematic magical practice and establishing proper discipline. ●●

1901 The Bureau of Standards, established by Act of Congress in 1901, is the nation’s rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Bureau of Standards, established by Act of Congress in 1901, is the nation’s physics laboratory, charged with applying science and technology in the national interest and for public benefit. ●●

1901 Event of 1901 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ore traditional powers already sparring over the territories and sea-lanes into which American interests now protruded. THEODORE ROOSEVELT: AMERICA AS A WORLD POWER The first President to grapple systematically with the implications of America’s worl ●●

1901 Roosevelt becomes president after McKinley's assassination ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Roosevelt came into office initially in 1901 on McKinley’s assassination, but he and his party won a decisive majority in the 1904 election, a mandate that he used to great effect. ●●

1901 As the only one of seven siblings to attend university he had completed his studies with a dissertat rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As the only one of seven siblings to attend university he had completed his studies with a dissertation in historical economics and started work in 1901 as a syndic for the light-manufacturing industries of Saxony, where it was his job to lobby for t ●●

1901 1899-1901 - Philippine Islands: To rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 1899-1901 - Philippine Islands: To protect American interests following the war with Spain, and to conquerthe islands by defeating the Filipinos in their war for independence ●●

1901 Since 1901, it has been rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Since 1901, it has been a firmly held convention that the Senate should not reject budgets .. ●●

1901 c) Russel Ward, The History rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story c) Russel Ward, The History of Australia: The Twentieth Century, 1901-1975 (London, 1978) pp ●●

1901 American Can formed by merger ai_extracted 2 cit. no story American Can, whose first president was Edward Norton, the inventor of the “automatic-line” process, resulted from a merger in 1901 ●●

1901 In its annual report for 1901 the company outlined the reasons for its shift: Th rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In its annual report for 1901 the company outlined the reasons for its shift: This Company is four years old, and it may be of interest to shortly rev ●●

1901 His investment banking house arranged the merger in 1901 after Carnegie began to candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story His investment banking house arranged the merger in 1901 after Carnegie began to move forward into the making of finished products in response to back ●●

1901 By 1901 McCormick still sold through distributors who purchased machines outrigh... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By 1901 McCormick still sold through distributors who purchased machines outright in Latin America, Africa, New Zealand, and parts of Europe ●●

1901 But in Australia and the major grain-growing areas of Europe, the company alread... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story But in Australia and the major grain-growing areas of Europe, the company already had by 1901 eight general agencies of its own, each with canvassers, machinists, and accountants ●●

1901 Then in 1901 he and his associates created the research laboratory candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Then in 1901 he and his associates created the research laboratory ●●

1901 US Steel founded by J. P. Morgan ai_extracted 1 cit. no story United States Steel was founded by financier J. Pierpont Morgan as a holding company controlling more than half of the American steel industry, one of the monopolies Nkrumah traces into African raw-material supply. ●●

December 1901 Railway reaches Lake Victoria at Kisumu 7 cit. The Uganda Railway reached the shore of Lake Victoria at the port first named Port Florence, now Kisumu, completing the main line from the coast. The railway had cost about GBP 5.5 million and many lives, and to make it pay Britain now pressed to fill the highlands with cash-crop farming and export freight. That pressure drove the settler project and the seizure of African land. economy / technology ●●

1901 The Uganda Railway Opens the Interior 2 cit. The railway from Mombasa reached Lake Victoria at Kisumu in 1901, cutting through the cool, fertile highlands on the way. Hansard later put the total cost at about GBP 5.5 million, more than double the early GBP 2.24 million estimate and offer. Officials looked for white farmers to settle along the line and produce export freight that would make the line pay. That search for settlers, more than any plan for African development, set the highlands on the path to becoming a white preserve. economy / politics ●●

1901 Uganda Railway reaches the Kenyan highlands 2 cit. The British railway from Mombasa reached Lake Victoria, opening the cool, fertile central highlands to European settlement. Hansard later put the total railway cost at about GBP 5.5 million, against an early GBP 2.24 million estimate and offer. To make the expensive line pay, the administration decided to bring in white farmers who would grow export crops and supply freight. This choice set Kenya on a settler path that neighbouring territories never took. economy / politics ●●

1901 The Uganda Railway wires Kenya into the export economy 1 cit. Britain completed the Uganda Railway from Mombasa to Lake Victoria, opening the interior to trade and settlement. The line was built to move raw goods to the coast for export and to carry imported manufactures inland. It set the basic shape of the colonial economy: a channel for commodities out and finished goods in. economy / politics ●●

c. 1901 Lenana, the British-backed paramount chief contested 1 cit. The British made Olonana, the senior Maasai laibon, into a paramount chief, an office the Maasai never had, since the laibon was a ritual prophet and not a ruler over the sections. Lenana supplied Maasai warriors for British punitive expeditions against the Kikuyu, Nandi, and others, and his name was put to the 1904 and 1911 agreements that gave up Maasai land. Whether he was a collaborator or a pragmatic survivor is disputed: the Maasai had been broken by the Emutai, he could not speak for every section, and the historian Lotte Hughes argues the British manufactured his authority to legitimise taking the land. politics / society / war ●●●

1901 The hut tax forces men out of the reserves to earn cash 5 cit. The colonial administration imposed a hut tax across the East Africa Protectorate, later joined by a poll tax on adult men. The taxes had to be paid in cash, which most families could only get through wage work on settler farms and in the towns. The effect, and often the intent, was to push men in Nyanza and the western districts out to labour. economy / politics ●●●

1902 Trans-Siberian line draws Russia toward war with Japan ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By letting Russia press into the Far East, the Trans-Siberian railway drove Britain into alliance with Japan in 1902 and Russia into war with Japan in 1904-1905. ●●

1902 Foreign-controlled iron and steel cartel in Russia, 1902 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1902 a cartel of a dozen firms handled nearly three-quarters of Russian iron and steel sales and was controlled by four foreign banking groups, marking the rise of monopoly capitalism in Russia. ●●

1902 Anglo-Japanese alliance, 1902 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Shaken by the Boer War, Britain in 1902 made a treaty with Japan pledging mutual aid if either faced two enemies in the Far East, which later allowed Japan to attack Russia in 1904. ●●

1902 Anglo-Japanese Alliance to isolate Russia (1902) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story To isolate the coming conflict with Russia, Japan signed a treaty with Britain in 1902 under which each could expect the other's support if fighting more than one enemy in the Far East. ●●

1902 Junker-industrialist tariff and navy bargain ai_extracted 1 cit. The alliance created by Bulow, agreed in May 1900 and consummated in December 1902, traded a high grain tariff for the industrialists' naval program. The 1902 tariff gave Germany one of the world's most protected agricultures. ●●

1902 Salisbury hands the premiership to Balfour ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On retiring in 1902, Lord Salisbury handed the party leadership and premiership to his nephew and hand-picked successor, Arthur James Balfour. Quigley uses the Cecil family's dominance to illustrate concentrated party control. ●●

1902 Education Act of 1902 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Education Act of 1902 extended secondary education by shifting control from school boards to local government and funding church schools from rates. Nonconformists denounced it as forcing them to support Anglican education. ●●

1902 Rhodes's death leaves a board of seven trustees ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Rhodes changed his trustees across seven wills. At his death in 1902 the estate was left to a board of seven, the body the world looked to for the Rhodes Scholarships. ●●

1902 Flora Shaw leaves The Times (1902) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Flora Shaw, a key Times correspondent tied to the Jameson Raid telegrams, gave up her post after marrying in 1902. Quigley notes the publicity around the raid had reduced her value to the paper. ●●

1902 Carnegie publishes 'The Empire of Business' ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto cites Andrew Carnegie's 1902 book The Empire of Business, in which Carnegie attacked teachings that gave children false ideas. Gatto identifies Carnegie as the businessman behind the Homestead strike. ●●

1902 Death of Rhodes and Milner's inheritance ai_extracted 1 cit. The book, following Quigley, says that when Rhodes died in 1902 Alfred Milner gained control of his money and used it to run the Network's propaganda machine. It presents Milner as Rhodes's chosen heir. ●●

1902 " -Brooks Adams, The New Empire, 1902 2 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story " -Brooks Adams, The New Empire, 1902 2 70 After the Civil War, a new rhetoric of the "nation" gradually took hold, replacing that of "union." The Uni... ●●

1902 A photograph of Pierpont at a house party at the Harcourt es rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A photograph of Pierpont at a house party at the Harcourt estate, Nuneham Park, in 1902 shows Mary Harcourt seated next to King Edward VII. During his London exile, which lasted until 1905, Jack often... ●●

1902 Since Tarbell had spoken with Rogers for nearly rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Since Tarbell had spoken with Rogers for nearly a year before the series started, she held her breath when the first issue appeared in November 1902. ●●

1902 For nearly three years, from November 1902 to rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story For nearly three years, from November 1902 to August 1905, Ida Tarbell fired projectiles at Rockefeller and Standard Oil without taking fire in return. As one newspaper wondered aloud, “Is the Pen Mightier than the Money-Bag. ●●

1902 Stiles finds hookworm endemic across the South ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In September 1902, outfitted with just a microscope, Dr. Stiles journeyed through the South examining human feces, and, sure enough, he found hookworm eggs everywhere. It was an exhilarating discovery, since hookworm could be cured with fifty cents’ worth of salts and thymol. ●●

1902 (Courtesy of the Rockefeller Archive Center) Rockefeller’s life rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story (Courtesy of the Rockefeller Archive Center) Rockefeller’s life struck many observers as strangely cramped, given his gargantuan wealth: He had an annual untaxed income of $58 million in 1902— several times larger than contemporary press estimates—or about a billion dollars in tax-free income per annum in today’s money. ●●

1902 He once told the New York Chamber of rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story He once told the New York Chamber of Commerce that his sole desire was to help his father and, if necessary, “to black his shoes, to pack his bag.” 16 “Of my ability I have always had a very poor opinion,” he told his father in 1902, “but I need not assure you that such as it is, it is wholly and absolutely devoted to your interests, and that now and always you can trust me as you always have.”17 Instead of bucking up his courage, Senior often let his son wallow in self-flagellation. ●●

1902 I envy anybody who can do that.”33 By rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story I envy anybody who can do that.”33 By slow increments, his father ratcheted up his allowance from $10,000 a year in 1902 to $18,000 five years later, but Junior never felt he had earned it, exacerbating his sense of inadequacy. ●●

1902 Another favorite recipient of Standard Oil largesse was rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Another favorite recipient of Standard Oil largesse was Senator Matthew Quay of Pennsylvania, who received $42,500 between 1898 and 1902. ●●

1902 The Rockefellers’ ill-fated involvement in Colorado dated back rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Rockefellers’ ill-fated involvement in Colorado dated back to 1902, when Senior was flush with windfall profits from the spectacular sale of Mesabi iron ore to U.S. Steel. ●●

1902 Oil Industry Development rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “You and I have been associated in business upwards of thirty-five years,” Rockefeller wrote to him in 1902, “and while there have been times when we have not agreed on questions of policy I do not... ●●

1902 1902, America had forced Haiti to clear up its deb... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1902, America had forced Haiti to clear up its debts with European banks. ●●

1902 1902, he stunned Europe by forging an alliance wit... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1902, he stunned Europe by forging an alliance with Japan, the first time since Richelieu’s dealings with the Ottoman Turks that any European count ●●

1902 1902: John Bardeen (1908–91), William Shockley (1910–89), and Walter Brattai rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story John Bardeen (1908–91), William Shockley (1910–89), and Walter Brattain (1902–87) in a Bell Labs photograph in 1948. The first transistor at Bell Labs ●●

1902 Shen Jiaben commission revises the Qing Code ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Responding to Western criticisms of traditional Chinese law, particularly with respect to the cruelty of punishments, a commission led by Shen Jiaben was established in 1902 to recommend revisions to the Qing Code. ●●

1902 1902 - Colombia - April rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 1902 - Colombia - April 16 to 23: To protect American lives and property at Bocas del Toro during a civil war ●●

1902 Andrew Carnegie endows the Carnegie Institution ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On January 28, 1902, Andrew Carnegie endowed the Carnegie Institution with $10 million in bonds followed by additional endowments of $12 million. This institution would become the primary funding source and legitimizing entity for American eugenics research. ●●

1902 8 In 1902 his firm formed the International Mercantile Marine Company, capitaliz rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 8 In 1902 his firm formed the International Mercantile Marine Company, capitalized at $130 million ●●

1902 In April 1902, a month before the government filed a formal suit under the Sherm candidate ai_extracted 2 cit. no story In April 1902, a month before the government filed a formal suit under the Sherman Act against the Northern Securities Company, the packers began nego ●●

1902 First harvester industry merger initiated by Gary ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Significantly, the initiative for the first successful merger in the harvester industry in 1902 came from Judge Elbert Gary, chairman of the board of ●●

1902 69 The merger of McCormick, Deering, and three smaller firms, completed in the s rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 69 The merger of McCormick, Deering, and three smaller firms, completed in the summer of 1902, created an effective horizontal combination ●●