Events, Verisoph

1983 Gates announces Windows in Manhattan ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gates unveiled Microsoft Windows in November 1983, two months before the Macintosh launch, angering Jobs. ●●

1983 Ranger and Hobsbawm publish 'The Invention of Tradition' 1 cit. Terence Ranger and Eric Hobsbawm edited a landmark volume arguing that many customs treated as ancient were in fact recent creations, and Ranger's chapter held that much of colonial Africa's tribal tradition was composed under European rule. The book gave the phrase invention of tradition to a generation of historians. It is a scholarly argument, offered as an interpretation of how identities were shaped, not a claim that precolonial peoples did not exist. The publication is a documented event that named a whole line of research. culture / society ●●

1983 Moi moves Kibaki from Finance to Home Affairs 1 cit. In a 1983 reshuffle, Moi stripped Kibaki of the finance ministry and moved him to Home Affairs while he remained Vice President. The shift reduced Kibaki's control over economic policy and marks the start of his slow movement away from the heart of Moi's ruling circle. politics ●●●●

1984 to 1989 Ex-MoF vice minister Sumita serves as BoJ governor ai_extracted 1 cit. From 1984 to 1989, during the inflation of the bubble, former MoF vice minister Satoshi Sumita served as governor of the Bank of Japan. ●●

1984 BoJ announces complete abolition of window guidance ai_extracted 1 cit. In 1984 the Bank of Japan announced the complete abolition of any form of window guidance, part of a series of official pronouncements the author argues misrepresented the continued use of the credit controls. ●●

December 1984 Maekawa hands over BoJ monetary policy control to Mieno ai_extracted 1 cit. After ten years running monetary policy as deputy governor and then governor of the Bank of Japan, Haruo Maekawa handed control to Yasushi Mieno in December 1984, freeing him to lobby for structural reform. ●●

1984 Original Apple Macintosh unveiled ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The original Apple Macintosh was unveiled in 1984 with a 3.5-inch floppy disk holding 400,000 bytes. Wood uses this to trace the growth of data storage toward the era of big data. ●●

1984 Judge Clark takes over Kansas City schools ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto describes how in 1984 Judge Russell G. Clark took control of the Kansas City school district after an NAACP desegregation suit. Clark ordered large tax increases and huge spending, which Gatto says produced no improvement. ●●

1984 Judge Casson reopens the 1972 Peteano bombing ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The book says that in 1984 Judge Felice Casson began digging into the unsolved 1972 Peteano car bombing that killed three police officers. His work is credited with beginning to unravel Operation Gladio. ●●

1984 CIA station chief Buckley kidnapped in Beirut ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Amid a wave of abductions in Beirut, CIA station chief Bill Buckley was kidnapped on his way to work. His captivity and torture would weigh heavily on Bill Casey and the White House. ●●

1984 CIA issues burn notice on Ghorbanifar ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After the Iranian middleman Manucher Ghorbanifar flunked lie-detector tests, the CIA formally certified him a fabricator and issued a worldwide burn notice. The agency nonetheless kept dealing with him. ●●

1984 Casey briefs Reagan on the covert Afghan war ai_extracted 1 cit. no story CIA director William Casey briefed President Reagan about the progress of the covert Afghan war after four years of operations. ●●

1984 Morgan Grenfell's Mackworth-Young dies of lung cancer ai_extracted 1 cit. no story CHAPTER THIRTY-FOUR BANG IN late 1986, Morgan Grenfell presented a curious study in contrasts. Outwardly it maintained a sedate air. Upholding a tradition of nearly 150 years, the bank posted no nameplate outside—the old brass plaques hung in the... ●●

1984 United States withdraws from UNESCO ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Reagan administration withdrew the United States from UNESCO, marking a dramatic reversal of Franklin Roosevelt's internationalist legacy and increasing American UN isolation. ●●

1984 Polish police murder priest Jerzy Popieluszko ai_extracted 1 cit. no story JERZY POPIELUSZKO VERSUS A HUNDRED RELIGIOUS VICTIMS IN LATIN AMERICA A useful comparison can be made between the mass media’s treatment of Jerzy Popieluszko, a Polish priest murdered by the Polish p ●●

1984 China directs softer enforcement of one-child policy ai_extracted 1 cit. no story medal, and in 1984 a new directive called for implementing China’s policy in a “fair and reasonable” way more “acceptable to the peasants.”66 At the same time, the IPPF European Regional Council be... ●●

1984 Herbert Blaize elected Grenada prime minister ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Postscript: At the end of 1984, former Premier Herbert Blaize was elected prime minister, his party capturing 14 of the ●●

1984 Apple launches the Macintosh ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Macintosh shipped in January 1984, later than planned, accompanied by the famous '1984' television ad. ●●

1984 Stewart Brand helps launch The WELL ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As modems spread, Brand helped create the prototype online community known as The WELL. ●●

10 February 1984 Wagalla Massacre 1 cit. Kenyan security forces, including police and army units, rounded up several thousand ethnic Somali men at Wagalla airstrip during a disarmament operation and killed a large number of them over several days. The government's own contemporaneous count put the toll at 57, but the Truth, Justice and Reconciliation Commission's 2013 report and human rights researchers concluded the true number was far higher, with survivor and local estimates ranging into the hundreds or more; no one has been prosecuted. politics / society ●●●

10 February 1984 Wagalla massacre in northern Kenya 3 cit. Kenyan security forces rounded up thousands of men of the Degodia Somali clan at Wagalla airstrip during a disarmament operation, detaining them without food or water for several days before many were killed. The government initially described it as an operation against armed bandits and for years gave an official death toll of 57, while survivors and rights groups said the true number was in the hundreds or low thousands. No commission of inquiry was published at the time; the government publicly acknowledged wrongdoing by security forces only in October 2000. politics / war ●●●

1984 Kuki Gallmann turns Ol ari Nyiro into a private conservancy 3 cit. The Italian-born author Kuki Gallmann founds the Gallmann Memorial Foundation and converts her family's Ol ari Nyiro ranch, roughly 100,000 acres on the edge of Laikipia, into the Laikipia Nature Conservancy. It is one of the best-known examples of a single foreign-linked family holding a very large block of northern Kenyan land under a conservation banner. environment / society ●●

1984 Casey tells Reagan the covert Afghan war is cost effective ai_extracted 1 cit. In January 1984 CIA director William Casey briefed Reagan that the mujahedin had killed or wounded about seventeen thousand Soviet soldiers and controlled 62 percent of the countryside. The war had cost Moscow roughly $12 billion, paid for with $200 million in U.S. money plus a matching $200 million from Saudi intelligence. ●●

January 1985 to December 1989 Japanese asset price bubble inflates ai_extracted 1 cit. From January 1985 to December 1989 Japanese stocks rose 240 percent and land prices 245 percent, driving land valuations to levels where the Imperial Palace grounds were notionally worth as much as all of California. ●●●●

1985 to 1987 Yen rises 106 percent ai_extracted 1 cit. Despite enormous Japanese capital outflows, the yen strengthened sharply, rising 106 percent from 1985 to 1987, which the author calls part of the Great Yen Illusion. ●●●

1985 Endaka recession ai_extracted 1 cit. In 1985 Japan's economy was in the endaka (strong yen) recession, leaving pent-up demand for money as loan officers began working to meet high window guidance quotas. ●●

31 October 1985 Nakasone forms the Maekawa advisory group ai_extracted 1 cit. Prime Minister Yasuhiro Nakasone created the Advisory Group on Economic Structural Adjustment for International Harmony and appointed Haruo Maekawa to head it, charged with studying how Japan's economic and social structure should change. ●●●

October 1985 Deposit interest rate deregulation begins ai_extracted 1 cit. Gradual deregulation of Japanese deposit interest rates began in October 1985 as part of broader financial liberalization. ●●

1985 Casey's two commands: hostages and contras ai_extracted 1 cit. no story At the start of Reagan's second term, Casey faced two urgent presidential demands: free the hostages in Lebanon and save the contras. He resolved to merge both into a grand bargain with Iran. ●●

1985 Hezbollah hijacks TWA Flight 847 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Hezbollah hijacked TWA Flight 847 out of Athens, took it to Beirut, and murdered a U.S. Navy diver. The ordeal taught Casey that Reagan was willing to make deals with terrorists. ●●

1985 Reagan signs the arms-for-hostages finding ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Reagan signed a retroactive, backdated finding authorizing CIA assistance in shipping arms to Iran to free American hostages. It made Casey the man ultimately responsible for the deal. ●●

1985 Soviets deploy Spetsnaz to seal the Afghan-Pakistan border ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Soviet Fortieth Army deployed Spetsnaz special forces and intelligence teams in 1985 to try to seal the Afghan-Pakistan border against CIA supply flows. ●●

1985 Morgan Stanley names Eric Gleacher M&A chief ai_extracted 1 cit. no story CHAPTER THIRTY-FIVE BULL WALL Street in the Reagan era self-consciously retraced the experience of the 1920s. Commentators noted eerie parallels between the decades—a booming stock market, Republican tax cuts, a Latin American debt crisis, fluctu... ●●

1985 Ronald Perelman acquires Revlon ai_extracted 1 cit. no story CHAPTER THIRTY-FIVE BULL WALL Street in the Reagan era self-consciously retraced the experience of the 1920s. Commentators noted eerie parallels between the decades—a booming stock market, Republican tax cuts, a Latin American debt crisis, fluctu... ●●

1985 Morgan Stanley and CIGNA create leveraged buyout fund ai_extracted 1 cit. no story With its unerring instinct for profitable activities, Morgan Stanley noted the LBO profits at First Boston and Merrill Lynch. In 1985, it joined with CIGNA Insurance to create a leveraged buyout fund. It struck spectacular deals that made merger p... ●●

1985 Neil Postman publishes Amusing Ourselves to Death ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Neil Postman's media criticism book examining the decline of discourse in the Age of Television was first published by Viking. The work compares Orwell's and Huxley's visions for the future, arguing Huxley was more accurate in predicting how entertainment would pacify populations. ●●

1985 Gorbachev becomes Soviet General Secretary ai_extracted 1 cit. no story This collapse would have seemed fantastic in March 1985, when Gorbachev was anointed General Secretary. ●●

1985 Clue film released ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Jonathan Lynn and John Landis's Clue, a board-game adaptation, was released with a 15 million budget but garnered only 14 million at box office. ●●

1985 WNET loses Gulf and Western funding over documentary ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Public-television station WNET lost its corporate funding from Gulf + Western in 1985 after the station showed the documentary “Hungry for Profit,” which contains material critical of multinational co ●●

1985 Third UN World Conference on Women in Nairobi ai_extracted 1 cit. no story An important battle occurred in Nairobi in 1985 at the third UN World Conference on Women. ●●

1985 France sinks Greenpeace's Rainbow Warrior ai_extracted 1 cit. no story It should be noted that France—the United States’ chief “anti-terrorism” partner—in 1985 deliberately sank the Greenpeac ●●

1985 Quantum launches Q-Link for Commodore users ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Jim Kimsey's reconfigured company launched the Q-Link online service, the forerunner of AOL. ●●

1985 Steve Jobs is ousted from Apple ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Jobs left Apple after a power struggle, a rupture the book compares to Xerox's earlier failure to commercialize its inventions. ●●

1985 Congress triples the CIA's Afghan budget to $250 million ai_extracted 1 cit. Spurred by Representative Charlie Wilson, Congress in late 1984 shoveled leftover Pentagon money into the Afghan program, raising its 1985 budget to $250 million, as much as all prior years combined. With the Saudi match, the CIA could spend roughly $500 million arming the mujahedin. ●●

1985 Reagan signs NSDD-166 to escalate the Afghan covert war ai_extracted 1 cit. In March 1985 President Reagan signed National Security Decision Directive 166, shifting U.S. policy from merely harassing Soviet forces to driving them out. It authorized satellite intelligence, secure communications, advanced weapons, and CIA unilateral agents for the mujahedin. ●●●

1985 Uhuru graduates from Amherst after St Marys schooling 3 cit. Uhuru was educated at St Marys School in Nairobi and then at Amherst College in Massachusetts, where official Kenyan biographical pages and later profiles describe him as studying political science and economics. The route placed him in the private-school and overseas-university pipeline of Kenya elite families, unlike the mission-to-Makerere path of many earlier independence-era politicians. culture / politics / society ●●●

c. 1985 Uhuru returns to the Kenyatta family business empire 3 cit. After Amherst, Uhuru returned to Kenya and worked in business before his rapid move into national politics. Profiles describe interests around tourism, hotels, commercial farming and the wider Kenyatta family corporate network, later including Brookside Dairy. This matters because his public image always carried two realities at once: a politician seeking mass votes and a scion of one of Kenyas wealthiest families. economy / politics / society ●●●

c. 1986 to 1990 Japanese capital floods world markets ai_extracted 1 cit. From around 1986 until 1990, unprecedented Japanese overseas investment flowed into real estate and corporate takeovers worldwide; in 1987 net long-term foreign investment was almost twice the record current account surplus. ●●●

1986 Japan buys three-quarters of U.S. Treasury auctions ai_extracted 1 cit. At the 1986 peak of portfolio outflows, almost 90 percent of Japanese foreign securities investment went into U.S. Treasury bonds, and Japanese money absorbed 75 percent of all Treasury bonds auctioned that year. ●●●

c. 1986 Banks aggressively expand credit creation ai_extracted 1 cit. From about 1986 Japanese banks aggressively expanded credit creation, with city bank loan growth averaging about 15 percent in the late 1980s while national income grew only half as fast, fueling unproductive speculation. ●●●

December 1986 Window guidance quotas tightened amid land price surge ai_extracted 1 cit. The Nikkei reported in December 1986 that window guidance quotas were tightening and that the BoJ was aware of surging land prices, excess liquidity, and strong bank lending to the real estate sector. ●●

1986 to 1987 BoJ orders banks to expand lending during the bubble ai_extracted 1 cit. According to bank officer testimony, especially in 1986 and 1987 the Bank of Japan used window guidance to push banks to lend more than they wanted, telling them to use larger quotas because of the recession. ●●●

September 1986 to May 1989 Fukui heads the Banking Department during the bubble ai_extracted 1 cit. From September 1986 to May 1989 Toshihiko Fukui headed the Bank of Japan's Banking Department, administering the window guidance credit controls during the bubble years while being groomed as the next 'prince.' ●●●

1986 Mieno warns the Diet about excess money ai_extracted 1 cit. In 1986, as the bubble began under his own window guidance, Deputy Governor Mieno testified to the Diet that he was worried about excess money (kane amari) in the economy, creating what the author calls an alibi. ●●

7 April 1986 Maekawa report submitted to the prime minister ai_extracted 1 cit. After nineteen meetings over five months, Maekawa's advisory group submitted its recommendations on April 7, 1986, calling for a historical transformation of Japan's economic structure toward domestic demand-led growth and deregulation. ●●●●

1986 Gatto's teaching license secretly terminated ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto states that on September 3, 1986 his teaching license of 26 years was secretly terminated while he was on medical leave, beginning a long fight to clear his name. ●●

1986 Contra supply plane shot down over Nicaragua ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A Nicaraguan soldier shot down an American cargo plane ferrying weapons to the contras. The surviving crewman said he worked for the CIA, helping unravel the secret arms network. ●●

1986 Iran-Contra deals exposed ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On U.S. election day, Iran's parliament speaker Rafsanjani revealed that American officials had come to Iran bearing gifts. The disclosure blew open the secret arms-for-hostages dealings. ●●

1986 KGB executes CIA source Tolkachev ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The KGB chairman told Gorbachev that Adolf Tolkachev, the CIA's greatest Soviet source in twenty years, had been executed for treason. He was one of a dozen agents the agency lost to a still-unknown betrayal. ●●

1986 Milton Bearden becomes CIA station chief in Islamabad ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Milton Bearden replaced William Piekney as CIA station chief in Islamabad in July 1986, taking over Afghan operations. ●●

1986 Gorbachev decides on Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On November 13, 1986, Gorbachev told the Soviet Politburo that the Soviet Union must end its military involvement in Afghanistan. He announced the strategic goal to finish the war within one to two years and withdraw all troops. ●●

1986 Bin Laden opens first training camp at Jaji ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Bin Laden established his first training facility at Jaji in 1986. Young Arab jihadists learned to use assault rifles, explosives, and detonators. The camp was modeled on facilities run by Pakistani intelligence across the Afghan border. ●●

1986 CIA Director Bill Casey suffers fatal seizure ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On December 15, 1986, CIA Director Bill Casey suffered a severe seizure at headquarters. A CAT scan revealed a brain mass. He never recovered consciousness and died four months later at age seventy-four. ●●

1986 People Power revolution ousts Marcos ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Filipinos rose up in the People Power revolution against dictator Marcos after opposition leader Benigno Aquino's assassination. The uprising led to a presidential election where Corazon Aquino defeated Marcos, forcing his exile. ●●

1986 Guinness transfers £69 million in share-support scheme ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As in any share-rigging scheme, there was a critical weakness: what would happen to artificially elevated share prices when the secret props were removed? Apparently Roger Seelig feared that friendly parties might suddenly dump up to 20 percent of... ●●

1986 Roger Seelig arrested in Guinness affair ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Now Thatcher began to pressure Nigel Lawson, chancellor of the Exchequer, to draw more blood from the Guinness affair. In an extraordinary intervention, she reportedly told Lawson, “I want Reeves and Walsh out today, not next week or next month, b... ●●

1986 Morgan Stanley partners with Jefferson Smurfit ai_extracted 1 cit. no story With its unerring instinct for profitable activities, Morgan Stanley noted the LBO profits at First Boston and Merrill Lynch. In 1985, it joined with CIGNA Insurance to create a leveraged buyout fund. It struck spectacular deals that made merger p... ●●

1986 Reagan's Statue of Liberty centenary speech ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Ronald Reagan delivered a televised speech before millions on July 4, 1986, for the Statue of Liberty centenary, repeating themes about America's mysterious divine destiny that he had expressed before CPAC in 1974. ●●

1986 Reagan and Gorbachev meet at Reykjavik summit ai_extracted 1 cit. no story This happened most dramatically at Reagan’s 1986 summit meeting with Gorbachev at Reykjavik. ●●

1986 US bombing raid on Libya ai_extracted 1 cit. no story He was explaining that the American bombing attack upon Libya of 14 April 1986 was in retaliation for the Libyan bombing ●●

1986 Al Gore launches a study of computer networks ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Senator Al Gore pushed a study on interconnecting research networks and expanding their bandwidth and access. ●●

c. 1986 Report documents torture in the Nyayo House basement 6 cit. The commission documented how political detainees were tortured in basement cells of Nyayo House in central Nairobi during the Moi era. Survivors described beatings, water-filled cells, and forced confessions used against suspected dissidents. The final report named the torture as part of a deliberate system to silence opposition. politics / society ●●

1986 CIA establishes its Counterterrorist Center ai_extracted 1 cit. On February 1, 1986, the CIA created its Counterterrorist Center at Langley, with Duane Clarridge as first director. It grew from Casey's push for an aggressive response to the Middle East hostage crises but soon shifted toward analysis after the Iran-Contra scandal. ●●

1986 Mujahedin fire the first Stinger missiles, downing Soviet helicopters ai_extracted 1 cit. On September 26, 1986, near Jalalabad, a rebel team led by Engineer Ghaffar fired the CIA's newly supplied Stinger missiles and destroyed three Soviet helicopter gunships. The shoulder-fired heat-seeking weapon soon became the war's most significant battlefield development, forcing Soviet aircraft to fly higher. ●●●

1986 Gorbachev calls Afghanistan a 'bleeding wound' ai_extracted 1 cit. Early in 1986 Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev publicly called the Afghan war a bleeding wound, and by that November he had privately set a goal of withdrawing Soviet troops within one or two years while leaving a friendly, neutral Afghanistan behind. ●●

1987 Record Japanese long-term capital outflows ai_extracted 1 cit. Japanese long-term capital outflows exploded from $65 billion in 1985 to a record $137 billion in 1987, nearly twice the record current account surplus, dominating world capital flows. ●●●

February 1987 to May 1989 Official discount rate held at 2.5 percent ai_extracted 1 cit. The Bank of Japan maintained a low official discount rate of 2.5 percent from February 1987 to May 1989, often cited as the cause of the bubble, though the author argues interest rates had no stable relationship with asset prices. ●●●

February 1987 Executive Board cuts the discount rate to 2.5 percent ai_extracted 1 cit. In February 1987, under Ministry of Finance pressure, the Bank of Japan's Executive Board decided to reduce the official discount rate to the low rate of 2.5 percent. ●●●

July 1987 Fukui defends expanding bank loans in Nikkei interview ai_extracted 1 cit. In July 1987, just after setting off the bubble as head of the Banking Department, Toshihiko Fukui told the Nikkei Financial Daily that the BoJ would not tighten loan quantities, justifying loan expansion by the need for long-term structural adjustment. ●●

May 1987 Second Maekawa report announced ai_extracted 1 cit. An updated Maekawa report, expanded from eleven to forty-one pages, reiterated the first report's goals with detailed concrete changes and a timetable for structural transformation by the year 2000. ●●●

July 1987 Fukui endorses continued monetary easing to implement structural reform ai_extracted 1 cit. In July 1987, shortly after the second Maekawa report, Toshihiko Fukui, head of the department implementing window guidance, said the right central bank policy for structural transformation was to continue monetary easing and expand bank loans. ●●

1987 Window guidance extended to foreign-currency loans ai_extracted 1 cit. From 1987 the Bank of Japan's credit controls were also imposed on non-yen (impact) loans, which previously had only been reported. ●●

December 1987 to 1993 The First Intifada 2 cit. A Palestinian uprising against Israeli rule began in 1987, marked by protests, strikes and stone-throwing met with military force. It reshaped the conflict and helped lead to peace talks. politics / society ●●●

1987 Tania Aebi sets out to sail around the world ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto describes Tania Aebi, a seventeen-year-old New York City school dropout who in 1987 set out to become the first American woman to sail around the world alone. He offers her as an example of self-education outside school. ●●

1987 Gates serves as acting CIA director ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After Casey's collapse, Bob Gates ran the CIA as acting director for five months, but his nomination to the permanent post was doomed. William Webster was chosen instead. ●●

1987 Cuban intelligence officer defects, exposing double agents ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A senior Cuban intelligence officer defected in Vienna and revealed that every Cuban agent the CIA had recruited over twenty years was a double working for Havana. Analysts confirmed it was true. ●●

1987 Gorbachev tells Warsaw Pact he won't invade ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gorbachev privately told the Warsaw Pact that the Soviets would never again invade Eastern Europe to prop up their empire. The CIA did not know it. ●●

1987 ISI teams raid Soviet Central Asia ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In April 1987, three ISI-equipped teams crossed the Amu Darya into Soviet Central Asia. Teams targeted an airfield near Termez in Uzbekistan, set up ambushes along border roads, and hit a factory site with rockets over ten miles inside Soviet territory. ●●

1987 Acting CIA chief Gates meets KGB's Kryuchkov ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On December 4, 1987, Robert Gates, acting CIA director, met with Vladimir Kryuchkov, chief of the Soviet KGB, for an unprecedented dinner at the Maison Blanche restaurant in Washington. Kryuchkov assured Gates the Soviet Union wanted to withdraw from Afghanistan. ●●

1987 CIA begins Eagle drone reconnaissance program ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The CIA began a classified project called Eagle to adapt small kit airplanes manufactured in California to carry cameras for reconnaissance. ●●

1987 Ernest Saunders arrested in Guinness scandal ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Now Thatcher began to pressure Nigel Lawson, chancellor of the Exchequer, to draw more blood from the Guinness affair. In an extraordinary intervention, she reportedly told Lawson, “I want Reeves and Walsh out today, not next week or next month, b... ●●

1987 Black Monday stock market crash ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The merger of industry and finance had made some sense in the Baronial Age and had given some stability to the American economy. Companies were then weak and had difficulty tapping capital markets, especially abroad. Only the banker’s reputation c... ●●

1987 Lethal Weapon released ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Lethal Weapon, featuring Mel Gibson and directed by Shane Black, centered around a massive L.A. drug bust linked to Iran-Contra and featured the Phoenix Program. ●●

1987 Battle of Jaji makes bin Laden's name among Arab jihadists ai_extracted 1 cit. On April 17, 1987, Soviet forces attacked Osama bin Laden's fortified compound at Jaji near the Pakistani border. Bin Laden and about fifty Arab volunteers held out for days, and the fight, chronicled by Arab journalists, launched his public reputation as a warrior and his global media campaign. ●●●

1988 Asymmetric cross-border acquisitions of 1988 ai_extracted 1 cit. In 1988 Japanese companies acquired 315 firms abroad while foreigners bought only 11 firms in Japan, illustrating how cross shareholdings kept corporate Japan closed to foreign investment. ●●

1988 to 1989 Window guidance begins tightening before Mieno's governorship ai_extracted 1 cit. Window guidance was already tightening in 1988 and 1989, well before Mieno officially became governor, while Governor Sumita knew little about the policy reversal. ●●●

June 1988 Third Maekawa report announced ai_extracted 1 cit. A third version of the Maekawa report was announced in June 1988 under the title "The New Economic Plan, The Japan that Lives Together with the World." ●●

1988 Prince Charles visits Steel Valley High ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto recounts Prince Charles's 1988 visit to Steel Valley High in Homestead, Pennsylvania, to discuss converting closed steel mills into arboretums. He uses the scene, near where Braddock fell, as a symbol of elite indifference to a dying industrial community. ●●

1988 Carlucci lectures Soviet generals in Moscow ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Reagan's defense secretary went to Moscow and told Soviet generals to publish their military budget as the Americans did. The exchange showed the Soviets that their system, built on secrecy, could not win. ●●

1988 Gorbachev announces unilateral troop cut at UN ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Days after the CIA declared Soviet defense policy unchanged, Gorbachev stood at the UN and offered to cut 500,000 troops. The agency had judged such a move unthinkable. ●●