Events, Verisoph

November 1992 Bush loses reelection amid economic pessimism ai_extracted 1 cit. In November 1992 George Bush lost his bid for reelection to Clinton, with prevailing pessimism about the U.S. economy considered an important reason. ●●

1992 Maastricht Treaty lays foundations for European monetary union ai_extracted 1 cit. The Maastricht Treaty of 1992 laid the foundations for monetary union in Europe and defined the role of a totally independent European Central Bank, becoming the model for central bank independence worldwide. ●●●●

1992 "One Market, One Money" study published ai_extracted 1 cit. In 1992 the European Commission published its commissioned study "One Market, One Money," which purported to demonstrate that central bank independence leads to low inflation and served as the scientific basis for the Maastricht Treaty. ●●

1992 Japan's decade of fiscal stimulation packages ai_extracted 1 cit. Beginning in 1992, Japan implemented ten fiscal stimulation packages totaling 146 trillion yen, with government spending contributing almost half of economic growth in the 1990s. ●●●

1992 High-powered money contracts despite falling rates ai_extracted 1 cit. Although interest rates had been falling since 1991, the Bank of Japan's supply of high-powered money contracted for most of 1992, leading economist Iwata to warn that the central bank would create a recession unless it expanded the money supply. ●●

1992 Sharp reduction in Japanese credit creation begins ai_extracted 1 cit. The author identifies a sharp reduction in credit creation beginning in 1992, triggered by bad debts in the banking system, as the cause of Japan's recession. ●●●

1992 NAFTA 'initialing' ceremony staged ai_extracted 1 cit. no story An initialing ceremony for NAFTA was staged in October 1992 so President George H.W. Bush could take credit, though Fast Track was not yet in place to actually sign it. ●●

1992 First Rio conference creates Agenda 21 (1992) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The U.N.'s first Rio conference in 1992 produced Agenda 21, the defining document for sustainable development. Wood argues sustainable development is warmed-over Technocracy. ●●

1992 Gates presents post-Cold War threat list ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gates compiled a to-do list for a world without the Soviet Union and gave it to Congress. It named 176 threats, from nuclear weapons to climate change, but none matched the immensity of the old enemy. ●●

1992 U.S. military intervention in Somalia ai_extracted 1 cit. no story President Bush authorized an American military intervention to relieve mass starvation in Somalia. The mission soon mutated into a hunt for a warlord, with the CIA lacking any real intelligence network on the ground. ●●

1992 Black Wednesday and the pound sterling crisis ai_extracted 1 cit. no story George Soros executed a massive currency attack on the British pound, forcing the Bank of England to buy sterling frantically and ultimately driving pound out of exchange mechanism. ●●

1992 Bill Clinton elected president ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Bill Clinton defeated President George H. W. Bush and independent candidate Ross Perot, winning 370 electoral votes with 43 percent of popular vote. ●●

1992 Najibullah agrees to resign in Afghanistan ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Under a United Nations-brokered agreement on April 25, 1992, Afghan President Mohammed Najibullah agreed to resign following the collapse of Soviet support. ●●

1992 Vatican opposes family planning at Rio Earth Summit ai_extracted 1 cit. no story At the 1992 Conference on Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro, the Vatican had exploited suspicion of population control once again to weaken all references to family planning. ●●

1992 FRAPH leader Emmanuel Constant joins CIA payroll ai_extracted 1 cit. no story FRAPH’s leader, Emannuel Constant, went onto the CIA payroll in early 1992 and, according to the Agency, this relation e ●●

1992 Taiwan admits army killed thousands of Taiwanese ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1992, the Taiwan government admitted that its army had killed an estimated 18,000 to 28,000 native-born Taiwanese in ●●

1992 Pat Robertson negotiates diamond deal with Mobutu ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1992, Pat Robertson's African Development Corporation enters into negotiations with Zairean President Mobutu for diamond trade development in Tshikapa ●●

1992 Berman and Lonsdale name moral ethnicity and political tribalism 1 cit. In their study 'Unhappy Valley', Bruce Berman and John Lonsdale drew a distinction between moral ethnicity, the everyday sense of belonging and mutual duty within a community, and political tribalism, the use of ethnic identity by elites as a weapon to grab and hold state power. In their reading tribalism is not ancient hatred but a modern political tool built on colonial foundations. It is an interpretation, attributed to the two historians, and one of the most cited frames in the field. The publication is a documented fact. politics / society ●●

1992 Najibullah falls and Massoud takes Kabul as civil war begins ai_extracted 1 cit. In April 1992 the communist government of Najibullah collapsed. Ahmed Shah Massoud outmaneuvered his rival Gulbuddin Hekmatyar and entered Kabul, but the victory dissolved into a devastating civil war among the mujahedin factions that would wreck the capital. ●●●

c. 1992 FORD forms then fractures ahead of the vote 1 cit. The Forum for the Restoration of Democracy, or FORD, had drawn veteran politicians and younger activists into a broad opposition front. As the election neared it split, mainly into FORD-Asili under Kenneth Matiba and FORD-Kenya under Oginga Odinga, while Mwai Kibaki led a separate party. The division handed the ruling party a decisive advantage. politics ●●

September 1992 Kiliku committee calls the 1992 clashes political 2 cit. The parliamentary select committee chaired by Kennedy Kiliku reported on ethnic clashes in western Kenya and other areas in September 1992. Later summaries of the report say it treated the violence as politically motivated, tied to provincial officials and politicians, and not simply a spontaneous tribal eruption. The report was rejected by the KANU parliament, leaving the same pattern of violence, denial and impunity to recur. politics / society / war ●●●

29 December 1992 Kibaki loses the 1992 presidential election 1 cit. Kibaki ran as the Democratic Party presidential candidate in the 1992 general election and came third behind Moi and Kenneth Matiba. Official biographical accounts give him a little over one million votes, about 19.5 percent. The result made the cost of opposition fragmentation visible. politics ●●●●

1993 Mieno links the recession to structural transformation ai_extracted 1 cit. In 1993, with the recession underway, Governor Mieno said the downturn was making everyone conscious of the need to implement the transformation envisaged by the Maekawa report. ●●

1993 Telecommunications sector deregulated ai_extracted 1 cit. In 1993 Japan deregulated its telecommunications sector, creating a boom in mobile phones and a dramatic rise in information services employment. ●●

1993 Hosokawa administration reforms the electoral system ai_extracted 1 cit. The 1993 Hosokawa administration changed Japan's electoral system, shifting political power away from over-weighted rural constituencies toward city voters. ●●●

1993 Rice market forced open ai_extracted 1 cit. In 1993 Japan's rice market was opened to imports after the government reduced official rice stocks to a postwar record low, letting bad weather create a shortage that swung public opinion toward liberalization. ●●

1993 Thailand deregulates capital account and creates the BIBF ai_extracted 1 cit. In 1993 Thailand aggressively deregulated its capital account and established the Bangkok International Banking Facility, allowing Thai corporations and banks to borrow from abroad for the first time in the postwar era; Korea and Indonesia adopted similar policies around the same time. ●●●

1993 to 1996 Surge of private capital inflows into Asia ai_extracted 1 cit. After capital account deregulation and central bank incentives, net private capital inflows into Asia surged from 54.3 billion dollars in 1993 to 98.3 billion dollars in 1996, largely as short-term foreign borrowing. ●●

1993 Japan's 1993 rice crisis ai_extracted 1 cit. After the government ran down its rice stockpiles to 194,000 tons by 1993, a bad harvest that year produced a widely covered rice crisis, allowing emergency imports of foreign rice and weakening domestic rice farmers. ●●

1993 Official Agenda 21 book published ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The official 300-page, 40-chapter Agenda 21 book was published on April 23, 1993. Wood says it drew little attention in the U.S. ●●

1993 Reinventing Government book published ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The book Reinventing Government by Osborne and Gaebler was published on February 1, 1993. Wood says its authors were technocrats and it inspired Clinton's National Performance Review. ●●

1993 United Religions Initiative founded ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The United Religions Initiative was founded in 1993 by Episcopal Bishop William Swing as an interfaith organization. Wood links it to sustainable development and the global elite. ●●

1993 National Adult Literacy Survey ranks American adults ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto reports the 1993 National Adult Literacy Survey, which sorted American adults into five reading levels and found tens of millions unable to read functionally. ●●

1993 Atlantic Monthly on the psychologization of schooling, 1993 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto quotes an April 1993 Atlantic Monthly article describing how schools were turning to therapeutic remediation and psychological services. ●●

1993 Shooting at CIA headquarters gate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A Pakistani gunman opened fire on cars waiting at the entrance to CIA headquarters, killing two officers and wounding three. It was an early sign of terrorism reaching American soil. ●●

1993 First World Trade Center bombing ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A bomb exploded in the parking garage beneath the World Trade Center, killing six and injuring more than a thousand. The plot traced back to a blind Egyptian sheik whom the CIA had helped admit to the United States. ●●

1993 Plot to assassinate former President Bush ai_extracted 1 cit. no story During a visit to Kuwait, the secret police arrested seventeen men accused of plotting to kill George H. W. Bush with a car bomb. The CIA concluded Saddam Hussein was behind the attempt. ●●

1993 Wendy Gramm votes to deregulate commodity futures ai_extracted 1 cit. no story CFTC Chair Wendy Gramm voted to exclude commodity contracts from regulatory oversight, enabling derivatives deregulation and company like Enron to avoid disclosures. ●●

1993 Wendy Gramm resigns CFTC and joins Enron board ai_extracted 1 cit. no story CFTC Chair Wendy Gramm resigned after Clinton took office and joined Enron's board within weeks, exemplifying revolving door between regulators and industry. ●●

1993 Robert Rubin appointed to National Economic Council ai_extracted 1 cit. no story President Clinton appointed Goldman Sachs co-chairman Robert Rubin as assistant for economic policy and head of newly created National Economic Council. ●●

1993 Congress apologizes for the 1893 Hawaii overthrow ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Congress passed a resolution in 1993 apologizing to Native Hawaiians for the 1893 overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom. The resolution, signed by President Clinton, acknowledged the loss of Hawaiian sovereignty and self-determination rights. ●●

1993 Communists and Nationalists gain in Russian election ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In the Russian parliamentary election of December 1993, the Communist and Nationalist Parties together achieved nearly 50 percent of the vote. ●●

1993 Clinton proposes a Pacific Community at APEC ai_extracted 1 cit. no story There has been a surge of American interest in Asia as symbolized by the proposal for a Pacific Community made by Clinton at a meeting with the Asian heads of government in 1993. ●●

1993 First World Trade Center bombing ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Al-Qaeda’s ambitious campaign began with attacks on American and allied facilities in the Middle East and Africa. A 1993 attack on the World Trade Center displayed the organization’s global ambitions. On September 11, 2001, the offensive reached its ●●

1993 Bennett presents quantum teleportation publicly ai_extracted 1 cit. no story y entangled (“verschränkt,” as Schrödinger said). Bennett put entanglement to work in quantum teleportation, presented publicly for the first time in 1993. ●●

1993 Institutions strip Hubertus Strughold of honors ai_extracted 1 cit. no story State University. When Jewish and Holocaust-survivor groups, led by the Anti-Defamation League, discovered the honors extended to Strughold, they objected. Ohio State University removed its mural in 1993. The U.S. Air Force changed its library’s name in 1995.25 In 2003, the state of New Mexico still ●●

1993 US bombs Iraq over Bush assassination plot ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Government Assassination Plots On June 26, 1993, the United States carried out a bombing attack on Iraq in retal- iation ●●

1993 AOL opens its members to the Internet ai_extracted 1 cit. no story AOL opened a portal in September 1993 giving members access to Internet newsgroups, triggering the 'Eternal September.' ●●

1993 Congress passes the National Information Infrastructure Act ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After becoming vice president, Gore pushed legislation that opened the Internet to commercial and public use. ●●

1993 Andreessen announces the Mosaic browser ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Marc Andreessen posted the announcement of Mosaic on the www-talk Internet newsgroup. ●●

1993 Mir Amal Kasi shoots CIA employees outside Langley ai_extracted 1 cit. On January 25, 1993, Pakistani Mir Amal Kasi opened fire on CIA employees waiting at the entrance to the agency's Langley headquarters, killing two and wounding three, then fled to Pakistan. The CIA devoted much of its remaining Afghan network to hunting him. ●●

1993 Ramzi Yousef bombs the World Trade Center ai_extracted 1 cit. On February 26, 1993, Ramzi Yousef, trained in Afghan jihadist camps, detonated a truck bomb beneath the World Trade Center, killing six and injuring about a thousand. His network of "ad hoc" mobile jihadists marked, to CIA analysts, a new kind of stateless terrorism. ●●●

1994 to 1995 Credit creation turns negative and nominal GDP shrinks ai_extracted 1 cit. Bank credit creation turned negative in late 1994, producing negative nominal GDP growth in early 1995, the first such contraction in postwar history and the first since 1931. ●●●

1994 to March 1995 Record foreign exchange intervention to weaken the yen ai_extracted 1 cit. In late 1994 MoF turned to exchange rate policy, ordering the BoJ to buy dollars: $7 billion in the second half of 1994 and $19 billion in February and March 1995, lifting Japan's reserves to a world-leading $131 billion. ●●●

December 1994 Matsushita appointed governor with Fukui as deputy ai_extracted 1 cit. In December 1994 MoF alumnus Yasuo Matsushita succeeded Mieno as Bank of Japan governor, with BoJ insider Toshihiko Fukui as deputy governor; the author reports Matsushita was shielded from decisions on credit creation. ●●

1994 Mieno retires and lobbies for a new Bank of Japan Law ai_extracted 1 cit. After retiring in 1994, former governor Mieno devoted much of his public life to lobbying in speeches and meetings for a change in the Bank of Japan Law. ●●

1994 Uruguay Round Agreements Act creates the WTO ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Clinton used Fast Track to submit the Uruguay Round Agreements Act, passed by the Senate on December 1, 1994. It provided for creation of the World Trade Organization. ●●

1994 NAFTA becomes law ai_extracted 1 cit. no story NAFTA became law on January 1, 1994 after passing the House 234-200 and the Senate 61-38 under Fast Track procedures. ●●

1994 Strong and Gorbachev create the Earth Charter ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1994 Maurice Strong and Mikhail Gorbachev created the Earth Charter, which Wood says many viewed as a prototype constitution for the New World Order. ●●

1994 Rubin rescues Mexico in the peso crisis ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Ahamed compares the 1928 halt in U.S. capital to Europe with the 1994 Mexican peso crisis. Unlike Germany in 1929, Mexico had a savior: Treasury Secretary Robert Rubin arranged a $50 billion emergency credit to forestall default. ●●

1994 White House ignores Rwanda genocide warning ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The White House brushed aside a CIA study warning that half a million people might die in Rwanda. The conflict exploded into one of the great man-made disasters of the century. ●●

1994 Aldrich Ames arrested for spying ai_extracted 1 cit. no story FBI agents arrested CIA counterintelligence officer Aldrich Ames, who had spied for the Soviets for nearly nine years. His betrayal had exposed and killed America's spies inside the Soviet Union. ●●

1994 Germany recognizes the Oder-Neisse border with Poland ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The reunited Germany formally recognized the Oder-Neisse border with Poland in the mid-1990s, removing Poland's main reservation regarding closer relations with Germany. ●●

1994 Clinton offers new NATO vision at 1994 summit ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Going back to Wilson’s historical objection to alliances—because they were based on the expectation of confrontation—President Clinton has used the occasion of a NATO summit in January 1994 to offer an alternative vision. ●●

1994 Iron Man cartoon depicts Twin Towers attack ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The 1994 Iron Man cartoon episode titled The Grim Reaper Wears a Teflon Coat featured a simulated attack on the Twin Towers and Pentagon. ●●

1994 China's 1994 tax reform reshapes local finance ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The 1994 tax reform took away many of those revenues and forced local governments into a different type of fiscal discipline that encouraged them to promote a more market-friendly form of industrial development. ●●

1994 Population control displaced at 1994 UN conference ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A new consensus, the fruit of long struggle, would finally displace population control at the last United Nations popu- lation conference in 1994. ●●

1994 Justin Hall launches an early personal website ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Swarthmore freshman Justin Hall put up an early personal home page, an ancestor of blogging. ●●

1994 Stanford students name their web guide Yahoo! ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Two Stanford graduate students renamed their web guide 'Yahoo!' by the end of 1994. ●●

1994 Taliban emerge in Kandahar under Mullah Omar ai_extracted 1 cit. The Taliban first surfaced as a small vigilante militia near Kandahar in the spring and summer of 1994, funded by about $250,000 from local businessmen and led by the one-eyed cleric Mullah Mohammed Omar. They promised to disarm the predatory warlords who had made the roads lawless. ●●●

1994 Taliban seize the city of Kandahar ai_extracted 1 cit. In November 1994, aided by a captured ISI weapons dump at Spin Boldak, the Taliban took the entire city of Kandahar in about a day. Mullah Omar occupied the governor's headquarters and the movement soon controlled the airport, tanks, and MiG fighters. ●●●

c. 1994 Displaced families are blocked from returning after the 1990s clashes 2 cit. After the first multiparty election cycle, many families driven from Rift Valley and western Kenya could not safely return to farms and homes. Human Rights Watch documented repeated attacks on returnees, security-operation zones around places such as Burnt Forest, Molo and Londiani, and state harassment of displaced people and relief workers. The point is structural: election violence changed settlement patterns and then made return dangerous. politics / society / war ●●●

March 1995 Yen hits postwar high of 79.75 ai_extracted 2 cit. In March 1995 the Bank of Japan oversterilized the Ministry of Finance's record foreign exchange intervention, sending the yen to its postwar high of 79.75 per dollar and dealing a severe blow to the economy. ●●●

1995 Yen surges to around 80 per dollar ai_extracted 1 cit. By mid-1995 the yen had risen to around 80 to the dollar, its peak coming in April 1995, squeezing exporters as Japan's recession dragged on. ●●●

19 April 1995 Yen hits historic high of 79.75 per dollar ai_extracted 1 cit. Despite unprecedented intervention, the yen rose 20 percent from January to April 1995 and hit a historic high of 79.75 to the dollar on April 19, 1995, which the author attributes to the BoJ's sharp reduction of credit creation. ●●●

1995 Unemployment reaches a postwar high ai_extracted 1 cit. In the first quarter of 1995 Japanese unemployment reached a postwar high, with the actual number of jobless probably topping five million by early 1996 and recession-related suicides also at a postwar high. ●●●

1995 Japan's overseas production exceeds exports ai_extracted 1 cit. In financial year 1995, for the first time, Japan produced more abroad than it exported from its own shores, reflecting the mass relocation of factories driven by the strong yen. ●●

April 1995 Far-reaching deregulation package announced ai_extracted 1 cit. In April 1995, after the yen's historic high of 80 to the dollar and amid economic slump, reformers broke bureaucratic resistance and a deregulation package of one thousand items was announced, followed later that year by a Deregulation White Paper. ●●●

1995 Product liability law favors consumers ai_extracted 1 cit. Japan's 1995 product liability law explicitly favored consumers for the first time, placing the burden of proof on manufacturers in disputes. ●●

1995 to September 1998 First Japanese bond bubble ai_extracted 1 cit. Japan's first bond bubble began in early 1995 with benchmark yields at 4.7 percent and lasted until September 1998, by which time yields had fallen four hundred basis points to 0.7 percent, giving large banks significant capital gains. ●●

1995 Global Biodiversity Assessment published ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The 1,140-page Global Biodiversity Assessment was published by the U.N. Environment Programme in 1995, expanding on Agenda 21. ●●

1995 Judith Hanna proposes a single carbon currency ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1995 Judith Hanna published "Toward a Single Carbon Currency" in New Scientist, proposing a global annual fossil-fuel quota shared equally among adults. Wood cites it as an early modern call for a carbon-based currency echoing 1930s Technocracy. ●●

1995 Gatto cites 1995 terrorism death figures ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto cites U.S. State Department figures that 1995 saw about 300 terrorist murders worldwide, contrasting this with 400,000 U.S. smoking deaths to argue fears of terrorism are exaggerated. ●●

1995 Benson, Vermont rejects its school budget twelve times ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto reports that in 1995 the town of Benson, Vermont voted down its proposed school budget for the twelfth time, setting a record. He reads the revolt as taxpayers rejecting a system they no longer saw as their own. ●●

1995 Sarin gas attack on Tokyo subway ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A religious cult released sarin gas in the Tokyo subway, killing twelve and injuring thousands. It signaled terrorism's shift from nation-states to self-anointed groups. ●●

1995 Srebrenica massacre missed by CIA ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A spy satellite photographed Serb gunmen guarding prisoners outside Srebrenica, but no one at the CIA looked at the image for three weeks. Eight thousand people were killed in the worst mass murder in Europe since the Nazi death camps. ●●

1995 CIA deploys Predator drones to Bosnia ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The CIA deployed unmanned Predator reconnaissance drones secretly to Bosnia in 1995. ●●

1995 Yeltsin issues official CIS policy document ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In September 1995, President Yeltsin issued an official document on Russian policy toward the CIS that established Russia's imperial restoration goals and determination to maintain dominance. ●●

1995 Lewa Downs ranch becomes the Lewa Wildlife Conservancy 3 cit. The Craig family converts the whole of Lewa Downs, a former colonial cattle ranch of roughly 62,000 acres, into the not-for-profit Lewa Wildlife Conservancy. Lewa becomes a flagship of the model in which a settler-era ranch is reworked as a wildlife and tourism enterprise. It records strong rhino and elephant numbers and funds schools and clinics in nearby communities. economy / environment ●●●

1995 Taliban capture Herat and turn toward Kabul ai_extracted 1 cit. When Herat fell to the Taliban in September 1995, the movement controlled all of southern Afghanistan. Backed by Pakistani intelligence, weapons, and volunteers from border madrassas, Mullah Omar's militia then announced its intention to march on Kabul. ●●

1995 Riyadh bombing by bin Laden-inspired Afghan veterans ai_extracted 1 cit. In November 1995 a bombing in Riyadh, carried out by Afghan-war veterans inspired by bin Laden, caught Saudi intelligence by surprise. Prince Turki's service had been focused almost entirely on Iranian and Shiite threats, leaving the Sunni jihadist danger underestimated. ●●

c. 1995 The cut-flower boom around Lake Naivasha 6 cit. From the 1990s Kenya became one of the world's largest exporters of cut flowers, most grown around Lake Naivasha and flown to European markets. Horticulture joined tea and coffee as a top foreign-exchange earner. It extended, rather than changed, the pattern of exporting fresh raw produce and importing finished goods. diplomacy / economy ●●

1996 Brief recovery of 1996 ai_extracted 1 cit. Unexpectedly, the Japanese economy staged a sudden recovery in 1996, growing around 4 percent, but the upturn was not sustained and the economy slumped again in 1997 and 1998. ●●

1996 Big Bang financial deregulation conceded ai_extracted 1 cit. By late 1996 the Ministry of Finance had lost the battle over regulation policy and had to concede full-blown deregulation of the financial sector, known as the Big Bang, which abolished the license system. ●●●

19 July 1996 Landmark EMEAP governors meeting in Tokyo ai_extracted 1 cit. On July 19, 1996, the Bank of Japan hosted a landmark meeting of all EMEAP governors in Tokyo, after which cooperation tightened to include annual governor-level meetings and working groups, with the Bank of Japan as temporary secretariat. ●●

1996 Greenspan's irrational exuberance speech ai_extracted 1 cit. In 1996 Fed chairman Alan Greenspan gave his famous speech on irrational exuberance, publicly suggesting he wanted to slow the economy even as the Fed kept increasing credit creation. ●●

31 May 1996 Tokyo High Court rules against bid-rigging ai_extracted 1 cit. On May 31, 1996 the Tokyo High Court issued a landmark decision against bid-rigging in electrical equipment installation work ordered by the Japan Sewage Works Agency. ●●

18 August 1996 Gary Webb publishes Dark Alliance 1 cit. no story Journalist Gary Webb's San Jose Mercury News series links the CIA-backed Nicaraguan Contras' fundraising to the crack cocaine trade in Los Angeles. Attacked by major papers and largely retracted by his editor, aspects were partly vindicated by a 1998 CIA Inspector General report acknowledging contra-drug connections. politics / society ●●●●

1996 Pastor's Panama ambassadorship blocked by Helms ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1996 Bill Clinton nominated Robert Pastor as Ambassador to Panama, but Senator Jesse Helms blocked the confirmation over Pastor's role in the 1976 Panama Canal giveaway. ●●

1996 AFT lawyer calls parents 'inconsequential conduits' ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto recounts that on June 24, 1996, in a Franklin County, Ohio court, an attorney for the American Federation of Teachers opposing a parent-choice initiative called parents 'inconsequential conduits.' He uses it to show school interests' contempt for parents. ●●