Events, Verisoph

1940 Dunkirk evacuation ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Between May 28 and June 4, 1940, the British Expeditionary Force evacuated 337,131 men from the beaches at Dunkerque under constant air attack, using 887 vessels of all kinds. Hitler had ordered no intensive ground assault on the perimeter. ●●

1940 King Leopold surrenders the Belgian army ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On May 27, 1940, King Leopold made an unconditional surrender of Belgian forces to the Germans, over his government's objections and without ensuring the Allied command was informed. The British at once began evacuating through Dunkerque. ●●

1940 Franco-German armistice at Compiegne ai_extracted 1 cit. no story France's armistice with Germany was negotiated in the same railway carriage at Compiegne where Germany had surrendered in 1918 and took effect on June 25, 1940. Hitler, expecting Britain to make peace, gave France surprisingly lenient terms. ●●

1940 Petain replaces Reynaud, seeks armistice ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Unable to win Cabinet agreement to keep fighting from overseas, Reynaud resigned on June 16, 1940 and was replaced by Marshal Petain. Surrounded by defeatists, Petain immediately asked Germany for an armistice. ●●

1940 Turning point of the Battle of Britain ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The turning point of the Battle of Britain came on September 15, 1940, when 56 German invading planes were shot down. Germany's failure to win air superiority forced the postponement and then cancellation of the invasion of Britain. ●●

1940 Germany, Italy, and Japan sign the Tripartite Pact ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The three Axis powers signed a military alliance on September 27, 1940, pledging mutual aid if one was attacked by a power not already in the war. The pact was aimed chiefly at deterring the United States from intervening. ●●

1940 Soviet Union demands Bessarabia from Romania ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On June 26, 1940, the Soviet Union gave Romania twenty-four hours to cede Bessarabia and northern Bukovina. Germany, which had a stake in Romanian oil, objected only to the demand for Bukovina. ●●

1940 Iron Guard government under Antonescu takes power ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On September 5, 1940, an Iron Guard government under Ion Antonescu took office in Bucharest after the territorial losses of that summer destroyed Romanian moderates. Its first act was to depose King Carol and replace him with his son Michael. ●●

1940 British air attack on the Italian fleet at Taranto ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On November 11, 1940, twenty-one British planes made a torpedo attack on the Italian fleet in Taranto harbor, sinking three of six battleships for the loss of two planes and one pilot. It was an early demonstration of carrier air power against battleships. ●●

1940 Italy attacks Greece from Albania ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Mussolini launched an attack on Greece from Albania on October 28, 1940, against the unanimous advice of his generals. It was stopped within three weeks and a Greek counterattack drove deep into Albania. ●●

1940 Wavell attacks Graziani in Egypt ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On December 7, 1940, General Archibald Wavell attacked Graziani's much larger Italian force in Egypt with 31,000 men and 225 tanks. In two months he captured 130,000 Italians and advanced 600 miles for the loss of only 500 killed. ●●

1940 Destroyers-for-bases deal with Britain ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In September 1940 Roosevelt, by executive action, gave Britain fifty old World War I destroyers in exchange for ninety-nine-year leases on naval and air bases from Newfoundland to Trinidad. He also proclaimed a limited National Emergency. ●●

1940 Selective Service Act of 1940 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In September 1940 Congress passed the Selective Service Act to build up the armed forces by compulsion, providing one year of training for 900,000 men. The men were not to be used outside the Western Hemisphere. ●●

1940 Japan sets up a puppet government at Nanking ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In March 1940 Japan installed a puppet Chinese government at Nanking. Its lack of real power convinced no one, as the interior of China remained loyal to Chiang Kai-shek's government at Chungking. ●●

1940 City bombing begins by accident over London ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The bombing of cities began when lost German planes dumped their loads on London on August 24, 1940, contrary to orders. The RAF retaliated on Berlin the next night, and Goering announced deliberate city bombardment soon after. ●●

1940 National Defense Research Committee created ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As France fell in 1940, Vannevar Bush persuaded Roosevelt to create the National Defense Research Committee, which he chaired, linking science to the U.S. war effort. ●●

1940 Sengier ships Congo uranium ore to New York ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After the fall of France, Edgar Sengier of Union Miniere shipped 1,250 tons of high-grade Katanga uranium ore to New York, where it sat unwanted for over two years. ●●

1940 Amery's "In the name of God, go!" and Chamberlain's fall ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In the bitter Commons debate of 8 May 1940 Amery flung Cromwell's words at the government benches. The split vote led to Chamberlain's replacement by Churchill and Amery's return to office. ●●

1940 Halifax sent to Washington after Lothian's death ai_extracted 1 cit. no story When Lothian died in December 1940 the Washington embassy was judged so important that Halifax was moved there from the Foreign Office while keeping his War Cabinet seat. ●●

1940 Walter Lippmann indicts modern education, 1940 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto quotes Walter Lippmann, who in a December 1940 address to the science association argued that modern education had stripped away the Western cultural tradition and was destroying Western civilization. ●●

1940 NKVD deports tens of thousands of Balts to Siberia ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Other examples include the NKVD’s forced deportation of some 35,000 to 50,000 “suspect” Latvians, Lithuanians, and Estonians to Siberian exile in 1940 and 1941, which has remained a rigidly enforced secret inside the USSR ever since. ●●

1940 Their strategy was congruent in candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Their strategy was congruent in many important respects with that of Nazi “philosopher” Alfred Rosenberg, and Intermarium leaders established a close working relationship with the Rosenberg ministry at least as early as 1940. ●●

1940 Rentschler becomes National City Bank chairman ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gordon Rentschler became chairman of National City Bank after James Perkins died in July 1940. Rentschler coordinated war bond distribution and aligned the bank with FDR's war financing strategy. ●●

1940 FDR reelected to a third term ai_extracted 2 cit. no story Franklin D. Roosevelt won the presidency for the third time on November 5, 1940, though with lower popular and electoral percentages than his prior election. This gave him continued power to lead America into its wartime mobilization. ●●

1940 Burgess Urges Debt Limit Restraint on Government Securities rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In July 1940, W. Randolph Burgess, vice chairman of National City Bank, advised Treasury Secretary Morgenthau about risks to the government securities market. He expressed concern that rapid debt increases could harm financial stability. ●●

1940 Glass-Steagall Act Severs National City from Morgan Dominance rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story National City Bank and Chase backed the Glass-Steagall Act, separating from Morgan's dominance. This allowed them to compete more aggressively for war business during WWII. ●●

1940 Rentschler Leads National City Bank as War Finance Accelerates rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gordon Rentschler became chairman of National City Bank in July 1940 after James Perkins' death. He coordinated massive war bond distribution and aligned the bank with FDR's military financing. ●●

1940 Burgess Warns Morgenthau of Government Securities Risks rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story W. Randolph Burgess, vice chairman of National City Bank, cautioned Treasury Secretary Morgenthau in July 1940 about market risks from excessive government debt. He urged restraint to prevent security market destabilization. ●●

1940 Lamont Expresses Banker Support for British Aid rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Morgan partner Thomas Lamont phoned President FDR on December 18, 1940, expressing banker enthusiasm for unlimited material support to Britain. This reflected Wall Street alignment with administration foreign policy. ●●

1940 As members of a private bank before 1940, Morgan partners had a pro... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Although I didn’t realize it at first, this was a propitious time in which to write a history of the House of Morgan, perhaps the first time anyone could do it justice. Secrecy has always been a Morgan fetish, and almost all earli... ●●

1940 France signs armistice with Nazi Germany ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On June 22, 1940, French Premier Marshal Petain submitted to the Nazi blitzkrieg and signed an armistice, leaving Britain to fight alone. ●●

1940 J. P. Morgan becomes a public corporation ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In February 1940, J. P. Morgan and Company announced its transformation from a private partnership to a publicly traded corporation. ●●

1940 CHAPTER 34––Surreal Saviors During his new life in New York (1940) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story He was cast in a pundit’s role by a Wall Street famished for educated guesses about German war strategy. In early April 1940, Thomas W. Lamont, senior... ●●

1940 Ingrid’s apartment overlooked the garden of the Museum of Mo... (1940) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The ERC was often flying blind in tracking down threatened artists and intellectuals amid the alarums of war. In July 1940, the group decided on a dar... ●●

1940 The Warburgs of Hamburg were spared the ghastly world of the... (1940) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Possibly from proud memories of the old rivalry, these Altona Warburgs never appealed to the Hamburg Warburgs, so far as one can tell. On May 8, 1940,... ●●

1940 Like many sons of strong (1940) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story They also had their own little girl with the charming name of Lux. On May 10, 1940, the Germans jolted their fairy-tale realm of Eerde. As Josi recall... ●●

1940 CHAPTER 38––The Upstart On April 18 (1940) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In German propaganda broadcasts, William Joyce—dubbed “Lord Haw-Haw” from his sneering tone—had denounced German-Jewish perpetrators behind the operat... ●●

1940 Hitler-Stalin secret negotiations on excluding America from Eurasia candidate ai_extracted 2 cit. no story Adolf Hitler and Joseph Stalin agreed in secret negotiations in November 1940 that America should be excluded from Eurasia. Both aspirants to global power recognized that American power injected into Eurasia would preclude their ambitions regarding global domination. ●●

1940 He would be naturalized as a British citizen in February 1940, but until then he rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story He would be naturalized as a British citizen in February 1940, but until then he was technically an enemy alien. ●●

1940 Auer delivers first ton of uranium oxide to War Office ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Auer, the thorium specialists, purveyors of gas mantles and radioactive toothpaste, delivered the first ton of pure uranium oxide processed from Joachimsthal ores to the War Office in January 1940. ●●

1940 Soviet physicists report spontaneous fission of uranium ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Two associates of Soviet physicist Igor Kurchatov reported to the Physical Review in June 1940 that they had observed rare spontaneous fissioning in uranium. ●●

1940 “We are aware that a catastrophe might come any day,” he wrote in the midst of P rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “We are aware that a catastrophe might come any day,” he wrote in the midst of Poland’s agony.1287 Catastrophe for Denmark waited until April 1940 and came then with brutal efficiency. ●●

1940 I had assumed that once we had demonstrated that in the fission of uranium neutr rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story I had assumed that once we had demonstrated that in the fission of uranium neutrons are emitted, there would be no difficulty in getting people interested; but I was wrong.”1299 The Uranium Committee’s November 1 report had in fact been languishing in Roosevelt’s files; Watson finally decided on his own in early February 1940 to bring it up again.1300 He asked Lyman Briggs if he had anything to add. ●●

1940 Using their numbers, Edward Teller in one of the many calculations he made durin rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Using their numbers, Edward Teller in one of the many calculations he made during this period arrived at a critical mass in excess of thirty tons, the same order of magnitude as Perrin and Peierls had calculated before him.1316 With only slightly more pessimistic assumptions Roberts concluded that “the cross-section for capture [in natural uranium] is sufficiently large that it now seems impossible for a fast-neutron chain reaction to occur, even in an infinitely large block of pure uranium.”1317 By the spring of 1940 experiments at Columbia and the DTM had thus ruled out both slow- and significant fast-neutron fission in U238 and ruled in slow-neutron fission in U235. ●●

1940 “In the spring of 1940 it was announced that President Roosevelt would speak to rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “In the spring of 1940 it was announced that President Roosevelt would speak to a Pan American Scientific Congress in Washington, and as one of the professors of George Washington University I was invited. ●●

1940 I did not intend to go candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story I did not intend to go.”1320 The other event of that crucial day, May 10, 1940, reversed his intention: the phony war abruptly ended. ●●

1940 By mid-November 13,700 tons of high explosives had fallen and 12,600 tons of inc rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By mid-November 13,700 tons of high explosives had fallen and 12,600 tons of incendiary canisters, an average of 201 tons per night; for the entire Blitz, September to May, the total tonnage reached 18,800—18.8 kilotons by modern measure, spread across nine months.1353 London civilian deaths in 1940 and 1941 totaled 20,083, civilian deaths elsewhere in Britain 23,602, for a total death by Blitz in the second and third year of the war (about which the United States was still officially neutral) of 43,685.1354 After that the bombing went the other way. ●●

1940 Auer orders sixty tons of uranium oxide from Belgium ai_extracted 2 cit. no story In June 1940, about the time Simon was hammering out his kitchen strainer, Auer ordered sixty tons of refined uranium oxide from the Union Miniére in occupied Belgium.1357 Paul Harteck in Hamburg tried that month to measure neutron multiplication in an ingenious arrangement of uranium oxide and dry ice—frozen carbon dioxide, a source of carbon free from any impurity other than oxygen—but was unable to convince Heisenberg to lend him enough uranium to guarantee unambiguous results. ●●

1940 “As time went on and the fission process became better understood, I found it in rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “As time went on and the fission process became better understood, I found it increasingly difficult to believe that one fission product should behave in a way so different from the rest, and early in 1940 I returned to the problem.”1377 The 60-inch cyclotron, with a massive rectangular-framed magnet spacious enough to shelter Lawrence’s entire crew between its poles for a photograph—twenty-seven men, two rows seated on the lower jaw of the beast, Lawrence prominent at center, and a third row standing inside its maw—was up and running by then; McMillan used it to study the 2.3-day activity in more detail. ●●

1940 Tizard Mission brings British secrets to America ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Churchill had sent over Henry Tizard in the late summer of 1940 with a delegation of experts and a black-enameled metal steamer trunk, the original black box, full of military secrets. ●●

1940 He convinced McMillan: “I left Berkeley in November 1940 to take part in the dev rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story He convinced McMillan: “I left Berkeley in November 1940 to take part in the development of radar for national defense.”1384 Lawrence’s and McMillan’s priorities are a measure of the priorities of American science in late 1940. ●●

1940 In 1940 Lawrence had recruited a Harvard experimentalist named Kenneth Bainbridg rejected ai_extracted 2 cit. no story In 1940 Lawrence had recruited a Harvard experimentalist named Kenneth Bainbridge, by trade a nuclear physicist—Bainbridge built the Harvard cyclotron—to work on radar at MIT. ●●

1940 They had chosen gaseous diffusion at dinner one evening in 1940 on their way hom rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story They had chosen gaseous diffusion at dinner one evening in 1940 on their way home from a trip to Schenectady by systematically ruling out other methods as unsuitable for large-scale production, much as Peierls and Simon had done.1483 They were interested in nuclear power, Booth remembers, not bomb-making. ●●

1940 Dunning and Urey appraise gaseous diffusion ai_extracted 1 cit. no story If a chain reaction became possible with normal uranium, a smaller and probably cheaper power plant could be made with enriched uranium.”1484 Dunning and Urey produced a joint appraisal of the gaseous-diffusion process in November 1940. ●●

1940 Szilard joins Columbia under NDRC contract ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Szilard had finally gone on the Columbia payroll on November 1, 1940, when the $40,000 National Defense Research Committee contract came through for physical-constant measurements. ●●

1940 On the recommendation of Theodor von Kármán, whom he consulted at Caltech, he an rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On the recommendation of Theodor von Kármán, whom he consulted at Caltech, he and Edward Teller in 1940 extended and clarified shock-wave theory. ●●

1940 Rich Congo pitchblende shipped to the United States ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Nichols told him about a recent and fortuitous discovery: some 1,250 tons of extraordinarily rich pitchblende—it was 65 percent uranium oxide—that the Union Minière had shipped to the United States in 1940 from its Shinkolobwe mine in the Belgian Congo to remove it beyond German reach. ●●

1940 In July 1940, in the desperate time after the debacle of Dunkirk and at the begi rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In July 1940, in the desperate time after the debacle of Dunkirk and at the beginning of the Battle of Britain, Churchill had written his Minister of Aircraft Production to that effect: “But when I look round to see how we can win the war I see that there is only one sure path . ●●

1940 There were still occasional flashes of intuition, ... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story There were still occasional flashes of intuition, as in his design of the campaign against France in 1940 and in his refusal to permit a retreat in fr ●●

1940 April 1940, on the eve of the Nazi invasion of Nor... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In April 1940, on the eve of the Nazi invasion of Norway, he told a secret briefing: Up to now we have succeeded ●●

1940 Franz Simon, now officially working for the MAUD Committee, produced a report nearly as crucial to t rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Franz Simon, now officially working for the MAUD Committee, produced a report nearly as crucial to the future of uranium-bomb development as the original Frisch-Peierls memoranda had been. ●●

1940 But Leo Szilard at least was not yet done with protest. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story But Leo Szilard at least was not yet done with protest. ●●

1940 that they had observed rare spontaneous fissioning in uranium. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story that they had observed rare spontaneous fissioning in uranium. ●●

1940 it was already clear to two intelligent observers that nuclear weapons would be weapons of mass dest rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story it was already clear to two intelligent observers that nuclear weapons would be weapons of mass destruction against which the only apparent defense would be the deterrent effect of mutual possession. ●●

1940 to begin sorting out its chemistry—although he was a physicist by graduate training, he had earned h rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story to begin sorting out its chemistry—although he was a physicist by graduate training, he had earned his B. ●●

1940 the same day Louis Turner sent Szilard his transuranic theories: anticipation and discovery can cut rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story the same day Louis Turner sent Szilard his transuranic theories: anticipation and discovery can cut that close in science. ●●

1940 while visiting Berkeley to deliver a lecture, Enrico Fermi attended a seminar one of Oppenheimer’s p rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story while visiting Berkeley to deliver a lecture, Enrico Fermi attended a seminar one of Oppenheimer’s protégés led in the master’s style. ●●

1940 that the United States must also be pursuing a program when the names of prominent physicists, chemi rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story that the United States must also be pursuing a program when the names of prominent physicists, chemists, metallurgists and mathematicians disappeared from international journals: secrecy itself gave the secret away. ●●

1940 some 1,200 tons in all, the only source of untraced bomb material available to them during the war w rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story some 1,200 tons in all, the only source of untraced bomb material available to them during the war with the mines at Joachimsthal under surveillance and the Belgian Congo cut off. ●●

1940 Germany seizes 1,200 tons of Belgian uranium ore ai_extracted 1 cit. no story the German Army in Belgium confiscated and removed to Germany about 1200 tons of uranium ore. ●●

1940 1940: Kay had learned to love both the sciences and humanities as ... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story to love both the sciences and humanities as a child in central Massachusetts, where he was born in 1940. His father was a physiologist who designed artificial legs and arms. On long walks with him, Ka ●●

1940 1940: Alan Kay (1940– ) at Xerox PARC in 1974. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Alan Kay (1940– ) at Xerox PARC in 1974. Kay’s 1972 sketch for a Dynabook. Lee Felsenstein (1945– ). The first issue, October 1972. ●●

1940 1940: cuum-tube circuits to see what else they might do. At a conference at rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story cuum-tube circuits to see what else they might do. At a conference at Dartmouth College in September 1940, Mauchly saw a demonstration by George Stibi ●●

1940 1940: bes, and he bought a supply at eight cents apiece. “Before November 19 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story bes, and he bought a supply at eight cents apiece. “Before November 1940,” his wife later said, “Mauchly had successfully tested certain components of ●●

1940 1940: Engelbart into the paradise of personal computing. Kay had learned to rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Engelbart into the paradise of personal computing. Kay had learned to love both the sciences and humanities as a child in central Massachusetts, where ●●

1940 1940: Alan Kay (1940– ) at Xerox PARC in 1974. Kay’s 1972 sketch for a Dynab rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Alan Kay (1940– ) at Xerox PARC in 1974. Kay’s 1972 sketch for a Dynabook. Lee Felsenste ●●

1940 Information history in 1940 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story e population genetics community. …[Shannon] discovered principles that were rediscovered later. ●●

1940 40 he was invited to give the John Danz memorial lectures at rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1940 he was invited to give the John Danz memorial lectures at the University of Washington in Seattle ●●

1940 “Johnny was suddenly in a great hurry to see the Grand Canyo rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The whole scene was a mute play; it seemed completely routine, the man paid, he and his beast drank up and quietly left the place.”30 After visiting ●●

1940 “I discussed the cellular model with von Neumann in the late rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “I discussed the cellular model with von Neumann in the late 1940’s,” he later wrote to Arthur Burks, and he evidently had similar discussions with Ni ●●

1940 Princeton University rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Novaya Zemlya NPL, see National Physical Laboratory nuclear pulse propulsion nuclear weapons, prf.1, 1.1, 4.1, 10.1, 15.1, 15.2, 16.1, 17.1, 17.2 ●●

1940 Katyn massacre of Polish prisoners of war ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Zuboff highlights Stalin's systematic execution of 15,000 Polish nationalists captured as prisoners of war from the 1939 invasion. ●●

1940 Event of 1940 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story One of the most battered nations, Japan, grew by two and a half million people between 1940 and 1945 ●●

1940 On 24 March, General Thomas noted the follow- ing conversation with Fritz Todt: ‘Fuehrer has again e rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On 24 March, General Thomas noted the follow- ing conversation with Fritz Todt: ‘Fuehrer has again emphasized ener- getically that everything is to be done so that the war can be ended in 1940 with a great military victory. ●●

1940 As Keitel put it to Thomas in January 1940: ‘The main thing is that one has the impression that the rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As Keitel put it to Thomas in January 1940: ‘The main thing is that one has the impression that the ammunition programme has now started up on a large scale and one would then have to consider in the summer whether, given our raw material situation, ●●

1940 Todt appointed to head Ministry for Ammunition ai_extracted 1 cit. no story And it was Todt who was duly appointed by Hitler on 17 March 1940 to head a new Ministry for Ammunition. ●●

1940 Todt Ministry creates gun and artillery committee ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Finally, in Novem- ber 1940 the Todt Ministry established a national committee to oversee the production of guns and artillery, headed Para enough by ‘Cannon Mueller’ from Krupp. ●●

1940 Then, from the first months of 1940 onwards, as rationing began to bite and the shelves of the Germa rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Then, from the first months of 1940 onwards, as rationing began to bite and the shelves of the German shops emptied, the accounts of the savings banks swelled with a completely unprecedented volume of deposits. ●●

1940 It was not finally adopted until February 1940, by which time the great ammunition drive was already rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story It was not finally adopted until February 1940, by which time the great ammunition drive was already in full swing. ●●

1940 367 Ink Victory in the West — Sieg im Westen At 5.35 on the morning of 10 May 1940, after months of rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 367 Ink Victory in the West — Sieg im Westen At 5.35 on the morning of 10 May 1940, after months of ‘phoney war’, the Western front roared into life.’ Thousands of German guns began drubbing the opposing French, Dutch and Belgian positions. ●●

1940 The German army that invaded France in May 1940 was far from being a carefully honed weapon of moder rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The German army that invaded France in May 1940 was far from being a carefully honed weapon of modern armoured warfare.’ Of Germany’s 93 combat-ready divisions on 10 May 1940, only 9 were Panzer divisions, with a total of 2,439 tanks between them. ●●

1940 Though Germany’s overall tank strength in May 1940 was certainly not overwhelming, matters would hav rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Though Germany’s overall tank strength in May 1940 was certainly not overwhelming, matters would have been far worse but for the tank production drive that began in the autumn of 1939. ●●

1940 Germany signs arms-for-oil deal with Romania ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In March 1940, the German Foreign Office began the process of rolling back Anglo-French domi- nance in the Ploesti oilfield, by concluding an unprecedented arms-for- oil deal.** Romania guaranteed Germany an increased supply of oil at preferential pr ●●

1940 How- ever, the value of goods seized by the victorious Wehrmacht was clearly enormous.*' A French en rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story How- ever, the value of goods seized by the victorious Wehrmacht was clearly enormous.*' A French enumeration of goods taken by the Germans between 1940 and 1944 came to no less than 154 billion francs or 7.7 billion Reichsmarks, at official exchange ●●

1940 395 EZ Britain and America: Hitler’s Strategic Dilemma In July 1940, in a desperate bid to unhitch rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 395 EZ Britain and America: Hitler’s Strategic Dilemma In July 1940, in a desperate bid to unhitch the Soviet Union from its pact with Germany, Churchill sent Stafford Cripps, his new ambassador in Moscow, to a meeting with the Soviet dictator. ●●

1940 But once Roosevelt was safely re-elected in Nov- ember 1940 and the Anglo-American alliance began to rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story But once Roosevelt was safely re-elected in Nov- ember 1940 and the Anglo-American alliance began to take on concrete form, the Third Reich too faced an acute strategic dilemma.’ In the short term neither Britain nor America posed a direct military t ●●

1940 Despite the euphoria that followed the victory parades of July 1940, these basic preconditions for t rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Despite the euphoria that followed the victory parades of July 1940, these basic preconditions for the defeat of Britain were never met.’ At no point in the war did Germany assemble the naval or aerial forces necessary to dominate the British Isles t ●●

1940 461 1940 - Newfoundland, Bermuda, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 461 1940 - Newfoundland, Bermuda, St ●●

1940 The last reference has to candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The last reference has to do with the bacteriological warfare experiments the Japanese had carried out against China between 1940 and 1942 ●●

1940 Battle of Britain enters critical phase rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By September 1940, Hitler faces strategic dilemma after both German navy and Luftwaffe fail to achieve decisive victory; Germany lacks technology and resources for successful invasion. ●●