Events, Verisoph

1939 CFR's 1939 War and Peace Studies ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The book cites the 1939 War and Peace Studies as evidence of the Council on Foreign Relations' power within the State Department. It presents the CFR as an evolution of the Network's earlier group, The Inquiry. ●●

1939 Franco dictatorship takes over Spain ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The book covers the arc from the Spanish-American War of 1898 to the Franco dictatorship that took over Spain in 1939. It presents Franco's victory as the result of non-Spanish forces and a deceptive nonintervention policy. ●●

1939 The 1939 Battle of Poland ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The book states that in the 1939 Battle of Poland millions of Polish civilians were executed or murdered. It presents Hitler's attack on Poland as finally forcing the Network's hand toward World War II. ●●

1939 Operation Himmler and the 1939 attack on Poland ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The book describes Operation Himmler, in which Nazis staged fake Polish attacks using concentration camp prisoners in German uniforms. It says these were used to justify attacking Poland in 1939. ●●

1939 A very interested FDR wrote him on May 23, 1939, “I appreciate the effort y... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A very interested FDR wrote him on May 23, 1939, “I appreciate the effort you have made to prevent misunderstanding in Italy of the point of view of the American government and... ●●

1939 6 Aldrich’s Mistake For his part, on May 23, 1939, Aldrich told the Bankers... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 6 Aldrich’s Mistake For his part, on May 23, 1939, Aldrich told the Bankers Club of New York that the immediate threat of war had been greatly diminished in recent weeks, and... ●●

1939 The German intelligence services had rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The German intelligence services had also systematically recruited sympathizers among the various émigré groups and by the eve of World War II had trained and armed several large squadrons of Ukrainian nationalists for use in both the 1939 division of Poland and the later blitzkrieg attack on the US ●●

1939 Soviets execute thousands of Polish officers at Katyn ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The preponderance of available evidence in this still-controversial episode points to the conclusion that Soviet security troops executed approximately 8,000 nationalist Polish army officers taken prisoner during 1939, then stacked the bodies like cordwood in mass graves at an isolated outpost. ●●

1939 Most of the region had rejected ai_extracted 2 cit. no story Most of the region had been controlled by Poland between World Wars I and II, but the Soviets claimed it as their own following the Russian invasion of eastern Poland under the 1939 Hitler-Stalin pact. ●●

1939 Both men were freed, however rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Both men were freed, however, in the confusion that followed the German and Soviet invasions of Poland in 1939. ●●

1939 Soviet Union relocates half a million khutor farmers ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Beginning in 1939, the Soviet state forcibly relocated khutor dwellers who had been living on individual farmsteads outside collective villages. This resettlement affected more than half a million peasants and deprived them of their dispersed holdings. ●●

1939 Arriving in England in 1939 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Arriving in England in 1939 at seventy-three, Lucie shared her son’s admiration for British gentleness and fairness. Sure of Hitler’s defeat, she... ●●

1939 They found it miraculous to be back in their Stockholm flat (1939) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story She succeeded in her work despite these impediments. The Children’s Transport movement was a magnificent achievement that had snatched ten thousand ch... ●●

1939 On January 2 (1939) candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On January 2, 1939, Hitler called Schacht to the Obersalzberg for a report on the London talks. By this point, the Führer had lost patience with the n... ●●

1939 CHAPTER 34––Surreal Saviors During his new life in New York (1939) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Now the political scene provided scope for his latent diplomatic skills. When Stalin invaded Finland in December 1939, the Finnish ambassador in Washi... ●●

1939 Like many sons of strong (1939) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story He married Josepha Spiero, who had two children from a previous marriage. While her son was sent to safety in America in 1939, the protection of her J... ●●

1939 CHAPTER 36––Little Man and Fat Boy Settled in a comfortable... (1939) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story He had the good fortune to serve on the Executive Committee of the Joint, which remained in a position to aid European Jewry until American entry into... ●●

1939 CHAPTER 38––The Upstart On April 18 (1939) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story CHAPTER 38––The Upstart On April 18, 1939, Siegmund Warburg had become a naturalized British citizen, giving him a measure of wartime security and pr... ●●

1939 It was Carola who held together the Warburg family (1939) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In many ways, the European socialism represented by Ben-Gurion and other early leaders pleased the Warburgs more than the conservative nationalism tha... ●●

1939 1939 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story That it could outspend any other country, if the political will existed at home, was clear from the statistics: even as late as 1939, U.S. defense composed only 11.7 percent of tot... ●●

1939 1939 Economic rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Clearly, economic power was never the only influence upon military effectiveness, even in the mechanized, total war of 1939–1945; economics, to paraphrase Clausewitz, stood in abou... ●●

1939 1939 European rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story What was more perturbing was the Russian indications of how they intended to ensure that the formerly independent countries of east-central Europe would contain regimes “friendly t... ●●

1939 2. MMW Ma VI, letter from Max to rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 2. MMW Ma VI, letter from Max to Edward M.M. Warburg, July 13, 1939. ●●

1939 Bohr insisted that we would never succeed in producing nuclear energy and he als rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Bohr insisted that we would never succeed in producing nuclear energy and he also insisted that secrecy must never be introduced into physics.”1124 Bohr’s skepticism, says Wheeler, concerned “the enormous difficulty of separating the necessary quantities of U235.”1125 Fermi noted in a later lecture that “it was not very clear [in 1939] that the job of separating large amounts of uranium 235 was one that could be taken seriously.”1126 At the Princeton meeting, Teller remembers, Bohr insisted that “it can never be done unless you turn the United States into one huge factory.”1127 More crucial for Bohr was the issue of secrecy. ●●

1939 on September 1, 1939, and precipitated the Second World War candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story on September 1, 1939, and precipitated the Second World War. ●●

1939 I’d never had such a pleasant life, ever—this concentrated five hours work every rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story I’d never had such a pleasant life, ever—this concentrated five hours work every night.”1246 Through the spring of 1939, in contrast, after his early experiments with fission, Frisch found himself “in a state of complete doldrums. ●●

1939 * * * Werner Heisenberg sent his considered conclusions to the German War Offic rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story * * * Werner Heisenberg sent his considered conclusions to the German War Office on December 6, 1939, while Fermi and Szilard waited for the $6,000 the Briggs Uranium Committee had allocated to them for graphite studies and Frisch prepared his pessimistic Chemical Society review. ●●

1939 As a result of the German bombing of Warsaw in the autumn of 1939, an act German candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As a result of the German bombing of Warsaw in the autumn of 1939, an act Germany represented as tactical because the Polish city was heavily fortified, the British Air Ministry had repudiated its pledge to refrain from strategic bombing.1346 But neither belligerent was eager to exchange bombing raids, and although nightly blackouts added inconvenience and apprehension to the wartime burden of the people of both nations, the implicit truce held until mid-May 1940. ●●

1939 Soon after the news of the discovery of fission reached Berkeley in late January rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Soon after the news of the discovery of fission reached Berkeley in late January 1939 he had devised an elegantly simple experiment to explore the phenomenon. ●●

1939 An attache was duly dispatched to Berkeley to scold Ernest Lawrence, the 1939 No rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story An attache was duly dispatched to Berkeley to scold Ernest Lawrence, the 1939 Nobel laureate in physics, for giving away secrets to the Germans in perilous times. ●●

1939 When Hitler made his temporary pact with Stalin in 1939 it included an exchange rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story When Hitler made his temporary pact with Stalin in 1939 it included an exchange of prisoners, and Houtermans was handed back to the Gestapo.” Max von Laue, whom Frisch celebrates as “one of the few German scientists with the prestige and courage to stand up against the Nazis,” managed to free Houtermans and arranged for him to work with a wealthy German inventor, Baron Manfred von Ardenne, who had studied physics and who maintained a private laboratory in Lichterfelde, outside Berlin.1449, 1450 Von Ardenne was pursuing uranium research independently of Heisenberg and the War Office; to raise funds for the work he had approached the German Post Office, which commanded a large and largely unused budget for research. ●●

1939 “In 1939,” he had already written Vannevar Bush passionately in late May, before rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “In 1939,” he had already written Vannevar Bush passionately in late May, before the cooling-system and contractor debates, “the Government of the United States was given a unique opportunity by Providence; this opportunity was lost. ●●

1939 Discovery of delayed neutrons in fission ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The “most significant fact assuring us that the chain reaction could be controlled,” says Compton, was one of the Richard Roberts team’s earliest discoveries at the Carnegie Institution’s Department of Terrestrial Magnetism following Bohr’s announcement of the discovery of fission in 1939—in Compton’s words, that “a certain small fraction of the neutrons associated with the fission process are not emitted at once but come off a few seconds after fission occurs.”1680 With a pile operating at k only marginally above 1.0, such delayed neutrons would slow the response sufficiently to allow time for adjustment.1681 For once Compton made a quick decision: with control seemingly assured, he allowed Fermi to build CP-1 in the west stands. ●●

1939 * * * Work toward an atomic bomb had begun in the USSR in 1939 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story * * * Work toward an atomic bomb had begun in the USSR in 1939. ●●

1939 As early as September 1939 they proposed its use from bases in the Philippines, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As early as September 1939 they proposed its use from bases in the Philippines, Siberia or the Aleutians in the event of war against Japan.2184 It was the world’s first pressurized bomber and at 70,000 pounds the heaviest production bomber ever built, 135,000 pounds loaded, a weight that required an 8,000-foot runway to lumber airborne. ●●

1939 And Slovakia was not an enthusiastic part of a Cze... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story And Slovakia was not an enthusiastic part of a Czech-dominated state, as it would demonstrate by seceding in 1939 and again in 1992. The new Yugoslavi ●●

1939 League of Nations expels the Soviet Union ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The last act of the League of Nations, which no longer contained Germany, Japan, or Italy, was to expel the Soviet Union after it attacked Finland in ●●

1939 against us difficult.20 The high point of that pol... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story em against us difficult.20 The high point of that policy was, of course, the Hitler-Stalin Pact of 1939. ●●

1939 it overestimated the difficulty of isotope separation and underestimated U. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story it overestimated the difficulty of isotope separation and underestimated U. ●●

1939 an act Germany represented as tactical because the Polish city was heavily fortified, the British Ai rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story an act Germany represented as tactical because the Polish city was heavily fortified, the British Air Ministry had repudiated its pledge to refrain from strategic bombing. ●●

1939 and early 1940, the nuclear arms race began. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story and early 1940, the nuclear arms race began. ●●

1939 while Fermi and Szilard waited for the $6,000 the Briggs Uranium Committee had allocated to them for rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story while Fermi and Szilard waited for the $6,000 the Briggs Uranium Committee had allocated to them for graphite studies and Frisch prepared his pessimistic Chemical Society review. ●●

1939 when the news of fission arrived; like Philip Abelson, he was excited by the discovery and chagrined rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story when the news of fission arrived; like Philip Abelson, he was excited by the discovery and chagrined to have missed it and had walked the streets for hours the night he heard. ●●

1939 to announce the news of fission, had moved to the Naval Research Laboratory in 1941 to work on urani rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story to announce the news of fission, had moved to the Naval Research Laboratory in 1941 to work on uranium enrichment for the Navy and had made valuable progress independently of the Manhattan Project in the intervening years. ●●

1939 Bohr announces the discovery of fission ai_extracted 1 cit. no story and had attended the conference there on January 25 at which Niels Bohr announced the discovery of fission. ●●

1939 which is difficult to reconcile with Fermi’s proposal to Dunning of a confirming experiment on Jan. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story which is difficult to reconcile with Fermi’s proposal to Dunning of a confirming experiment on Jan. ●●

1939 is the only Sunday between LS’s July 9 letter to Fermi and his post-meeting July 19 letter to AE. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story is the only Sunday between LS’s July 9 letter to Fermi and his post-meeting July 19 letter to AE. ●●

1939 1939: , 469 Nelson, Ted, 410 –11, 418 –19, 456 Netscape, 208 ne... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story r , 469 New York Times , 115 , 149 , 245 , 422 , 458 , 469 , 473 , 479 –80 New York World’s Fair (1939), 64 , 67 , 68 NeXT, 411 , 414 Nishi, Kay, 359 Nixon, Richard, 278 , 280 NM Electronics, 188 nonc ●●

1939 1939: (Lanier), 419 Wiener, Norbert, 64 , 223 , 226 , 243 , 267 ,... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story , William, 3 World Book Encyclopedia , 436 –37, 442 World Health Organization, 388 World’s Fair (1939), 218 World War II, 72 , 89 , 138 , 172 code breaking in, 76 –79 science promoted by, 218 –19 Z3 d ●●

1939 1939: His Physics Department, however, was more purist. Its chairman wrote t rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story His Physics Department, however, was more purist. Its chairman wrote to Conant in December 1939, saying that the machine was “desirable if money can b ●●

1939 1939: t innovators, putting together a variety of ideas. In the IBM pavilion rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story t innovators, putting together a variety of ideas. In the IBM pavilion at the 1939 New York World’s Fair, he saw an electric calculator that used punc ●●

1939 1939: s silicon rather than glowing filaments in a bulb. “It has today occur rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story s silicon rather than glowing filaments in a bulb. “It has today occurred to me that an amplifier using semiconductors rather than vacuum is in princi ●●

1939 1939: h exciting seemed to be happening in either field. Televisions were no rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story h exciting seemed to be happening in either field. Televisions were not yet a consumer product, and the most notable new inventions put into the time ●●

1939 1939: 402 , 453 National Semiconductor, 343 Navy, U.S., 469 Nelson, Ted, 410 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 402 , 453 National Semiconductor, 343 Navy, U.S., 469 Nelson, Ted, 410 –11, 418 –19, 456 Netscape, 208 networks, 243 , 482 data blocks in, 240 –41 dis ●●

1939 1939: Thomas, Jr. (IBM chief), 151 Watson, Thomas, Sr. (IBM founder), 477 Wa rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Thomas, Jr. (IBM chief), 151 Watson, Thomas, Sr. (IBM founder), 477 Wavy Gravy, 388 Wayne, Ron, 348 weather patterns, 95 weather predictions, 115 weav ●●

1939 Event of 1939 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story less, promulgated the doctrine of consolidating “socialism in one country.” He eliminated all of the other original revolutionary leaders in a decade of purges, and deployed a largely conscripted labor force to build up Russia’s industrial capacity. ●●

1939 Information history in 1939 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story plex, original, and quite detached from anything people in the field were doing. ♦♦ He never bothered to publish it. ●●

1939 left their home in the landlocked Valdres district of Norway rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Stewart to Abraham Flexner, 1939 ON MAY 2, 1847, newlyweds Thomas and Kari Veblen, who spoke barely a word of English, left their home in the landloc ●●

1939 the stupidity of the Stock Exchange boys rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “I refuse to accept however, the stupidity of the Stock Exchange boys, as an explanation of the trend of stocks,” he remarked to Ulam in 1939 ●●

1939 although prevented from leaving until 1940 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Kurt Gödel was brought to Princeton (from Vienna) on a stipend of $2,400 for 1939 (although prevented from leaving until 1940); Stan Ulam (from Warsaw ●●

1939 ROSPECT of a visit from an architect usually costs Professor rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story —Alan Turing, 1939 “THE PROSPECT of a visit from an architect usually costs Professor Veblen a day’s work and a night’s sleep,” noted Abraham Flexner ●●

1939 ad his office in one of the buildings along Nassau Street; t rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “Flexner had his office in one of the buildings along Nassau Street; the mathematicians had rooms in Fine Hall, which was the University’s mathematica ●●

1939 jointly constituted the School of Economics and Politics who rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Treasury, jointly constituted the School of Economics and Politics whose establishment, without the approval of the other faculty, led to Flexner’s re ●●

1939 “When I went around for interviews in 1939 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “When I went around for interviews in 1939, I saw many of my classmates already working,” he says ●●

1939 I mean it!”25 Klári’s parents escaped to Princeton with the rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story I mean it!”25 Klári’s parents escaped to Princeton with the opening of the war, but her father, despondent, threw himself under a train over Christmas ●●

1939 Turing joins the Bletchley Park codebreakers ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In September of 1939, Turing joined the Foreign Office’s Government Code and Cypher School, sequestered at a Buckinghamshire estate known as Bletchley ●●

1939 documentary produced by the Mathematical Association of Amer rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story John von Neumann to Stan Ulam, December 9, 1939, SFU; Oskar Morgenstern, in John von Neumann, documentary produced by the Mathematical Association of ●●

1939 as pictured on her French driver’s license rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Klára (Klári) von Neumann, as pictured on her French driver’s license, issued July 15, 1939 ●●

1939 Marina von Neumann Whitman rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story (Marina von Neumann Whitman) John von Neumann with Cadillac V-8 coupe, en route to Florida, January 1939 ●●

1939 Look magazine's August 1939 article whitewashes Soviet Terror under Stalin rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Zuboff documents how Walter Duranty's Look magazine article portrays Stalin's regime as democratic while the Great Terror kills millions, illustrating how propaganda evades public comprehension of totalitarian control systems. ●●

1939 Event of 1939 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1939 Blacker’s Birth Control Investigation Committee dissolved itself with only a marginally improved spermicide, Volpar—standing for “voluntary pa ●●

1939 Czechoslovakia, Katzen- Ellenbogen moved again, this time to rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Czechoslovakia, Katzen- Ellenbogen moved again, this time to the democratic stronghold of Prague, where in 1938 he began working with refugee groups.17 After Hitler invaded Czechoslovakia in March of 1939, Katzen- Ellenbogen followed a typical route of flight. First, he crossed into Italy. After war ●●

1939 Frick decree compels German twins to register ai_extracted 1 cit. no story llnesses.” He listed rheumatism, stomach ulcers, cancer, heart defects, anemia and leukemia as the conditions he was focusing on. Verschuer assured, “A good deal of material has been collected.”60 In 1939, Interior Minister Frick issued a public decree compelling all twins to register with their loc ●●

1939 Nazi-Soviet pact and invasion of Poland ai_extracted 1 cit. Zuboff traces how just one week after propaganda whitewashed Stalin's regime, he signed a pact with Hitler, attacked Poland in September, and invaded Finland in November. ●●

1939 Allied empires outproduce Axis in GDP by 60% ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1939, as the war started, the combined GDP of the British and French empires exceeded that of Germany and Italy by 60 per cent. ●●

1939 Krauch launches the Schnellplan emergency programme ai_extracted 1 cit. no story To reach World War I levels by the end of 1939, Krauch launched the Schnellplan, a short-range emergency programme with absolutely top priority amongst all the Wehrmacht’s many programmes. ●●

1939 284 9 1939: Nothing to Gain by Waiting Within days of the Munich agreement, the Reichsbank economic rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 284 9 1939: Nothing to Gain by Waiting Within days of the Munich agreement, the Reichsbank economics department drafted a memorandum, which, though it was never circu- lated outside the offices of the central bank, nevertheless deserves to stand as ●●

1939 Apart from the elimination of the rumpof Czechoslovakia, the first key element in this strategy was rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Apart from the elimination of the rumpof Czechoslovakia, the first key element in this strategy was the incorpor- 292 1939: NOTHING TO GAIN BY WAITING ation of Poland alongside Italy into an offensive alliance against Britain and France. ●●

1939 Reich adopts the New Finance Plan ai_extracted 1 cit. no story To ease its cash flow problems the Reich adopted a new expedient in the form of the New Finance Plan (Neuer Finanzplan) of 20 March 1939. ●●

1939 They amounted in effect to a compulsory low-interest loan to the Reich, which by October 1939 had al rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story They amounted in effect to a compulsory low-interest loan to the Reich, which by October 1939 had already risen to a total of 4.831 billion Reichsmarks.* The idea behind the New Finance Plan was that if the Reich’s demand for credit could be met by p ●●

1939 However, in the spring of 1939 the formation of a triple alliance of France, Britain and the Soviet rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story However, in the spring of 1939 the formation of a triple alliance of France, Britain and the Soviet Union against Hitler seemed inevitable.” The British cabinet, despite the reservations of Chamberlain, was genuinely committed to seeking a Soviet dea ●●

1939 If these ideas are not translated immediately into action, then every sacrifice of blood in the next rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story If these ideas are not translated immediately into action, then every sacrifice of blood in the next war will not protect us against the bitter end, to which a lack of foresight and decisiveness has already condemned us once before.’ A step in the ri ●●

1939 Whereas Germany attempted to suck Romania into its orbit, Turkey opted for the Western powers, secur candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Whereas Germany attempted to suck Romania into its orbit, Turkey opted for the Western powers, securing the right flank of the British Empire in the Middle East.** Turkey’s decision was premised on the common understanding in the spring of 1939 that ●●

1939 In fact, the Wehrmacht’s military-economic office had already concluded in April 1939 that oil suppl rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In fact, the Wehrmacht’s military-economic office had already concluded in April 1939 that oil supplies from Romania would be sufficient to cover Germany’s needs only if the country was occupied by German troops, and if the entire Romanian oil indust ●●

1939 Following the German occupation of Prague on 15 March, it was, as we have seen, generally assumed th candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Following the German occupation of Prague on 15 March, it was, as we have seen, generally assumed that a Triple a 318 1939: NOTHING TO GAIN BY WAITING Alliance would soon bind France, Britain and the Soviet Union into a defensive system against Germ ●●

1939 As Germany’s diplomats clearly understood, Stalin’s increasing emphasis from the spring of 1939 onwa rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As Germany’s diplomats clearly understood, Stalin’s increasing emphasis from the spring of 1939 onwards on the classic Leninist doc- trine of the inevitability of inter-capitalist war opened distinct possibili- ties for Germany.'* After all, an allia ●●

1939 By the summer of 1939 the naval alliance with Japan was off the table. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By the summer of 1939 the naval alliance with Japan was off the table. ●●

1939 Ribbentrop signs the Nazi-Soviet non-aggression pact ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In the early hours of 24 August 1939, Hitler’s Foreign Minister Ribbentrop signed a non-aggression pact with the Soviet Union, which included secret provisions for the division of Eastern Europe into separate spheres of influence. ●●

1939 Hitler could hardly wait to : 320 1939: NOTHING TO GAIN BY WAITING announce the news from Moscow, b rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Hitler could hardly wait to : 320 1939: NOTHING TO GAIN BY WAITING announce the news from Moscow, boasting to his anxious generals that Germany now had nothing to fear from a blockade.'** Negotiations began immediately for a gigantic trade deal, the ●●

1939 This might seem a strange suggestion in light of the fact that Hitler went to war in September 1939 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story This might seem a strange suggestion in light of the fact that Hitler went to war in September 1939 in alliance with the Soviet Union against the British Empire, when Mein Kampf had called for the exact opposite. ●●

1939 Roosevelt signs the Cash and Carry Act ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Within weeks of the outbreak of war, the isolationists lost the argument in Congress.** On 3 November 1939 President Roosevelt signed into law the ‘cash and carry’ bill that lifted the strict American neutrality provisions banning the sale of weapons ●●

1939 Hitler approves munitions programme favoring heavy artillery ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Based on figures that Hitler had cribbed from the standard history of the Great War, it gave priority above all to howitzers and heavy mortars — the decisive weapons of trench war- fare.” On 12 December 1939 Hitler personally approved the final versi ●●

1939 Ju 88 bomber mass-production begins ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The long-awaited mass-production of the Ju 88 finally began in the autumn of 1939. ●●

1939 Ever since the raw materials crisis began in early 1939, Brauchitsch had been fretting that a non-mi rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Ever since the raw materials crisis began in early 1939, Brauchitsch had been fretting that a non-military ‘plenipotentiary’ might be appointed to ‘sort out’ the ammunition sector.” 345 THE WAGES OF DESTRUCTION The language was highly charged and th ●●

1939 Chief medical officer Dr Leonardo Conti declared as early as October 1939 that long hours and the re rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Chief medical officer Dr Leonardo Conti declared as early as October 1939 that long hours and the restric- ted wartime diet were pushing the civilian population to the limit. ●●

1939 The non-combatants and neutrals of Southern Europe moved in a similar fashion.*’ Most spectacularly, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The non-combatants and neutrals of Southern Europe moved in a similar fashion.*’ Most spectacularly, Mussolini reversed his position of the autumn of 1939 and declared war on France and Britain on ro June 1940. ●●

1939 Preemptiveness is essentially the rationale rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Preemptiveness is essentially the rationale imperial Japan, without being overly para- noid, used to justify its attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941, and which Nazi Germany, as a sham pretext, used to justify its invasion of Poland in 1939, To one observe ●●

1939 See, e.g., the British Cabinet rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story See, e.g., the British Cabinet papers for 1939, summarized in the Manchester Guardian, 1 January 1970; also Fleming, The Cold War, pp ●●

1939 The 1939 Hollywood film “Ninotchka”, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The 1939 Hollywood film “Ninotchka”, which satirized life in Russia, was singled out as a particularly effective feature film ●●

1939 Stibitz completes the Complex Number Calculator ai_extracted 1 cit. no story George Stibitz's relay-based Complex Number Calculator at Bell Labs is completed, able to handle complex-number arithmetic. ●●