Events, Verisoph

1955 Princeton University rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story R., 13.1, 13.2 Woodrow Wilson School (Princeton University) Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Woolf, Harry words (of memory), 5.1, 5.2 “Work o ●●

1955 Event of 1955 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By 1955 it was estimated that there were 30 to 50 percent more abortions than live births ●●

1955 Indonesia holds its first general elections ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After the first general elections in 1955, Sukarno began an attack on parliamentary democracy as such, and with the outbreak of ethnic rebellions on the outer islands, martial law was declared in March 1957. ●●

1955 A18, “whooping cough cases recorded rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A18, “whooping cough cases recorded in Florida jumped from 339 and one death in 1954 to 1,080 and 12 deaths in 1955.” The CIA received the bacteria from the Army’s biological research center at Fort Detrick, Md ●●

1955 Vietnam 1950-1973: The Hearts and rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Vietnam 1950-1973: The Hearts and Minds Circus Cambodia 1955-1973: Prince Sihanouk walks the high-wire of neutralism ●●

1955 Recto, Philippines opposition leader 1955 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Recto, Philippines opposition leader 1955 - Jawaharlal Nehru, Prime Minister of India 1957 - Gamal Abdul Nasser, President of Egypt 1959/63/69 - Norodom Sihanouk, leader of Cambodia 1960 - Brig ●●

1955 Mutual Security Act of 1955, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Mutual Security Act of 1955, Sections 142(a)(4) and 413 ●●

1955 Sulzberger, New York Times, 22 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Sulzberger, New York Times, 22 January 1955, p ●●

1955 In 1955, Eastern Europeans could candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1955, Eastern Europeans could be found at Fort Bragg, North Carolina training with the Green Berets, learning guerrilla warfare tactics, hopefully to be used in their native lands.!3 By the following year, hundreds of Hungarians, Rumanians, Poles ●●

1955 in 1926, wrote that he rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story in 1926, wrote that he had been a communications technician and code clerk at the US Embassy in New Delhi in 1955, performing tasks for the CIA as well ●●

1955 Wilber, Iran: Past and Present rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Wilber, Iran: Past and Present (Princeton University Press, Third Edition, 1955), p ●●

1955 The Geneva Accords specified that rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Geneva Accords specified that elections under international supervision were to be held in July 1956, with “consultations” to prepare for them to be held “from 20 July 1955 onwards” ●●

1955 Cambodia 1955-1973Prince Sihanouk walks the rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Cambodia 1955-1973Prince Sihanouk walks the high-wire of neutralism John Foster Dulles had called on me in his capacity as Secretary of State, and he had exhausted every argument to persuade me to place Cambodia under the protection of the South- Eas ●●

1955 i) New York Times, 30 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story i) New York Times, 30 August 1955, p ●●

1955 Iran joins the Baghdad Pact ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In February 1955, Iran became a member of the Baghdad Pact, set up by the United States, in Dulles’s words, “to create a solid band of resistance against the Soviet Union” .34 One year after the coup, the Iranian government completed a contract with ●●

1955 Damascus did not much care rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Damascus did not much care for the strings which came attached—the acceptance of military aid usually meant the presence of American military advisers and technicians; fur- thermore, the US Mutual Security Act of 1955 specified that the recipient cou ●●

1955 In 1975, the Senate committee candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1975, the Senate committee which was investigating the CIA heard testimony that Agency officers stationed in an East Asian country had suggested that an East Asian leader be assassinated “to disrupt an impending Communist [sic] Conference in 1955 ●●

1955 Cambodia 1955-1973 The following year, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Cambodia 1955-1973 The following year, five battalions of Saigon troops, supported by aircraft, crossed the Cambodian border again, penetrated to a depth of almost 10 miles and began putting up new boundary markers ●●

1955 Perhaps the most extraordinary reaction candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Perhaps the most extraordinary reaction was the angry resignations of four 138 Cambodia 1955-1973 men from Henry Kissinger’s National Security Council staff, including Roger Morris ●●

1955 But less than 50 miles rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story But less than 50 miles from the Soviet Union sat Pakistan, a close ally of the United States,a member since 1955 of the South-East Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO), the US-created anti-communist alliance ●●

1955 Shockley honored at Los Angeles Chamber gala ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Shockley is honored alongside vacuum-tube inventor Lee de Forest, and meets industrialist Arnold Beckman, who will back his new company. ●●

1956 Twentieth Party Congress convenes ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Twentieth Party Congress of the Soviet Communist Party met February 14-25, 1956, inside the Kremlin. Its hand-picked delegates would hear Khrushchev's shocking secret denunciation of Stalin. ●●

1956 Khrushchev's secret speech published in the West ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A version of Khrushchev's secret anti-Stalin speech reached the United States government and was published on June 2, 1956. Quigley affirms the speech was authentic and that almost everything in it was true. ●●

1956 Poznan and Hungarian unrest begins ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In the last week of June 1956 crises began in both Poland and Hungary, starting with a work stoppage that grew into a mass anti-Communist demonstration at the Poznan railway factory. These upheavals followed Khrushchev's secret speech and worsening economic conditions. ●●

1956 Soviet forces invade Hungary and take Budapest ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Large Soviet forces invaded Hungary at the end of October 1956 and smashed into Budapest before dawn on November 4th, overwhelming most resistance that day. The Nagy government took refuge in the Yugoslav Embassy as the revolt collapsed. ●●

1956 US withdraws Aswan aid; Nasser nationalizes Suez Canal ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Dulles withdrew the US offer to finance the Aswan Dam on July 19, 1956. Nasser answered on July 26th by nationalizing the Suez Canal Company so its profits could fund the High Dam, triggering an international crisis. ●●

1956 Israel attacks Egypt across Sinai ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On October 29, 1956, Israel attacked Egypt and began a rapid advance across the Sinai Desert toward the Suez Canal. The nine-day Sinai campaign was a brilliant military success against a poorly led Egyptian army. ●●

1956 UN Assembly demands Suez cease-fire ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On November 2, 1956, the UN General Assembly, by its largest majority to date (64-5), passed a Dulles resolution calling for an immediate cease-fire in the Near East. Egypt and Israel accepted on November 5th and the Anglo-French advance halted. ●●

1956 Castro lands in Cuba to begin guerrilla war ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After the failed July 26, 1953 revolt brought imprisonment and exile, Castro landed with a handful of men on the Cuban coast at the end of 1956 to begin guerrilla operations. Batista's corrupt regime left much of Cuba neutral or favorable to Castro. ●●

1956 Hundred Flowers Campaign, 1956 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1956 Mao announced a policy of free criticism of the regime under the slogan of letting a hundred flowers bloom. The opening was reversed within a year and critics were purged. ●●

1956 Suez defeat triggers African decolonization, 1956 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley identifies the defeat of the Anglo-French Suez operation, under American and Soviet pressure in October 1956, as the trigger for the chain reaction of African decolonization. ●●

1956 Founding of the International Reading Association ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto notes that in 1956, following Rudolf Flesch's attack on look-say reading, 56,000 reading professionals formed the International Reading Association to defend the method. ●●

1956 Year 1956: Mossadegh served the full prison term and upon his rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Mossadegh served the full prison term and upon his release in the summer of 1956 was brought to his home in Ahmad Abad. One morning soon after his arrival, the new secret police, c... ●●

1956 CHAPTER SEVENTEEN The End of “Liberation” Push came to shove rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story CHAPTER SEVENTEEN The End of “Liberation” Push came to shove for the “liberation” program that had provided the policy framework for the ex-Nazi recruitment programs in Hungary in ... ●●

1956 The Reagan wing of the Republican party has historically maintained rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Reagan wing of the Republican party has historically maintained extremely close ties with the Captive Nations movement. Many top Reagan activists have spent much of their lives... ●●

1956 Louis Hagen. New York: Harper & Bros., 1956. Schmidt, George. rejected ai_extracted 2 cit. no story Louis Hagen. New York: Harper & Bros., 1956. Schmidt, George. ●●

1956 Andropov rises to prominence through 1956 Hungarian crackdown candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Yuri Andropov rose to prominence as Soviet ambassador to Budapest when Soviet troops crushed the 1956 Hungarian uprising. ●●

1956 Soviet invasion crushes Hungarian uprising ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Soviet invasion of Hungary crushes rebellion ●●

1956 Diem cancels the scheduled 1956 Vietnam election ai_extracted 1 cit. no story THAT changed after Diem and Dulles decided not to hold the scheduled 1956 election (1956) ●●

1956 It created consternation in Paris and London and contributed anew rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story It created consternation in Paris and London and contributed anew to the growing public image of Dulles as a maladroit, intuitive cold warrior.” It wa (1956) ●●

1956 Barely twenty-four hours into the standoff, some frustrated America... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Barely twenty-four hours into the standoff, some frustrated American officials began invoking the specter of Josef Cardinal Mindszenty, who took asylu (1956) ●●

1956 Dulles feeds Eisenhower Israeli disinformation on Suez ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On October 26, 1956, Dulles misled President Eisenhower with Israeli disinformation about Middle East events while ignoring warnings from his own analysts about imminent Israeli-British-French military plans. ●●

1956 Wisner orders Radio Free Europe to incite Hungary ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On October 28, 1956, Wisner ordered Radio Free Europe to remove "all restraints" in Hungarian broadcasts. The station urged armed rebellion, suggesting Molotov cocktails against Soviet tanks, falsely implying American military support. ●●

1956 Dulles falsely tells Eisenhower Hungarian army defected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On November 1, 1956, Dulles told Eisenhower a "miracle" had occurred and 80 percent of Hungarian army had defected, claims completely contradicted by intelligence. Soviet invasion with 200,000 troops was imminent. ●●

1956 • • • George Soros: hedge fund capo dei capi and master of reflexivity A rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story • • • George Soros: hedge fund capo dei capi and master of reflexivity A Hungarian Jew by birth, though educated in London, George Soros emigrated to the United States in 1956. ●●

1956 Foster Dulles as Active Secretary of State rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Foster Dulles served as an extremely active Secretary of State over four years, 1953-1956, shaping American foreign policy. ●●

1956 U-2 Capabilities Demonstrated rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The U-2 spy plane developed with Lockheed could take detailed photographs from 70,000 feet, beyond most antiaircraft weapons range. ●●

1956 Suez Crisis Tensions Rise candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Tensions over Egyptian Colonel Nasser's growing power in the Middle East reached critical levels in 1956 as the Suez Crisis developed. ●●

1956 Hungarian uprising crushed despite CIA hopes ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Frank Wisner's Hungarian operatives launch an uprising against Soviet control. Wisner sends urgent cables demanding US support but receives none, and Soviet forces brutally crush the rebellion. ●●

1956 As the German economy thrived (1956) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story But so long as Schilling remained, Eric couldn’t implement his plan. Then, in September 1956, something unexpected happened: Schilling, weary of the l... ●●

1956 7 By 1956, after France had withdrawn and South Vietnamese independence had been achieved, Kennedy w rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 7 By 1956, after France had withdrawn and South Vietnamese independence had been achieved, Kennedy was ready to join the prevailing orthodoxy: “This is our offspring—we cannot abandon it. ●●

1956 Khrushchev’s revelations in 1956 of the brutalities of Stalin’s rule, and the Soviet invasion of Cze rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Khrushchev’s revelations in 1956 of the brutalities of Stalin’s rule, and the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968, had weakened the ideological appeal of communism for the rest of the world. ●●

1956 , The Shaping of American Diplomacy (Chicago: Rand McNally, 1956), vol rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story , The Shaping of American Diplomacy (Chicago: Rand McNally, 1956), vol. ●●

1956 Dulles press conference remarks, December 18, 1956, in State Bulletin, vol rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Dulles press conference remarks, December 18, 1956, in State Bulletin, vol. ●●

1956 “US Support for Baghdad Pact,” Department of State press release 604, November 29, 1956, in State Bu rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “US Support for Baghdad Pact,” Department of State press release 604, November 29, 1956, in State Bulletin, vol. ●●

1956 Hungarian Revolution (1956), 519, 548, 550–67, 595 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Hungarian Revolution (1956), 519, 548, 550–67, 595 ●●

1956 Khrushchev's speech to the Twentieth Party Congress ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In February 1956, Khrushchev delivered a speech to the Twentieth Party Congress which observers like Secretary of State Dulles interpreted as indicating a notable shift in Soviet policy away from violence and intolerance toward the non-Communist world. ●●

1956 1956: iner, who later became a great venture capitalist. By April 1956 there rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story iner, who later became a great venture capitalist. By April 1956 there were enough new employees to throw a welcome party. Noyce drove across the coun ●●

1956 1956: artners Bardeen and Brattain, won the Nobel Prize. When Shockley got t rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story artners Bardeen and Brattain, won the Nobel Prize. When Shockley got the call early on the morning of November 1, 1956, his first reaction was that it ●●

1956 1956: hard for him to create a spirit of collaboration. When some of his emp rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story hard for him to create a spirit of collaboration. When some of his employees wrote papers to be presented at the American Physical Society in December ●●

1956 Arab resistance to that prospect led to four wars: in 1948, 1956, 1967, and 1973 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ides in the Cold War. The regional role of the Soviet Union was severely reduced. The one ideological issue uniting Arab views was the emergence of Israel as a sovereign state and internationally recognized homeland for the Jewish people. Arab resist ●●

1956 Information history in 1956 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story climbing aboard the bandwagon of information theory, some mathematicians and engineers were uncomfortable. Shannon himself called it a bandwagon. ●●

1956 “I asked him under what circumstances he would say that a ma rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “I asked him under what circumstances he would say that a machine is conscious,” Jack Good recalled in 1956 ●●

1956 into those things which can be better done by machines and t rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “The best we can do is to divide all processes into those things which can be better done by machines and those which can be better done by humans,” h ●●

1956 “which we never did anything with.”2 On February 29 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “We had enormous numbers of ideas,” says Bigelow, “which we never did anything with.”2 On February 29, 1956, however, it was decided “that no new mach ●●

1956 Good to Sara Turing, December 9, 1956, AMT; Lyn Newman to An rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Good to Sara Turing, December 9, 1956, AMT; Lyn Newman to Antoinette Esher, June 24, 1949, AMT; I ●●

1956 Event of 1956 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As Blacker wrote in The Eugenics Review in 1956, “the balance between the need for compulsions and the claims of freedom is one which every country an ●●

1956 Olawale Elias, The Nature of African Customary Law (Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, 195 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Olawale Elias, The Nature of African Customary Law (Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, 1956), pp. ●●

1956 Taeuber to Osborn, March 18, 1956, RAC, RG IV3B4.2, Population Council, General Files, box 1, fol... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Taeuber to Osborn, March 18, 1956, RAC, RG IV3B4.2, Population Council, General Files, box 1, folder 7. ●●

1956 Osborn, “Talk with Father William Gibbons,” No- vember 16, 1956; “Concluding Statement by Chairma... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Osborn, “Talk with Father William Gibbons,” No- vember 16, 1956; “Concluding Statement by Chairman,” April 4, 1957; and Osborn to members of Ad Hoc committee, April 15, 1957; all in RAC, Population... ●●

1956 For Gamble’s role assisting the new associa- tions, see Williams and Williams, Every Child a Want... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story For Gamble’s role assisting the new associa- tions, see Williams and Williams, Every Child a Wanted Child, 240–241, 291, 299; and Osborn, “Notes on Ad Hoc Meeting,” March 7, 1956. ●●

1956 Two: Years of Trial and rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Two: Years of Trial and Hope, 1946-1953 (Great Britain, 1956), p ●●

1956 Eastern Europe 1948-1956: Operation Splinter rejected ai_extracted 4 cit. no story Eastern Europe 1948-1956: Operation Splinter Factor ●●

1956 Lebanese Muslims, who comprised most rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Lebanese Muslims, who comprised most of Chamoun’s opposition, were also galled that the Christian president had once again placed the country outside the mainstream of the Arab world, as he had done in 1956 when he refused to break relations with Fra ●●

1956 Dwight Eisenhower, The White House rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Dwight Eisenhower, The White House Years: Mandate for Change, 1953-1956 (New York, 1963) p ●●

1956 SYRIA 1956-1957 Department ofState Bulletin rejected ai_extracted 2 cit. no story SYRIA 1956-1957 Department ofState Bulletin (Washington), 18 June 1956, pp ●●

1956 82-6; New York Times, 17 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 82-6; New York Times, 17 March 1956, p ●●

1956 68 Iran, 1956 The following rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 68 Iran, 1956 The following day, 19 August, Roosevelt’s Iranian agents staged a parade through Teheran ●●

1956 The Geneva Accords specified that rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Geneva Accords specified that elections under international supervision were to be held in July 1956, with “consultations” to prepare for them to be held “from 20 July 1955 onwards” ●●

1956 Thailand and South Vietnam close Cambodia's borders ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In March 1956, after Sihanouk had visited Peking and criticized SEATO, the two coun- tries which sandwich Cambodia—Thailand and South Vietnam, both heavily dependent upon and allied with the United States—suddenly closed their borders ●●

1956 | travelled all over Syria rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story | travelled all over Syria without hindrance in November and December [1956] and found there were indeed “not more than 123 Migs” ●●

1956 The letter, purportedly from a rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The letter, purportedly from a leading Costa Rican Communist, put him on record in opposition to the Party line on the [1956] Hungarian revolution ●●

1956 Testimony at “Hearings on the rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Testimony at “Hearings on the Situation in the Middle East”, Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, 24 February 1956, p ●●

1956 Indonesia 1957-1958 War and pornography rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Indonesia 1957-1958 War and pornography “I think it’s time we held Sukarno’s feet to the fire,” said Frank Wisner, the CIA’s Deputy Director of Plans (covert operations), one day in autumn 1956. ●●

1956 Between May and October 1981, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Between May and October 1981, over 300,000 cases were reported in Cuba with 158 fatalities, 101 of which were children under 15.44 In 1956 and 1958, declassified documents have revealed, the US Army loosed swarms of specially bred mosquitos in Georgi ●●

1956 Dartmouth conference founds artificial intelligence ai_extracted 1 cit. no story John McCarthy and Marvin Minsky organized a Dartmouth conference that founded the field of artificial intelligence. ●●

1956 Shockley, Bardeen, and Brattain win the Nobel Prize ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The three inventors of the transistor share the Nobel Prize in Physics, though tensions among them remain. ●●

1956 Loi-Cadre sets French West and Equatorial Africa borders ai_extracted 1 cit. no story France's Loi-Cadre law fixed the borders that became the independent French-speaking states, a deliberate splitting of the old federations that Nkrumah cites as the template for African balkanisation. ●●

1957 to 1958 1957-1958 influenza pandemic wikidata 1 cit. no story pandemic of influenza virus (H2N2) ●●●

1957 Treaty of Rome establishes the Common Market ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The European Common Market was established by the Treaty of Rome of 1957 with six members. It planned to remove internal customs barriers by stages while adopting a common external tariff. ●●

1957 First American ICBM fired at Cape Canaveral ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The first American intercontinental ballistic missile was fired from Cape Canaveral in December 1957, two months after Sputnik, and went full range in November 1958. ●●

1957 International Geophysical Year ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The International Geophysical Year of 1957-1958 brought together scientists from sixty-six countries in eighteen months of cooperation. Quigley cites it as the most amazing example of the scientific interchange that outlasted Stalin-era isolation. ●●

1957 Soviet economic reorganization law decentralizes industry ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On May 10, 1957 Khrushchev pushed through a law abolishing twenty-five economic ministries and devolving their functions to twenty-nine regional economic councils (sovnarkhozy). Quigley presents it as a victory that made the party dominant in economic life. ●●

1957 Khrushchev defeats the 'anti-party group' ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After his rivals tried to remove him, Khrushchev's July 23, 1957 reconstitution of the Presidium expelled Malenkov, Molotov, Kaganovich, and Shepilov and installed his supporters. Quigley calls it the most significant event in Russia's internal history after Stalin's death. ●●

1957 Eisenhower Doctrine announced ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In January 1957 the American position on the Near East was stated as the Eisenhower Doctrine, framing the region's problems solely as military opposition to Communism. It threatened US armed force to defend nations against aggression from any state controlled by international communism. ●●

1957 Launch of Sputnik I and Sputnik II ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On October 4, 1957 the Soviet Union placed the 184-pound Sputnik I in orbit, and a month later orbited Sputnik II carrying a living dog. These successes gave the impression of Soviet leadership in applying science to technology. ●●

1957 Mao's request for nuclear warheads rebuffed ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In November 1957 Mao Tse-tung took a delegation to Moscow and formally requested nuclear warheads but was rebuffed. As a result, by 1958 Red China embarked on the long task of building its own atomic bomb. ●●

1957 Independence of Ghana, 1957 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After a six-year transition, the Gold Coast became independent Ghana under Kwame Nkrumah in March 1957, the first sub-Saharan British colony to win freedom. ●●

1957 Rome Treaty creates the Common Market, 1957 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Rome Treaty of March 1957 established the European Economic Community, or Common Market, along with Euratom for peaceful nuclear energy. Both took effect at the beginning of 1958. ●●

1957 Julian Huxley coins the word transhumanism ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Julian Huxley first used the word transhumanism in his 1957 book New Bottles For New Wine. He is regarded by transhumanists as a founding father of the movement. ●●