Events, Verisoph

c. 1951 The Muhimu central committee is formed 4 cit. The militant wing set up a secret central committee in Nairobi known as Muhimu, Swahili for important, a name chosen to blend in with ordinary party business. Accounts name Eliud Mutonyi as chairman and Isaac Gathanju as secretary, with Bildad Kaggia, Fred Kubai and Paul Ngei among its members. Muhimu planned and coordinated oathing and the shift to armed methods. politics ●●●

c. 1951 Oathing and arms procurement in Nairobi 6 cit. Under the Muhimu committee, mass oathing spread through Nairobi's African locations to bind people to the movement and enforce secrecy. Forty Group men helped run the oath ceremonies and worked to gather guns and money for the coming fight. The city became the organising centre for what colonial records would soon call Mau Mau. politics / war ●●

1951 Kibaki studies economics at Makerere 1 cit. Kibaki entered Makerere University College in 1951 and studied economics, history and political science. He became active in student politics, including the Kenya Students Association and the Makerere Students Guild, and graduated in 1955 with first-class honours in economics. Makerere gave him both an economics foundation and an early decolonization political network. economy / politics ●●●●

1952 Enterprise Rationalization Promotion Law ai_extracted 1 cit. The Enterprise Rationalization Promotion Law of 1952 established very high depreciation rates for important machinery, creating large tax incentives to accelerate capital investment; its origin lay in the wartime Price Compensation System of 1943. ●●

1952 Araki appointed ambassador to the United States ai_extracted 1 cit. In 1952, shortly after the ban on suspected war criminals holding public office was lifted in 1951, Araki was appointed Japan's ambassador to the United States, the most important diplomatic post. ●●

1952 Dulles's 'A Policy of Boldness' ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In his May 1952 Life article 'A Policy of Boldness,' Dulles argued that containment must be replaced by 'liberation,' framing impatience with foreign problems. ●●

1952 'Mike' thermonuclear explosion at Eniwetok ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Teller-Ulam design was tested in the 'Mike' thermonuclear shot at Eniwetok on 1 November 1952, yielding about ten megatons but weighing 65 tons and far from a deliverable bomb. ●●

1952 Eisenhower elected president ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Eisenhower won the November 1952 election, aided by a Madison Avenue campaign mobilizing discontent and by his pledge, on Emmet Hughes's suggestion, to go to Korea to make peace. ●●

1952 Japanese Communist Party collapses in 1952 elections ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley notes that the growing prosperity of Japan and the success of Ladejinsky's land reforms steadily reduced Communist influence. The Communist Party of Japan won under 3 percent of the vote in the October 1952 elections and lost all twenty-two of its Diet seats. ●●

1952 Cairo riots of January 1952 burn British landmarks ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On January 26, 1952, riots in Cairo burned about four hundred buildings, including Shepheard's Hotel, the center of British tourist life. The disturbances shattered the Egyptian political system and precipitated the fall of the Nahas government. ●●

1952 Farouk forced to abdicate in Egyptian revolution ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After young officers seized the army headquarters and government on July 22, 1952, King Farouk was forced to abdicate four days later with tanks surrounding his palace and was sent into exile. The revolution was engineered by a small group led by Nasser. ●●

1952 Egyptian Agrarian Law of 1952 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Agrarian Law of September 1952 sought to relieve the peasantry and push landlords to shift wealth from land into industry, setting a maximum landholding of 315 acres per family. It shaped much of the Nasser regime's subsequent economic policy. ●●

1952 Bolivian revolution of 1952 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After the MNR won the largest vote in 1951 but was barred from power, the officers' junta split and was overthrown by an uprising in April 1952. Paz Estenssoro returned from exile to become president, and the mines and large estates were soon nationalized or broken up. ●●

1952 Guatemalan land reform targets United Fruit ai_extracted 1 cit. no story US opposition to the Arbenz government arose once it became clear the Land Reform Act of June 1952 would apply to the United Fruit Company. About 400,000 acres of United Fruit land were later distributed to 180,000 peasants. ●●

1952 Batista seizes power in Cuba ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Cuban election scheduled for 1953 was prevented when Batista seized power once again in March 1952. His corrupt and violent rule provoked the rising tide of discontent that Castro would exploit. ●●

1952 Eisenhower nominated over Taft, 1952 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley describes the Eastern Establishment's ability to nominate Eisenhower over Taft in 1952 as a bitter defeat for the petty-bourgeois, Middle Western wing of the Republican Party. ●●

1952 Army investigates draftees who faked illiteracy ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto recounts that in 1952 the Army hired hundreds of psychologists to learn how 600,000 high school graduates had faked illiteracy, concluding a collapse in reading instruction had begun in the 1930s. ●●

1952 Truman creates the National Security Agency ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The NSA was established to master signals intelligence after the surprises of the Korean War. Its budget and power fell under the secretary of defense. ●●

1952 Year 1952: CHAPTER 9 Block Headed British On a sunny July d rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story CHAPTER 9 Block Headed British On a sunny July day in 1952, eight months after his return from Washington, Prime Minister Mossadegh was driven along an elm-shaded lane to the Saa... ●●

1952 Year 1952: Prime Minister Churchill, who in the words of one rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Prime Minister Churchill, who in the words of one of his foreign spies “enjoyed dramatic operations and had no high regard for timid diplomatists,” spent the second half of 1952 tr... ●●

1952 Year 1952: In mid-November of 1952, less than two weeks after rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In mid-November of 1952, less than two weeks after the election, they sent Woodhouse to Washington. Woodhouse met with his CIA counterparts and with men who would take important po... ●●

1952 Year 1952: In 1952 Wilber had spent six months running the CI rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1952 Wilber had spent six months running the CIA’s “political action” office in Tehran, an assignment that gave him a firsthand view of political and military factions favoring ... ●●

1952 Year 1952: Crowds of thugs banged on it as they shouted “Deat rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Crowds of thugs banged on it as they shouted “Death to Mossadegh!” during the aborted 1952 uprising. During that same uprising, a jeep carrying Shaban the Brainless crashed through... ●●

1952 Year 1952: An official account is included in the CIA’s cland rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story An official account is included in the CIA’s clandestine service history, Overthrow of Premier Mossadeq of Iran, November 1952–August 1953, written by Donald M. Wilber and referred... ●●

1952 Year 1952: Mossadegh as man of the year: Time, January 7, 195 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Mossadegh as man of the year: Time, January 7, 1952. Chapter 9: Block Headed British Shah will pack his suitcase: Katouzian, op. ●●

1952 Year 1952: Mossadegh visited the United States in 1952. Presi rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Mossadegh visited the United States in 1952. President Harry Truman tried to arrange a compromise between Iran and the British. ●●

1952 Shortly before the presidential election candidate ai_extracted 2 cit. no story Shortly before the presidential election of 1952 the agency sharply expanded its media operations with a multimillion-dollar publicity campaign inside the United States designed to legitimize expanded U. ●●

1952 ” He was convicted by rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ” He was convicted by a British tribunal and sentenced to eighteen years in prison, but he obtained release in 1952 after serving fewer than three years of his term. The former field marshal eventually became an adviser to the West German Defense Ministry. ●●

1952 The budget for the clandestine rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The budget for the clandestine group was 50,000 deutsche marks per month, according to records seized by German police in 1952, plus an ample supply of free arms, ammunition, and explosives cached in the Odenwald Hills south of Frankfurt. ●●

1952 The plot unraveled in late candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The plot unraveled in late 1952, however, when a chance arrest by local police led to discovery of the hit list of Social Democratic officials. The CIC’s behavior following this accidental exposure was so compromising that it raised serious questions in the German parliament whether the U. ●●

1952 intelligence community. He had retailed much of this data piece rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story intelligence community. He had retailed much of this data piece by piece to the CIA over the years but by 1952 had decided to make use of his network of former SS men and collabora... ●●

1952 107–304 and 587–636. See also: Dvinov, Politics of the Russian rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 107–304 and 587–636. See also: Dvinov, Politics of the Russian Emigration, Dvinov, Documents, George Fischer, Soviet Opposition to Stalin (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Pres... ●●

1952 34. On Witsell ruling, see “AGSE 342.18 Subject: Enlistment in rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 34. On Witsell ruling, see “AGSE 342.18 Subject: Enlistment in the Regular Army of Aliens,” November 7, 1952, Special Regulations (restricted—security information), Tab B, p. 7, AG... ●●

1952 Soviet Opposition to Stalin. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University P... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Soviet Opposition to Stalin. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1952. ——., ed. ●●

1952 Eckhardt, Tibor, 236 Egypt, 248–52 Eichmann, Adolf, xiii, 47, 48n., rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Eckhardt, Tibor, 236 Egypt, 248–52 Eichmann, Adolf, xiii, 47, 48n., 249, 253–54 associates of, 245, 248–50, 290 Einsatzgruppen (mobile execution squads), 13, 15, 16, 24, 112, 136, ... ●●

1952 Kennedy defeats Lodge for Massachusetts Senate seat ai_extracted 3 cit. no story Lodge had represented Massachusetts in the Senate until 1952, when he lost his seat to Kennedy (1952) ●●

1952 CIA guerrilla team captured in Manchuria trap ai_extracted 1 cit. no story CIA dropped four-man Chinese guerrilla team into Manchuria in July 1952. The team was captured and turned against the CIA by Chinese forces. Rescue attempt killed two pilots; two CIA officers spent decades in Chinese prisons. ●●

1952 Puerto Rico becomes a free associated state ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Puerto Rico voted to accept free associated state status, a unique arrangement neither fully independent nor a state. After gaining the right to elect its own governor in 1948, Puerto Rico accepted this constitutional status in a 1952 referendum. ●●

1952 As Eric began spending part of the year in Germany (1952) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Without informing Eric or Brinckmann, he took the memo and convened a secret meeting of the bank’s shareholders—at least, those upset by Eric’s prospe... ●●

1952 21. Ibid., letter from Ernest Minden to Ingrid rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 21. Ibid., letter from Ernest Minden to Ingrid Warburg Spinelli, August 19, 1952. ●●

1952 Stalin issues his 1952 Peace Note on Germany ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Stalin may have had a foreboding of the real balance of forces when he reacted to the American arms buildup during the Korean War with his Peace Note of 1952 (see chapter 20). ●●

1952 1952: eau and other clients, including General Electric. With its flashing l rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story eau and other clients, including General Electric. With its flashing lights and Hollywood aura, UNIVAC became famous when CBS featured it on election ●●

1952 1952: Their machine became fully operational in 1952, but it was slowly aban rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Their machine became fully operational in 1952, but it was slowly abandoned after von Neumann left for Washington to join the Atomic Energy Commission ●●

1952 1952: the firm was told. “We don’t think you can do it.” 38 In the spring of rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story the firm was told. “We don’t think you can do it.” 38 In the spring of 1952, Haggerty was finally able to convince Bell Labs to let Texas Instruments ●●

1952 1952: se, a rough precursor of the idea for a microchip. In 1952 Centralab w rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story se, a rough precursor of the idea for a microchip. In 1952 Centralab was one of the companies that paid $25,000 for a license to make transistors, and ●●

1952 8 successive + earnings rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “My incredible luck,” he bragged to von Neumann from Los Alamos in February 1952, “was evident in poker (8 successive + earnings) this year.”70 Four o ●●

1952 codes were small enough to be completely debugged rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1952, codes were small enough to be completely debugged, but hardware could not be counted on to perform consistently from one kilocycle to the nex ●●

1952 Julian Bigelow shuts down the IAS computer ai_extracted 1 cit. no story —John von Neumann to Marston Morse, 1952 AT EXACTLY MIDNIGHT on July 15, 1958, in the machine room at the end of Olden Lane, Julian Bigelow turned of ●●

1952 Alan Turing convicted of gross indecency ai_extracted 1 cit. no story All went well until 1952, when Turing was convicted on a charge of gross indecency (for homosexuality), forced to undergo “therapy” with estrogen inje ●●

1952 Stan Ulam to John von Neumann, November 9, 1952, VNLC rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Stan Ulam to John von Neumann, November 9, 1952, VNLC ●●

1952 Event of 1952 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 85 The struggle began at the executive board meeting in Geneva in January 1952 ●●

1952 rprise did not end the flow of letters rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story rprise did not end the flow of letters to the ERO. For decades, people continued to send requests for eugenic information, updates of their pedigrees, and proof of their family’s biological worth. In 1952, a dozen years after the ERO’s closure, Clifford Frazier, an attorney in Greensboro, North Caro ●●

1952 t a new biological order, other Eugenical News rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story t a new biological order, other Eugenical News correspondents were condemning Hitler’s eugenics, and negative eugenics in general. Following Davenport’s remarks, another article entitled “Eugenics in 1952” prophesied various views of eugenics some nine years ahead. One writer urged new thinking on t ●●

1952 population control, 14, 16, 328, 334, 363, 366, 375–376; pro-choice movement, 313–314, 358– 359, ... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story population control, 14, 16, 328, 334, 363, 366, 375–376; pro-choice movement, 313–314, 358– 359, 383; and Sanger, 50, 51, 52–53, 76, 333, 378 Rettie, Joan, 231–232 Reunion, 253 Rhythm method, 14, 1... ●●

1952 This and subsequent quotations are from the verbatim transcripts of the conference “National Acad... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story This and subsequent quotations are from the verbatim transcripts of the conference “National Academy of Sciences: Conference on Population Prob- lems,” June 20–22, 1952, Rockefeller Archive Center,... ●●

1952 For first draft, see “Proposed Establishment of Population Council,” Oc- tober 7, 1952, draft, RA... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story For first draft, see “Proposed Establishment of Population Council,” Oc- tober 7, 1952, draft, RAC, RG 5, John D. ●●

1952 For final draft, and continuing support for eugenics, see “Proposed Estab- lishment of Population... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story For final draft, and continuing support for eugenics, see “Proposed Estab- lishment of Population Council,” November 20, 1952, and Osborn, “Population Council: Philosophy of the Rational Control of... ●●

1952 1 (emphasis added); “National Acad- emy of Sciences: Conference on Population Problems,” June 21,... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 1 (emphasis added); “National Acad- emy of Sciences: Conference on Population Problems,” June 21, 1952. ●●

1952 The Third International Conference on Planned Parenthood: Report of the Proceedings (Bombay: Fami... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Third International Conference on Planned Parenthood: Report of the Proceedings (Bombay: Family Planning Association of India, 1952), 2–4. ●●

1952 Mukherjee to State Health Ministers, November 10, 1965; “Proceedings” of meetings on “The Physiol... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Mukherjee to State Health Ministers, November 10, 1965; “Proceedings” of meetings on “The Physiological Approach to Fertility Control,” September 18, 1952, FFA, 1953 General Correspondence, C-1165,... ●●

1952 77-8; New York Times, 28 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 77-8; New York Times, 28 July1951; 28 December 1951; 22 February 1952; 8 April 1952; 30 December 1952; opium: Robbins, pp ●●

1952 After the war, he returned rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After the war, he returned to fight with them he until he was captured in 1952 ●●

1952 By the end of 1952, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By the end of 1952, Taiwan claimed that 41,000 communist troops had been killed and more than 3,000 wounded ●●

1952 The CIA apparently played a rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The CIA apparently played a role in his 1952 elec- tion,! ●●

1952 Here, for example, is an rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Here, for example, is an excerpt from a CIA report about Guatemala, pre- pared in 1952 for the edification of the White House and the intelligence community: Communist political success derives in general from the ability of individual Communists and ●●

1952 That began in the summer rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story That began in the summer of 1952 andwas Washington’s way of putting itself in a better bargaining position in the truce discus- sions with the Communists, which had been going on for a full year while the battles raged ●●

1952 Stone, The Hidden History of rejected ai_extracted 2 cit. no story Stone, The Hidden History of the Korean War (New York, 1952) chapter 7 and elsewhere ●●

1952 In November 1952, the Churchill candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In November 1952, the Churchill government approached Roosevelt, the de facto head of the CIA’s Middle East division, who told the British that he felt that there was “no chance to win approval from the outgoing administration of Truman and Acheson ●●

1952 In January 1952, for example, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In January 1952, for example, after RFE learned that Czechoslovakia was planning to devalue its currency, it warned the population, thus stimulating a nation-widebuying panic ●●

1952 New York Times, 24 January rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story New York Times, 24 January 1952, p ●●

1952 }) Nation’s Business (published by rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story }) Nation’s Business (published by the United States Chamber of Commerce), April 1952, pp ●●

1952 Malloy and Richard Thorn, eds., rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Malloy and Richard Thorn, eds., Beyond the Revolution: Bolivia Since 1952 (University of Pittsburgh Press, 1971) pp ●●

1952 Nasser overthrows King Farouk of Egypt ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Nasser and other army officers had overthrown King Farouk of Egypt in 1952 ●●

1952 Bolivian revolution installs the MNR government ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1952 that rarity had occurred—an armed popular revolt had defeated the military, displaced the oligarchy, nationalized the tin mines, instituted land reform, and set up a new government under the Movimiento Nacionalista Revolucionario ●●

1952 The fighting was bloody, 70 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The fighting was bloody, 70 miners losing their lives in one raid alone—La Noche de San Juan as it came to be known.2° The Revolution of 1952 had come to an end ●●

1952 Turing convicted of gross indecency ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Turing pleads guilty to charges of homosexuality and is sentenced to hormone treatment in lieu of prison. ●●

1952 Phosphate deposits discovered in Togo ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Phosphate deposits were found about eighteen miles from the sea in Togo, the culmination of French and British prospecting that Nkrumah says had been going on since 1884. ●●

1952 Bolivia nationalises the Patino tin mines ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Bolivian government nationalised the vast Patino Mines & Enterprises Consolidated holdings, vesting them in the new state-owned Corporacion Minera de Bolivia. ●●

20 October 1952 Mau Mau Emergency declared 1 cit. Colonial Governor Evelyn Baring declared a State of Emergency in response to the Mau Mau uprising, giving police and Special Branch officers sweeping powers of arrest, curfew enforcement, and collective punishment against suspected Mau Mau supporters, overwhelmingly targeting the Kikuyu, Embu, and Meru communities. Police screening teams began compiling lists of suspects for detention without trial. politics / war ●●●

20 October 1952 Kenya declares a state of emergency against Mau Mau 1 cit. The colonial government declared a state of emergency in response to the Mau Mau uprising, and the Kenya Police Special Branch became central to surveillance, mass screening, and detention operations targeting the Kikuyu population. Special Branch officers ran networks of informants and screened hundreds of thousands of people passing through detention camps. politics / war ●●●

7 October 1952 Assassination of Senior Chief Waruhiu contested 2 cit. Senior Chief Waruhiu wa Kung'u, a prominent Kikuyu loyalist and supporter of the colonial administration, was shot dead in his car in daylight. His killing alarmed the settler community and the government, which read it as proof that Mau Mau was escalating to open assassination of its African opponents. The murder was the immediate trigger the colonial government cited for declaring a State of Emergency two weeks later. politics / war ●●

20 October 1952 State of Emergency Declared and Kenyatta Arrested 5 cit. Governor Evelyn Baring declared a State of Emergency and launched Operation Jock Scott, arresting Jomo Kenyatta and around 180 other African political leaders overnight. British troops were flown in, and the administration assumed sweeping powers of detention without trial, curfew, and collective punishment. The Emergency would last until 1960 and reshaped the colony into a security state directed largely against the Kikuyu, Embu, and Meru populations. politics / war ●●●

November 1952 The Kapenguria Trial contested 4 cit. Kenyatta and five co-defendants, later known as the Kapenguria Six, were tried in a remote outpost on charges of managing and being members of Mau Mau. The trial before Judge Ransley Thacker relied heavily on a witness who later recanted, and defense lawyers and observers regarded the proceedings as politically driven and unfair. In April 1953 Kenyatta was convicted and sentenced to seven years' hard labor followed by restriction. Though the state cast him as the mastermind, historians dispute how far Kenyatta actually controlled or endorsed the armed movement. politics ●●●

7 October 1952 Senior Chief Waruhiu, the Loyalist Paramount 5 cit. Senior Chief Waruhiu wa Kungu was a leading government chief and outspoken opponent of Mau Mau, a devout Christian and a large landholder who embodied the loyalist elite the British cultivated. Gunmen shot him dead in his car on 7 October 1952, and the killing pushed the government to declare the State of Emergency thirteen days later. His prominence and wealth show how loyalty to the colonial order had already been rewarded with land and standing before the war began. politics / society / war ●●●

20 October 1952 The State of Emergency Splits Kikuyu Society 1 cit. Governor Evelyn Baring declared a State of Emergency on 20 October 1952 and arrested Kenyatta and other leaders in Operation Jock Scott. The conflict that followed was not simply Africans against the British; it hardened a civil war inside Kikuyu society between Mau Mau and the loyalists who chose the government side. Historians such as David Anderson and Daniel Branch stress this internal war as central to understanding who held power afterward. politics / war ●●●

1952 Land and Freedom at the Heart of Mau Mau 1 cit. The fighters who took to the forests in 1952 called their cause ithaka na wiyathi, land and freedom, and named their movement the Land and Freedom Army. Their central demand was the return of the stolen highlands and an end to the settler monopoly on the best soil. More than a fight over flags or votes, Mau Mau was at its core a revolt of the landless and the evicted against the men who held the land. politics / society / war ●●●

20 October 1952 State of Emergency and Operation Jock Scott 10 cit. On 20 October 1952 the colonial government declared a State of Emergency and launched Operation Jock Scott, arresting nationalist leaders across the country overnight. Fred Kubai, Bildad Kaggia and Paul Ngei were seized alongside Jomo Kenyatta and others later tried at Kapenguria. The arrests removed much of the militant leadership from Nairobi in a single sweep. politics / war ●●●

1952 Kimathi arrested for the first time ai_extracted 1 cit. In November 1952 Kimathi was arrested during a screening of farm laborers on suspicion of involvement in the murder of Senior Chief Nderi. He escaped by bribing a warder and fled to the Nyandarua (Aberdare) forest. ●

1952 Operation Jock Scott arrests the Mau Mau leadership ai_extracted 1 cit. Launched on 20 October 1952 by police and army together, Operation Jock Scott aimed to behead the movement. It arrested 150 members of the Kenya African Union, a legal body only erroneously tied to the Mau Mau. ●●

1952 Eviction of Kikuyu becomes official policy ai_extracted 1 cit. Evicting all Kikuyu from areas where alleged Mau Mau crimes had occurred became official policy on 15 December 1952. The authorities had already been assisting settler evictions before that date. ●●

1952 Kiruara marketplace shooting in Fort Hall ai_extracted 1 cit. On 23 November 1952 police opened fire on several hundred unarmed Kikuyu gathered in the Kiruara marketplace in Fort Hall District. Witnesses said nearly one hundred people were killed; colonial officials claimed only fifteen deaths, and no member of the police force was tried. ●●

1952 Forced removal of Kikuyu from settled areas begins ai_extracted 1 cit. In December 1952 the colonial government began deporting Kikuyu squatters and workers from European farms and towns back to the overcrowded reserves. The removals swept through the Rift Valley, Nairobi, and Mombasa and reached Tanganyika and Uganda; by May 1953 over one hundred thousand had been deported. ●●

1952 Governor Baring bribes the judge in Kenyatta's trial ai_extracted 2 cit. To secure a conviction of Jomo Kenyatta, Governor Baring paid the special magistrate, Ransley Thacker, twenty thousand pounds drawn from a special Emergency fund. The government also offered financial rewards to prosecution witnesses. ●●

1952 Trial of the Kapenguria Six opens ai_extracted 1 cit. On 3 December 1952 the trial of Jomo Kenyatta and five co-defendants opened in the remote outpost of Kapenguria, where the government had converted a school into a courthouse ringed with barbed wire and troops. The men were charged with managing an unlawful society. ●●

1952 The First Mau Mau Killings ai_extracted 1 cit. The campaign of assassination against government loyalists began in mid-1952. On 15 May 1952 the mutilated bodies of two shot men, a headman and a police informer, were found in the Kirichwa river in Nyeri. By early September there had been at least twenty-three known assassinations of informers, chiefs' retainers and Crown witnesses. ●●

1952 The Killing of Chief Nderi ai_extracted 1 cit. On 22 October 1952, as the last suspects were being rounded up under Operation Jock Scott, the senior chief Nderi was hacked to death by an angry crowd while trying to break up an oathing ceremony near his home in Murang'a. His killing showed that colonial chiefs were now the direct targets of Mau Mau. ●●

1952 The Thika Market Shooting ai_extracted 1 cit. In the first 'major engagement' of the Emergency, on 22 November 1952 police opened fire on a crowd of about 2,000 Kikuyu at a market near Thika, mistaking it for a hostile Mau Mau gang. The panicked commander ordered his men to fire, killing sixteen people, including women and children, and wounding seventeen. ●●

1952 The Nyeri Christmas Eve Attacks ai_extracted 1 cit. On Christmas Eve 1952, Mau Mau militants in Nyeri's Aguthi location attacked five homesteads of Church of Scotland loyalists, killing several men, women and children. The coordinated attacks, which marked the real beginning of the Emergency's violence, led to seven trials and the eventual hanging of ten men. ●●

1952 The Murder of Eric Bowker ai_extracted 1 cit. The reclusive settler Eric Bowker, who ran a rural store on the Kinangop, was hacked to death in his bath on 27 October 1952, becoming the first European killed by Mau Mau. His two Kikuyu servants were also killed and the store looted, a sign that those fleeing to the forests were arming for a longer struggle. ●●

1952 The Murder of Tom Mbotela ai_extracted 1 cit. Tom Mbotela, a KAU executive and senior figure on Nairobi's African Advisory Council who had publicly opposed Mau Mau, was stabbed and hacked down in a Nairobi street on 26 November 1952. His body lay in the gutter for nearly twelve hours before anyone dared approach it, symbolizing the death of moderate African politics. ●●