Events, Verisoph

1962 1962: His protest lasted only two days (his father came to take hi... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story s protest lasted only two days (his father came to take him home), but he reenrolled at Berkeley in 1962 and resumed his rebellious ways. He served two years in jail as a draft resister and then, in 1 ●●

1962 1962: being put into regular production, each cost $20. The average price fo rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story being put into regular production, each cost $20. The average price for each microchip in the Minuteman missile was $50 in 1962; by 1968 it was $2. Th ●●

1962 1962: Dan Edwards and Peter Samson in 1962 playing Spacewar at MIT. Nolan Bu rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Dan Edwards and Peter Samson in 1962 playing Spacewar at MIT. Nolan Bushnell (1943– ). ●●

1962 1962: pastable, replicable, disposable, and inexpensive.” 26 In October 1962 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story pastable, replicable, disposable, and inexpensive.” 26 In October 1962, while he was still working on his “Libraries of the Future” project, Licklider ●●

1962 1962: to become one of the early experimenters with LSD. After being introdu rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story to become one of the early experimenters with LSD. After being introduced to the drug in a pseudoclinical setting near Stanford in 1962, he became a r ●●

1962 1962: udent demonstrations, with a sign denouncing ROTC. His protest lasted rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story udent demonstrations, with a sign denouncing ROTC. His protest lasted only two days (his father came to take him home), but he reenrolled at Berkeley ●●

1962 Event of 1962 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story closer to those countries which are friendly and cooperative to her. In other words, India was neutral and above power politics, partly as a matter of principle in the interest of world peace, but equally on the grounds of national interest. During t ●●

1962 Information history in 1962 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story aid, as if for the first time, that a burden had been placed on human communication: new complexity, new detachment, and a frightening new excess. In 1962 the president of the American Historical Asso ●●

1962 1962 “I REMEMBER one day walking out the back door of that rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Good, 1962 “I REMEMBER one day walking out the back door of that little brick building, and here’s Julian lying under this little Austin, welding a h ●●

1962 inuous computers.” For real-world questions—especially ambig rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Part of the problem, as Jack Good put it in 1962, is that “analogue computers are stupidly named; they should be named continuous computers.” For real ●●

1962 Event of 1962 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The sponsors asked that their resolution be given priority in 1962 because of its importance— a standard motion for closure ●●

1962 Alexander Gerschenkron, Economic Backwardness in Historical Perspective (Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Alexander Gerschenkron, Economic Backwardness in Historical Perspective (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1962). ●●

1962 The Problem of Our Time,” November 1961, “Grants Made by the World Population Emergency Campaign,... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Problem of Our Time,” November 1961, “Grants Made by the World Population Emergency Campaign,” 1962, and “Family Planning International Campaign: 12th Meeting of Steering Committee,” January 26... ●●

1962 “The Population Council”; Carroll to Overseas Representatives, April 1, 1959, and Hill to Ensming... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “The Population Council”; Carroll to Overseas Representatives, April 1, 1959, and Hill to Ensminger, April 15, 1959, both in FFA, 1953 Grant Files, PA59-482, “Government of India”; “Policy Paper: P... ●●

1962 Guttmacher, “Introduction,” and Chris- topher Tietze, “Intra-Uterine Contraceptive Rings: History... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Guttmacher, “Introduction,” and Chris- topher Tietze, “Intra-Uterine Contraceptive Rings: History and Statistical Ap- praisal,” in Intra-Uterine Contraceptive Devices: Proceedings of the Conference... ●●

1962 “Policy Items to Be Raised in the Report,” June 1962, and Third Meeting of the Management and Pla... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “Policy Items to Be Raised in the Report,” June 1962, and Third Meeting of the Management and Planning Committee, June 13, 1962, both in IPPFA, 1.4.1.1.3.1, “IPPF Management and Planning Committee.... ●●

1962 32 In 1962, the South African police arrested rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 32 In 1962, the South African police arrested ANC leader Nelson Mandela based on information as to his whereabouts and d ●●

1962 “CBS Reports”, 26 April 1962, “The Hot and rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “CBS Reports”, 26 April 1962, “The Hot and Cold Wars of Allen Dulles”, pp ●●

1962 Event rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story McLaughlin, The Confederation and the Constitution (New York: Collier Books, 1962), pp ●●

1962 Russell completes the Spacewar video game ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Steve Russell and fellow hackers finish Spacewar, the first widely shared computer video game, on MIT's PDP-1. ●●

1962 Licklider recruited to lead ARPA's information office ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Licklider is brought to Washington to head a new ARPA office on information processing, which he renames the Information Processing Techniques Office. ●●

1962 UN report documents Africa's widening industrial gap ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A UN Economic Commission for Africa report, cited by Nkrumah, found the industrial gap between Africa and the developed world had widened faster in the twentieth century than ever before. ●●

1962 North American imports into Africa climb as US finance moves in rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story North American imports into Africa rose from 10.3 to 13.7 percent of the total between 1959 and 1962, a shift Nkrumah links to growing US investment in extractive industries and banking across the continent. ●●

1962 Grangesberg increases its stake in a mining subsidiary at its Stockholm AGM rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story At its annual general meeting in Stockholm, the Swedish mining group Grangesberg increased its participation to a majority slice of the equity in a subsidiary, part of a wider Rockefeller-linked mining and shipping empire Nkrumah traces across Africa. ●●

1962 The Million Acre Scheme 6 cit. The Million Acre Scheme, running from 1962 into the early 1970s, bought out departing European farmers and resettled around 35,000 African families on roughly a million acres. Some plots went to poorer smallholders, but the scheme was designed to keep large farms intact and productive and to avoid disorder, not to right the wrongs of land alienation. Because access depended on loans and cash, the better land and larger holdings tended to reach those who already had means. economy / politics ●●●

1962 The Million Acre Settlement Scheme 5 cit. From 1962 the Million Acre Settlement Scheme bought up around a million acres of settler land and resettled tens of thousands of African families on it, funded largely by British loans, the World Bank, and the Commonwealth Development Corporation. It moved real land to real farmers and eased some pressure, but it worked by purchase, not restitution, so newly independent Kenya took on the debt of buying back stolen land. Many of the poorest and the ex-fighters could not qualify and were left out. diplomacy / economy / politics ●●●

1962 Demographic estimate of Kikuyu deaths ai_extracted 1 cit. Elkins challenges the official figure of about eleven thousand Mau Mau killed. Comparing the 1948 and 1962 censuses and adjusting Kikuyu growth against neighboring peoples, she finds that between 130,000 and 300,000 Kikuyu are unaccounted for, pointing to a far larger death toll from the camps and villages. ●●●

October 1962 NFD Commission finds an overwhelming vote to join Somalia 3 cit. Britain sent a commission to hear the wishes of the Northern Frontier District before Kenya's independence. Through public meetings across the districts it found that a large majority, reported at about 87 percent, wanted to secede and join Somalia. Five of the six districts backed secession by clear majorities. diplomacy / politics ●●●●

c. 1962 Western and eastern White Highlands diverge after independence 2 cit. After the colour bar fell and settlement schemes began, the two highland arcs had different political afterlives. In the east, land consolidation and loyalist title helped create a Central Province landowning elite. In the west, former settler farms, settlement schemes and migration into the Rift sharpened claims by Kalenjin, Maasai, Sabaot and other communities that land had been alienated twice: first by settlers and then through uneven postcolonial transfer. economy / politics / society ●●●●

c. 1962 Z-plots make a new African squirearchy 2 cit. The settlement schemes did not allocate all land on one equal basis. Alongside high-density smallholder plots and larger yeoman holdings, Kenya added Z-plots of about 100 acres around former settler farmhouses for potential community leaders. The category favoured politicians, senior civil servants, military officers and other insiders. That is one route by which leaders ended up with large pieces while the landless received small plots or nothing. economy / politics / society ●●●●●

1962 Settlement schemes turn restitution into selection 10 cit. Independence land transfer did not run on original ownership. Resettlement schemes financed by Britain, the World Bank and the Commonwealth Development Corporation expected settlers to have agricultural experience and capital, while the Million Acre schemes financed by Britain and Germany targeted families with less experience and fewer resources. The result was administrative selection: some landless families got small debt plots, qualified farmers and insiders got better openings, and many original claimants stayed outside the gate. economy / politics / society ●●●●●

1963 Emergency Financial Order repealed ai_extracted 1 cit. In 1963, as part of liberalization ahead of Japan's OECD entry, the Emergency Financial Order was repealed, removing a potential legal basis for Ministry of Finance involvement in credit allocation. ●●●

1963 Assassination of Togo's President Olympio ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In Togo in 1963 a band of soldiers killed President Sylvanus Olympio and replaced him with a recalled exile, an example Quigley gives of collapsing statehood under the nuclear umbrella. ●●

1963 Test Ban Treaty of 1963 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The official Test Ban Treaty of August 1963 was the first formal agreement based on recognition of common Soviet-American interests. It aimed to preserve the stalemate and hamper the spread of nuclear weapons to additional powers. ●●

1963 Open warfare in the Plaine des Jarres, Laos, 1963 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The uneasy 1962 troika coalition in Laos broke down when Pathet Lao attacks, staged from North Vietnam, erupted into open warfare in the Plaine des Jarres in April 1963. ●●

1963 Overthrow of the Diem family, 1963 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On November 1, 1963, an American-encouraged coup led by General Duong Van Minh overthrew the Diem family and killed several of its members, ending the regime's Buddhist persecutions. ●●

1963 Death of Gaitskell; Wilson leads Labour, 1963 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Labour leader Hugh Gaitskell died early in 1963 and was succeeded as party leader by Harold Wilson, a skilled intra-party manipulator with a Left-wing record. ●●

1963 De Gaulle vetoes British entry to the EEC, 1963 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In January 1963 De Gaulle rejected Britain's seventeen-month-old application to join the EEC, and on January 29 France vetoed continuance of the Brussels talks, suspending Europe's political unity. ●●

1963 Assassination of President Kennedy, 1963 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story President Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas, Texas, on November 22, 1963. Quigley calls it the most significant governmental change in years, given the power of the American presidency. ●●

22 November 1963 The assassination of John F. Kennedy 1 cit. President Kennedy is shot and killed while riding in a motorcade in Dallas. Lee Harvey Oswald is arrested and then himself killed two days later by Jack Ruby, before any trial. One of the most consequential and most disputed events of the century. politics / society ●●●●●

1963 California forced sterilization program ends ai_extracted 1 cit. no story California's eugenics and forced sterilization program continued to operate until 1963. ●●

1963 FitzGerald meets Cuban agent Cubela in plot to kill Castro ai_extracted 1 cit. no story CIA officer Desmond FitzGerald met agent Rolando Cubela in Paris, posing as an emissary of Robert Kennedy. He promised the weapons Cubela wanted to assassinate Castro. ●●

1963 Kennedy laments the assassination of South Vietnam's Diem ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Kennedy dictated a memo taking responsibility for the coup and killing of President Ngo Dinh Diem. He called the manner of the death particularly abhorrent. ●●

1963 Buddhist monk Quang Duc immolates himself in Saigon ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A monk protesting Diem's oppression set himself on fire in a Saigon intersection. Photographs of the immolation shocked the world. ●●

1963 Ambassador Lodge commits to overthrowing Diem ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Newly arrived ambassador Henry Cabot Lodge cabled Washington that the effort to remove Diem could not be reversed. The White House approved concealing the American role. ●●

1963 President Diem overthrown and killed ai_extracted 1 cit. no story South Vietnamese generals seized power and murdered President Diem and his brother. CIA officer Lucien Conein reported the death to the American embassy. ●●

1963 President Kennedy assassinated in Dallas ai_extracted 1 cit. no story John Kennedy was shot dead in Dallas. The CIA scrambled to assess whether the killing was a foreign conspiracy. ●●

1963 Oswald telephones the Soviet embassy in Mexico City ai_extracted 1 cit. no story CIA wiretaps recorded Lee Harvey Oswald contacting the Soviet embassy about a visa. The intercept later linked him to Soviet officials weeks before the assassination. ●●

1963 Warren Commission created to investigate Kennedy's killing ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Johnson persuaded Chief Justice Earl Warren to lead an inquiry into the assassination. He assembled the commission in a rush of phone calls. ●●

1963 Hoover calls FBI's Oswald handling 'gross incompetency' ai_extracted 1 cit. no story J. Edgar Hoover privately condemned the FBI's failures in tracking Oswald before the assassination. His memo stayed secret for decades. ●●

1963 Soviet spy Kim Philby flees to Moscow ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Angleton's British counterintelligence mentor, Kim Philby, was revealed as a Soviet agent and fled to Moscow. He had been suspected for twelve years. ●●

1963 Year 1963: He died there in 1963. Zahedi’s son Ardeshir, whos rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story He died there in 1963. Zahedi’s son Ardeshir, whose quick wits and perfect English made him a valuable asset to the coup plotters, went on to a long and successful career. ●●

1963 Lodge arrives as ambassador to South Vietnam ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Lodge found South Vietnam in turmoil when he arrived on Friday evening, August 23,1963 (1963) ●●

1963 “What is remarkable about the discussion on October 29, 1963 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “What is remarkable about the discussion on October 29, 1963, is that a broad array of top officials voiced doubts about the coup, including JFK himse (1963) ●●

1963 Meanwhile, property prices roughly trebled between 1963 and 1979, while consumer prices rose by a rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Meanwhile, property prices roughly trebled between 1963 and 1979, while consumer prices rose by a factor of just 2. ●●

1963 Warburg endows European graphology foundation ai_extracted 1 cit. no story To further her work, Siegmund in 1963 endowed from his own pocket the European Foundation of Graphological Science and Application, creating a chair... ●●

1963 In January 1963, S. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In January 1963, S. G. ●●

1963 Warburg arranges the first Eurobond issue ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The historic deal was signed on July 1, 1963. (The real recipient of the money was the steel-making company Finsider, a sister subsidiary of the... ●●

1963 24. MMW. EX, letter from Jimmy Warburg to rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 24. MMW. EX, letter from Jimmy Warburg to Eric Warburg, July 4, 1963. ●●

1963 on August 28, . The story is retold in the “I have a Dream” speech at Histor rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story on August 28, 1963. The story is retold in the “I have a Dream” speech at History ●●

1963 Times Literary Supplement editorial on The Printed Word rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Times Literary Supplement publishes editorial on printed word and media, reprinted in Understanding Media ●●

1963 He was convicted and he received rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story He was convicted and he received probation for one such offense in 1963. ●●

1963 Vietnamese Communist Central Committee adopts new war strategy ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A Communist Party Central Committee meeting in December 1963 laid down the new strategy: guerrilla units would be strengthened, and infiltration into the South accelerated. ●●

1963 On December 21, 1963, McNamara reported to the new President that the security situation within Sout candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On December 21, 1963, McNamara reported to the new President that the security situation within South Vietnam had become very disturbing. ●●

1963 Press Conference on April 19, 1963, quoted in Harold van B rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Press Conference on April 19, 1963, quoted in Harold van B. ●●

1963 “The Common Declaration and the Treaty Between the French Republic and the Federal Republic of Germa rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “The Common Declaration and the Treaty Between the French Republic and the Federal Republic of Germany,” January 22, 1963, quoted in Roy Macridis, De Gaulle, Implacable Ally (New York: Harper & Row, 1966), p. ●●

1963 Eric Havelock publishes Preface to Plato ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Eric Havelock publishes Preface to Plato analyzing contrasts between oral and written cultures of the Greeks ●●

1963 1963: He went to Berkeley in 1963 to study electrical engineering,... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story hat of the hacker hero who uses tech wizardry to bring down evil authority. He went to Berkeley in 1963 to study electrical engineering, just as the revolt against the Vietnam War was brewing. Among h ●●

1963 1963: Envisioned by Bush in his description of a memex machine, it... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ment or piece of content. Envisioned by Bush in his description of a memex machine, it was named in 1963 by the tech visionary Ted Nelson, who dreamed up a brilliantly ambitious project called Xanadu, ●●

1963 1963: earn a PhD in chemical engineering from Berkeley. He joined Fairchild rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story earn a PhD in chemical engineering from Berkeley. He joined Fairchild in 1963 right out of Berkeley, and in his spare time wrote a college textbook ti ●●

1963 1963: o uses tech wizardry to bring down evil authority. He went to Berkeley rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story o uses tech wizardry to bring down evil authority. He went to Berkeley in 1963 to study electrical engineering, just as the revolt against the Vietnam ●●

1963 1963: he reader to another document or piece of content. Envisioned by Bush rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story he reader to another document or piece of content. Envisioned by Bush in his description of a memex machine, it was named in 1963 by the tech visionar ●●

1963 Johnson, Address to the United Nations General Assembly, December 17, 1963 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story the Presidents: Dwight D. Eisenhower, 1957–1961, 62–63. Gerald Ford, Address to a Joint Session of Congress, August 12, 1974, in Public Papers of the Presidents: Gerald R. Ford (1974–1977), 6. “Any man and any nation”: Lyndon B. Johnson, Address to t ●●

1963 Information history in 1963 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story e that existed before in Mesopotamia. “It was assumed that the Babylonians had had some sort of number mysticism or numerology,” wrote Asger Aaboe in 1963, “but we now know how far short of the truth ●●

1963 at the center of gravity for incurable gamblers rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story —Klári von Neumann, 1963 “WE WERE on the Riviera, in Monte Carlo, at the center of gravity for incurable gamblers,” remembers Klári von Neumann, of a ●●

1963 using the Atlas computer at Manchester University candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1963, using the Atlas computer at Manchester University, at that time the most powerful computer in the world, this objective was achieved for a sh ●●

1963 y in the solution of all sorts of new problems.… Judging by rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “The hereditary material of all individuals composing a species is organized by a rigorous pattern of hereditary rules into a collective intelligence ●●

1963 Event of 1963 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 10 The president himself finally endorsed aid for family planning in April 1963 in response to a reporter’s question planted by Barnett and Planned Pa ●●

1963 ”18 For the first two decades after gaining independence in 1963, Kenya grew substantially faster th rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ”18 For the first two decades after gaining independence in 1963, Kenya grew substantially faster than Tanzania, arguably demonstrating the superiority of market-based economics (see Table 4). ●●

1963 “The Population Council”; Carroll to Overseas Representatives, April 1, 1959, and Hill to Ensming... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “The Population Council”; Carroll to Overseas Representatives, April 1, 1959, and Hill to Ensminger, April 15, 1959, both in FFA, 1953 Grant Files, PA59-482, “Government of India”; “Policy Paper: P... ●●

1963 Cited in Sanche de Gramont, The Secret War rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Cited in Sanche de Gramont, The Secret War (New York, 1963) pp ●●

1963 War or conflict rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Kansas City: Sheed and Ward, 1963 ●●

1963 By 1963, after most of these enterprises had adopted the new strategy and the ne... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By 1963, after most of these enterprises had adopted the new strategy and the new structure, they were responsible for 41 percent of the value added and 56 ●●

1963 A study of the 200 largest nonfinancial companies in 1963 indicates that in none... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A study of the 200 largest nonfinancial companies in 1963 indicates that in none of these firms did an individual, family, or group hold over 80 percent of the stock ●●

1963 Friedman and Schwartz's A Monetary History of the United States 2 cit. Milton Friedman and Anna Schwartz publish A Monetary History of the United States, 1867-1960, arguing that the Federal Reserve's contraction of the money supply turned a recession into the Great Depression. The book laid the empirical foundation for monetarism, the theory that stable control of the money supply, not fiscal spending, was the key to economic stability. economy ●●●

12 December 1963 Kenya gains independence 1 cit. Kenya became independent from Britain under Jomo Kenyatta, following a decade marked by the Mau Mau uprising and Britain's brutal suppression of it, which included detention camps holding tens of thousands of Kikuyu. Britain later paid compensation to Mau Mau survivors after admitting to abuses in the camps. Kenyan independence closed one of the more violent chapters of British decolonization in Africa. politics ●●

12 December 1963 Kenya's independence ceremony at the Nairobi showground later named Uhuru Gardens 6 cit. On 12 December 1963, the British colonial flag was lowered and the new Kenyan flag was raised for the first time at what became known as Uhuru Gardens, marking Kenya's independence. The site's name, Uhuru (Swahili for 'freedom'), commemorates this event and is not connected to any Masonic terminology. This is documented, uncontested Kenyan national history, included here to anchor the later contested claims about the site's design. politics ●●●

1963 Morgan group acquires majority of M. Samuel & Co. ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The chairman of M. Samuel & Co. told shareholders that the Morgan group had acquired a majority of the firm's shares, a deal Nkrumah reads as public confession of Europe's financial subservience to American capital. ●●

12 December 1963 Kenya wins independence under KANU 1 cit. Kenya became independent from Britain with Jomo Kenyatta and the Kenya African National Union leading the new government. It followed years of political organizing and the Mau Mau emergency. Kenya became a republic exactly one year later. politics / society ●●●

c. 1963 The Fighters Come Home to Nothing 5 cit. Mau Mau veterans who emerged from the forests and detention camps at independence found the land gone, often held by loyalists, and no pension, medal, or office waiting for them. Many were watched, distrusted, and pushed to the economic margins, and their war record brought suspicion rather than reward. The contrast between their poverty and the comfort of former Home Guards is the human core of the argument that the loyalists, not the fighters, inherited independence. politics / society ●●●

1963 The Northern Frontier District dispute with Kenya 2 cit. As Kenya moved to independence, an official commission found that most people in the Somali-inhabited Northern Frontier District wanted to join Somalia. Britain kept the district within Kenya, and Somalia backed a secessionist revolt known as the Shifta War. Kenya's counter-insurgency and the failed bid left the NFD, later Kenya's North Eastern region, a lasting grievance on the Somali margins. politics / war ●●

12 December 1963 Kenya becomes independent under Jomo Kenyatta as Mau Mau veterans are sidelined 4 cit. Kenya gained independence with Jomo Kenyatta, once detained by Britain as an alleged Mau Mau leader, as prime minister and then president. The land and jobs many Mau Mau fighters expected did not come; Kenyatta urged the country to 'forgive and forget', and much former settler land passed through willing-buyer schemes to an emerging African elite and to loyalists. The rebellion that had pressed hardest for freedom was largely written out of the new order. politics / society ●●●

1963 Independence leaves the large ranches intact 3 cit. At independence, Kenya transfers settler land on a willing-buyer, willing-seller basis rather than by redistribution. Resettlement schemes break up some highland farms, but the big ranches of Laikipia and the arid north are largely left in place. Many pass to wealthy Kenyans and foreign owners, and the colonial map of land ownership survives. economy / politics ●●●

1963 KANU's Election Victory and Kenyatta's Rise to Power ai_extracted 1 cit. The Kenya African National Union, led by Kenyatta, won a runaway victory in the 1963 national elections and swept him into power as Kenya's first president, fulfilling the British aim of handing over to conservative allies. Kenya achieved full independence on 12 December 1963, and Kenyatta urged Kenyans to forget Mau Mau. ●

1963 The Sultan Cedes the Coast to Kenya 5 cit. In 1963 the Sultan of Zanzibar gave up his sovereignty over the ten-mile strip, and it became part of the newly independent Kenya. It ended 275 years in which the coast was tied to Oman and Zanzibar rather than the interior. diplomacy / politics ●

1963 Majimbo federalism is written in, then stripped out 2 cit. Kenya's independence constitution of 1963 was federal, giving seven regions their own assemblies and control over land as a guard for minorities. Once in power, Kenyatta's KANU government swiftly amended it, and by 1964 the regions had lost their authority and KADU had dissolved into KANU, leaving a strong central state and soon a one-party drift. Control of that central state became the prize that ethnic coalitions fought over. The constitutional changes and KADU's dissolution are documented events. politics ●●

March 1963 Britain keeps the NFD inside Kenya despite the vote 3 cit. Colonial Secretary Duncan Sandys acknowledged the north had overwhelmingly asked to leave, then decided to hand the region to Kenya at independence anyway. British strategic interests, not the residents' wishes, drove the choice. The decision fixed a grievance that fed decades of conflict and alienation. diplomacy / politics ●●●●

1963 The Shifta War breaks out in the north 3 cit. After independence, secessionists in the north took up arms to try to join Somalia, and the Kenyan state branded them shifta, meaning bandits. The label denied the fighters any political standing and framed the whole struggle as crime. The conflict ran through the north-east for several years. politics / war ●●●●

1963 Independence and the loss of Yaaku forest rights 1 cit. With Kenyan independence in 1963 the Yaaku lost the protections that had loosely held the Mukogodo forest as their ground. Land and forest policy favoured other interests, weakening their claim to the ancestral woodland. Marginalisation as a small, absorbed community continued under the new state. environment / politics / society ●

1963 Kibaki enters Parliament for Donholm 2 cit. In the 1963 elections Kibaki won the Donholm seat in Nairobi, later known as Bahati and then Makadara. He entered Parliament as Kenya approached independence and was appointed Parliamentary Secretary to the Treasury after the election. This began five decades of elected public service. politics ●●●●