Events, Verisoph

1639 Naval (1639) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story reign Policy and the Modern World-System (Beverly Hills, Calif., 1983), pp. 89–124. 60. E. H. Jenkins, A History of the French Navy (London, 1973), ch. 4; Briggs, Early Modern Fra ●●

1639 War (1639) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story olding 1648-1688. London, 1969. ______. The Siege of Vienna. London, 1964. Strachan, H. European Armies and the Conduct of War. London, 1983. ______. Wellington’s legacy: The Re ●●

1640 Portuguese mission to Japan executed ai_extracted 1 cit. no story When the Portuguese sent a mission in 1640 to protest against the expulsion of foreigners, almost all its members were killed; there could be no attempt at retribution from Lisbon. Finally, Ottoman se ●●

1640 What made this inadequacy absolutely certain was the rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story It was dependent, too, upon the Dutch, even during hostilities; “by 1640 three-quarters of the goods in Spanish ports were delivered in Dutch ships,”50 to the profit of the nation’s greatest foes. Not ●●

1640 Portuguese revolt against Spanish rule ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Moreover, a revolt by the Portuguese in 1640 diverted a steady flow of Spanish troops and resources from northern Europe to much nearer home, although they were never enough to achieve the reunificati ●●

1640 Hobbes publishes Elements of Law ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Hobbes publishes Elements of Law, his first major work on political philosophy. ●●

1641 Dutch VOC captures Melaka from the Portuguese ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After establish ing a base in the small town of Jayakarta, renamed Batavia (now Jakarta) , on the island ofJava in 1619, the VOC's breakthrough came in 1641 when it captured Melaka... ●●

1641 English Civil War escalation documented from December 1641 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Parliamentary records document the escalation toward and during the English Civil War, beginning with King Charles I's return from Scotland in December 1641. ●●

1641 Information history in 1641 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story w a Man may with the greatest Swiftness and Speed, discover his Intentions to one that is far distant from him. ”♦ By swiftness and speed he meant, in 1641, something philosophical; the birth of Isaac ●●

1641 Thornton, The Kingdom of Kongo: Civil War and Transition, 1641-1718 (Madison, 1983), rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Thornton, The Kingdom of Kongo: Civil War and Transition, 1641-1718 (Madison, 1983), esp ●●

1642 Massachusetts enacts the 'Old Deluder Satan' school law ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto notes early compulsion-school proclamations, including the Massachusetts 'Old Deluder Satan' law of 1642 and its 1645 extension. He argues these earlier laws were largely unenforceable. ●●

1642 the Church, Armand Jean du Plessis, Cardinal de Ri... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story of the Church, Armand Jean du Plessis, Cardinal de Richelieu, First Minister of France from 1624 to 1642. ●●

1642 Blaise Pascal builds his adding machine ai_extracted 1 cit. no story calculating devices worthy of the name machine, for adding and—through repetition of the adding—multiplying. Blaise Pascal made an adding machine in 1642 with a row of revolving disks, one for each de ●●

1642 Marshall, Reformation England 1480- 1642 (London, 2003) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Marshall, Reformation England 1480- 1642 (London, 2003) ●●

1643 French victory at the Battle of Rocroi ai_extracted 1 cit. no story At Rocroi (1643), although surrounded by the French, the Spaniards fought to the death. Here, indeed, was one of the strongest pillars in the Habsburg edifice; and it is significant that Spanish power ●●

1643 English Civil War documented through March 1643 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Parliamentary records of the English Civil War extend through March 21, 1643. ●●

1645 Manchu rule established over China ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Jamieson dates the founding of the resistance networks that became Chinese secret societies to the fall of the native Ming dynasty, writing that in 1645 'the Manchow rule was finally established,' driving discontented and disaffected people to band together in secret. ●●

1646 Elias Ashmole inducted into a Masonic order ai_extracted 1 cit. no story British esotericist and antiquarian Elias Ashmole wrote in his diaries about being inducted into an order of Masons in 1646, describing the induction ceremony as having spiritual and esoteric qualities. This is one of the earliest explicit references to Freemasonic practice. ●●

1646 enrolled in the University of Leipzig as a law student at ag rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, born in Leipzig in 1646, enrolled in the University of Leipzig as a law student at age fifteen ●●

1647 Massachusetts School Law of 1647 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto cites the Massachusetts School Law of 1647 as an early attempt to establish a government-ordered system of schools with means to enforce it. ●●

1648 variety of different and nonequivalent forms of state rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A variety of different and nonequivalent forms of state persisted long after 1648 : strong monarchies like those of France and Spain, a Dutch merchant... ●●

1648 Treaty ofWestphalia is often heralded as the beginning rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Treaty ofWestphalia (1648) is often heralded as the beginning of a new regime, signaling the acceptance by maj or European powers of the principle... ●●

1648 If the period 1648–1815 had seen the empire “rising” and “as rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story If the period 1648–1815 had seen the empire “rising” and “asserting itself,”40 that expansion had not eliminated the difficulties under which Vienna labored as it strove to carry out a Great Power rol ●●

1648 Spain recognizes Dutch independence ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Spain suddenly made peace with the Dutch early in 1648, finally recognizing their full independence; but this was done to deprive France of an ally, and the Franco-Habsburg struggle continued. It beca ●●

1648 Economic (1648) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ing of Wars, 1660–1815 1. For basic political narratives of this period, see D. McKay and H. M. Scott, The Rise of the Great Powers 1648–1815 (London, 1983), an excellent survey; ●●

1648 Development (1648) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story uke of Olivares (New Haven, Conn., 1986), p. 495. 14. Parker, Spain and the Netherlands, pp. 54–77; C. R. Boxer, The Dutch Seaborne Empire 1600–1800 (London, 1972), pp. 25–26. 15 ●●

1648 Peace of Westphalia severs inland German trade ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Peace of Westphalia ended the Thirty Years War but severed sea access for inland German states, disrupting trade and prompting relocation to coastal centers. ●●

1648 THE MAPS French Expansion from 1648 to 1801 320 Ge... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story THE MAPS French Expansion from 1648 to 1801 320 German Expansion from 1919 to 1939 321 William Ill’s Grand Alliance from 1701 to 1713 ●●

1648 POWER VACUUMS Both the Peace of Westphalia (1648) ... rejected ai_extracted 2 cit. no story POWER VACUUMS Both the Peace of Westphalia (1648) and the Treaty of Versailles (1919) created power vacuums on the borders of military heavyweights. ●●

1648 Event of 1648 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story document in European history, though in fact no single treaty exists to embody its terms. Nor did the delegates ever meet in a single plenary session to adopt it. The peace is in reality the sum of three separate complementary agreements signed at di ●●

1648 Warlordism is probably an appropriate term to describe the state of much of Germany at the time of t rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Warlordism is probably an appropriate term to describe the state of much of Germany at the time of the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 that brought to an end the Thirty Years’ War. ●●

1648 20 BCE-50 CE) philosophes Philosophy; Byzantine; and Christianity; Greek ; Jewish 66; rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 20 BCE-50 CE) philosophes Philosophy; Byzantine; and Christianity; Greek ; Jewish 66; Latin; Western; see also Aristotle; Neoplatonism; Plato physicality in worship physis Pietà: see Mary: sufferings Pietism Pilgrim Fathers pilgrimage; attacked; to C ●●

1648 pN yw in on poy (1648) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story f. 30—39; naiwn sa:pN yw in on poy (1648) f. 15—21; 9 'aipn ISAAC LURIA AND HIS SCHOOL 415 maiwh at ●●

1648 Emek Hamelekh (1648) rejected ai_extracted 2 cit. no story Elhanan Bacharach’s Emek Hamelekh (1648) f. 39c ff. 11 Important and as yet unedited material on the ●●

1649 Reform (1649) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 73); L. Stone, The Causes of the English Revolution 1529–1642 (London, 1972); Loades, Politics and the Nation, pp. 327ff. 71. Kennedy, British Naval Mastery, pp. 44ff; Barnett, Br ●●

1649 Revolution (1649) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ” Comparative Strategy 3 (1982). Jones, E.L., and G. E. Mingay, eds. Land, Labour and Population of the Industrial Revolution. London, 1967. ______. The European Miracle: Environ ●●

1649 First English translation of the Qur'an published ai_extracted 1 cit. no story First English translation of Qur'an published, meeting storm of abuse from Parliament and clergy. ●●

1650 Event rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story If in 1650 most settlers on both con tinent and islands were white, by 1700 the white-black ratio was 7. 5-1 on the mainland, l-3 .6 in the West Indies. ●●

1650 Peace (1650) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story h Naval Administration in the Age of Walpole. Princeton, N.J., 1965. Baumgart, W. Imperialism: The Idea and Reality of British and French Colonial Expansion. Oxford, 1982. ______ ●●

c. 1650 Age-set and generation-set systems order society 1 cit. Many communities organized public life through age-sets, groups of men initiated together who moved through stages of warrior and elder as a body. Among the Maasai and Kalenjin, age-sets provided warriors and, in time, ruling elders. The Kikuyu generation-set system, whose handover ceremony was called ituika, was said to pass authority from one generation to the next at long intervals. Details survive mainly in oral tradition and vary between communities. culture / politics / society ●●

1651 Hobbes publishes Leviathan ai_extracted 3 cit. no story Thomas Hobbes published Leviathan, his major work of political philosophy. The work was composed in Paris and dedicated to Francis Godolphin. It represents Hobbes's complete theory of the commonwealth and sovereignty. ●●

1651 Information history in 1651 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 240. ♦ “MEN LIVED UPON GROSS EXPERIENCE”: Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan, or The Matter, Forme and Power of a Commonwealth, Ecclesiasticall, and Civill, (1651; repr. ●●

1651 Baptist whipped for private worship candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Massachusetts leaders whip Baptist for organizing private worship, continuing religious repression. ●●

6 April 1652 Founding of the Cape Colony 1 cit. The VOC established a supply station under Jan van Riebeeck to resupply ships on the route to Asia. It grew into a settler colony that displaced local Khoikhoi people and used enslaved labor, seeding modern South Africa. politics / society ●●●●

1654 In 1654, the Shunzi emperor seemed to backtrack rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1654, the Shunzi emperor seemed to backtrack on his support of Chinese, writing: "Reflecting on the study of Chinese writing, I think it may lead t... ●●

1654 This left for consideration the Habsburg possessions in rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “The war in the Netherlands,” observed one Spanish councillor, “has been the total ruin of this monarchy.” In fact, between 1566 and 1654 Spain sent at least 218 million ducats to the Military Treasur ●●

1655 The conquest of an area as large as rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story This left France and Spain engaged in a war which was all to do with national rivalries and nothing to do with religion—as Richelieu’s successor, the French minister, Mazarin, clearly demonstrated in ●●

1656 Information history in 1656 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story seen a dead crocodile; and little else is known. His Expositour appeared in 1616 and went through several editions in the succeeding decades. ●●

1657 Comenius's Orbis Pictus ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto references Comenius's 1657 Orbis Pictus, whose picture-based approach influenced later look-say reading methods. ●●

1657 Stockholms Banco founded ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Stockholms Banco was established in Stockholm as a bank that engaged in lending as well as payment facilitation, pioneering fractional reserve banking. ●●

1657 Bramhall publishes Castigations of Hobbes ai_extracted 1 cit. no story John Bramhall publishes his critical response to Hobbes on liberty and necessity. ●●

1657 Quakers arrive in Massachusetts ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quakers arrive in Massachusetts determined to spread message of freedom and inner light, raising fears. ●●

1658 Revolution (1658) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story nalization of the French Army under the Ancien Régime,” in M. Duffy (ed.). The Military Revolution and the State 1500–1800 (Exeter Studies in History, no. 1, Exeter, 1980), pp. 29– ●●

1659 2The Habsburg Bid for Mastery, 1519–1659 By the rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 2The Habsburg Bid for Mastery, 1519–1659 By the sixteenth century, then, the power struggles within Europe were also helping it to rise, economically and militarily, above the other regions of the glo ●●

1659 Contents Cover Title Page Copyright Dedication Acknowledgmen rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Habsburg Bid for Mastery, 1519–1659 The Meaning and Chronology of the Struggle Strengths and Weaknesses of the Habsburg Bloc International Comparisons War, Money, and the Nation-State Chapter 3. F ●●

1660 Then, in a remarkable rush of intellectual innovation, beginning in around 1660, that theoretical... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Then, in a remarkable rush of intellectual innovation, beginning in around 1660, that theoretical basis was created. ●●

1660 Tables & Charts TABLES 1 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Increase in Military Manpower, 1470–1660 2. British Wartime Expenditure and Revenue, 1688–1815 3. Populations of the Powers, 1700–1800 4. ●●

1660 Introduction This is a book about national and rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Great Power struggles which took place between 1660 and 1815, and are covered in Chapter 3, cannot be so easily summarized as a contest between one large bloc and its many rivals. It was in this c ●●

1660 Contents Cover Title Page Copyright Dedication Acknowledgmen rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Finance, Geography, and the Winning of Wars, 1660–1815 The “Financial Revolution” Geopolitics The Winning of Wars, 1660–1763 The Winning of Wars, 1763–1815 STRATEGY AND ECONOMICS IN THE INDUSTRIAL ERA ●●

1660 3Finance, Geography, and the Winning of Wars, 1660–1815 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 3Finance, Geography, and the Winning of Wars, 1660–1815 The signing of the Treaty of the Pyrenees did not, of course, bring to an end the rivalries of the European Great Powers, or their habit of sett ●●

1660 The Winning of Wars, 1660–1763 When Louis XIV rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Winning of Wars, 1660–1763 When Louis XIV took over full direction of the French government in March 1661, the European scene was particularly favorable to a monarch determined to impose his views ●●

1660 Economic (1660) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story eu and Olivares, ch. 6. CHAPTER THREEFinance, Geography, and the Winning of Wars, 1660–1815 1. For basic political narratives of this period, see D. McKay and H. M. Scott, The Ri ●●

1660 Naval (1660) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story __, “American Atomic Strategy and the Hydrogen Bomb Decision,” Journal of American History 66 (1979). ______, “The Origins of Overkill: Nuclear Weapons and American Strategy, 1945 ●●

1660 Revolution (1660) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 4 (1972). Schulin, E., ed. Gedenkschrift Martin Göhring: Studien zur europäischen Geschichte. Wiesbaden, 1968. Schulte, B.F. Die deutsche Armee. Düsseldorf, 1977. Schulzinger, R ●●

1660 1660: Sending around papers for comments is one reason why the Roy... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ng. Sending around papers for comments is one reason why the Royal Society was created in London in 1660 and why Benjamin Franklin founded the American Philosophical Society. At Time magazine, we had ●●

1660 1660: s on many of the chapters. This isn’t a new thing. Sending around pape rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story s on many of the chapters. This isn’t a new thing. Sending around papers for comments is one reason why the Royal Society was created in London in 166 ●●

1660 The Great Elector established one by refusing to disband his army after the Peace of Oliva that ende candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Great Elector established one by refusing to disband his army after the Peace of Oliva that ended the Swedish-Polish War in 1660 in which Prussia had participated. ●●

1660 17: A House Divided (1517-1660) 1 Scholarly argument (and, for what it rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 17: A House Divided (1517-1660) 1 Scholarly argument (and, for what it is worth, my own opinion) sways on the fascinating but ultimately trivial question of whether the theses were actually nailed up on the door; Philipp Melanchthon asserted in 1546 ●●

1660 György II Rákóczi dies of battle wounds ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Prince György II Rákóczi dies from battle wounds after failed campaigns, leading to principality's ruin. ●●

1661 Louis XIV takes personal control of France ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Winning of Wars, 1660–1763 When Louis XIV took over full direction of the French government in March 1661, the European scene was particularly favorable to a monarch determined to impose his views ●●

1661 Revolution (1661) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ite Weltkrieg, vol. 1, Ursachen und Voraussetzungen der deutschen Kriegspolitik. Stuttgart, 1979. De Gaulle, C. Mémoires de Guerre, 3 vols., Paris, 1954-59. DePorte, A. Europe Be ●●

1661 Event of 1661 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ation takes place. The Westphalian system met both tests in the eighteenth century, first by thwarting the thrust for hegemony by France’s Louis XIV, then by adjusting the system to the insistence of Prussia’s Frederick the Great for equal status. Lo ●●

1662 1662 law clarified older practices by making the rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A 1662 law clarified older practices by making the children of a slave mother slaves, regardless of paternity (a sharp contrast to Islamic law) ; anot... ●●

1663 Thus, while the various wars against the Turks rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Thus, while the various wars against the Turks (1663–1664, 1683–1699, 1716–1718,1737–1739,1788–1791) showed the Habsburg armies generally enhancing their position in the Balkans, this struggle against ●●

1663 and was getting letters from the same address rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Box 1663, Santa Fe, New Mexico, and was getting letters from the same address,” she remembers ●●

1663 with her birthplace certified as Post Office Box 1663 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Claire was born in July, with her birthplace certified as Post Office Box 1663, Santa Fe ●●

1664 Thus, while the various wars against the Turks rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Thus, while the various wars against the Turks (1663–1664, 1683–1699, 1716–1718,1737–1739,1788–1791) showed the Habsburg armies generally enhancing their position in the Balkans, this struggle against ●●

1665 Great Plague strikes London ai_extracted 1 cit. no story During the bubonic plague outbreak in London, residents developed practical survival strategies including relocating to the countryside or isolating indoors. These intuitive approaches proved effective despite people's incorrect understanding of plague transmission. ●●

1665 s ideas before the outbreak of the Sabbatian movement (1665) rejected ai_extracted 2 cit. no story ropagation of Luria’s ideas before the outbreak of the Sabbatian movement (1665). Of special importa ●●

16 September 1666 Sabbatai Zevi converts to Islam 1 cit. Faced with execution by the Ottoman authorities, Sabbatai Zevi converted to Islam, stunning his followers and collapsing the mainstream of the movement. Some believers reinterpreted the conversion as a hidden stage of redemption. religion / society ●●●●

c. 1666 to c. 1667 The Great Schism of the Russian Church 1 cit. Patriarch Nikon's reforms to church ritual and texts split the Russian Orthodox Church and produced the Old Believers, who rejected the changes. Many Old Believers were persecuted and fled to the empire's edges. religion / society ●●●

1666 ;; and Greeks; medieval and modern Christianity in; monasticism in; and prophecy rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ;; and Greeks; medieval and modern Christianity in; monasticism in; and prophecy Assumption: see Mary Assyria Assyrian Christians; see also Dyophysites Astell, Mary (1666 - 1731) astrology astronomy Athanasius (293 - 373); Life of Antony atheism; see ●●

1667 Thomas Sprat publishes History of the Royal Society ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Thomas Sprat publishes the authoritative History of the Royal Society with frontispiece designed by John Evelyn and engraved by Wenceslas Hollar. ●●

1667 Information history in 1667 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ters) In such busie, and active times, there arise more new thoughts of men, which must be signifi’d, and varied by new expressions. ●●

1668 Latin edition of Leviathan published ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Latin edition of Leviathan is published, differing in some respects from the English version. ●●

1670 Kangxi issues the sixteen Sacred Maxims ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Kangxi emperor worked to integrate the Han cultural corpus into his official pronouncements, issuing sixteen Sacred Maxims in 1670. ●●

1672 Under the Law of Ann (1672), the widow and children of a deceased minister of candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Under the Law of Ann (1672), the widow and children of a deceased minister of the Church of Scotland received only half a year’s stipend in the year of the minister’s death. ●●

1673 Event of 1673 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story y with Korea. Chinese traders were permitted to operate in select locations, though no official Sino-Japanese relations existed because no protocol could be worked out that satisfied both sides’ amour propre. Foreign trade with European countries was ●●

1678 Henry More writes to Glanvil about witches rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Cambridge philosopher Henry More wrote a famous letter to author of Sadducismus Triumphatus in May 1678 defending the reality of witches against skeptics ●●

1680 Treatise of the Three Impostors written in the Netherlands ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Anonymous Treatise of the Three Impostors written in Netherlands, circulated widely in manuscript. ●●

1682 War (1682) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story in. Madison, Wi., 1981. Quimby, R.S. The Background of Napoleonic Warfare. New York, 1957. Quinn, D.B., and A. N. Ryan. England’s Sea Empire, 1550-1642. London, 1983. Radice, L. ●●

1682 Economic (1682) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story . 8, ch. 11; Kochan and Abraham, Making of Modern Russia, chs. 7–9; Duffy, Russia’s Military Way to the West, passim; P. Dukes, The Making of Russian Absolutism 1613–1801 (London, ●●

1682 Hobbes publishes Behemoth ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Hobbes publishes Behemoth, a dialogue examining causes of the English Civil War. ●●

1682 ” In 1682, France’s North American territories were named “Louisiana rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story That was one reason why he liked to give his ministers authority over the highest in the Land, even over the Princes of the Blood. In 1680, Louis symbolized the nature of his all-embracing rule by assuming the title “the Great” to go with his earlier ●●

1683 Thus, while the various wars against the Turks rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Thus, while the various wars against the Turks (1663–1664, 1683–1699, 1716–1718,1737–1739,1788–1791) showed the Habsburg armies generally enhancing their position in the Balkans, this struggle against ●●

1683 Oxford University condemns Leviathan ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On July 21, 1683, the University of Oxford formally passes a judgment condemning Leviathan as pernicious and destructive to princes and society. ●●

1683 “From thence [June] to this present Month [August] rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “From thence [June] to this present Month [August],” reported William Penn during his first summer on the Delaware River, in 1683, “we have had extrao ●●

1685 Louis XIV revokes the Edict of Nantes ai_extracted 1 cit. no story King Louis XIV revokes Edict of Nantes, forcing Huguenots into continent-wide exile. ●●

1687 from his office at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princ rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story —Sir Robert Southwell to William Petty, 1687 In 1956, at the age of three, I was walking home with my father, physicist Freeman Dyson, from his offic ●●

1687 Isaac Newton's publication on mass and gravity rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Blavatsky references Newton's 1687 work demonstrating that mass and atoms are acted upon by innate activity, which modern atheistic idealists claimed to use as proof against the concept of Spirit or Divinity. ●●