Events, Verisoph

1688 The Glorious Revolution ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1688 James II, the last Catholic king of England and Scotland, was driven from the throne after trying to restore Roman Catholicism. Parliament invited the Protestants Mary and William of Orange to rule in his place. ●●

1688 Tables & Charts TABLES 1 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story British Wartime Expenditure and Revenue, 1688–1815 3. Populations of the Powers, 1700–1800 4. Size of Armies, 1690–1814 5. ●●

1688 Glorious Revolution constitutional settlement ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The former succeeded in fighting the latter to a standstill in the course of the seventeenth century, an impasse that eventually resulted in the constitutional settlement of 1688–1689, the Glorious Revolution. ●●

1688 The importance of legitimacy was illustrated in Volume 1 by the contrast between England and France rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The importance of legitimacy was illustrated in Volume 1 by the contrast between England and France following the Glorious Revolution of 1688–1689. ●●

1688 Glorious Revolution ejects a Catholic king ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Roman Catholic king ejected from British throne, securing Protestant settlement of British Isles. ●●

1689 Peter and Catherine the Great as reformers ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley identifies Peter the Great (1689-1725) and Catherine the Great (1762-1796) as the westernizing, reforming rulers in Russia's alternating cycle of reform and reaction. ●●

1689 Russia and the Qing sign the Treaty of Nerchinsk ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1689, with the help of the Qing's Jesuit advisors and Mongolian transla tors, Russian and Qing delegations signed a treaty at N erchinsk, drew up a... ●●

1689 This final round of the seven major Anglo-French wars fought rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story This final round of the seven major Anglo-French wars fought between 1689 and 1815 was to last twelve years, and was the most severely testing of them all. Just as before, each combatant had different ●●

1689 The “Financial Revolution” The importance of finance and rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The rise of the ancien régime monarchies of the eighteenth century, with their large military establishments and fleets of warships, simply increased the government’s need to nurture the economy and t ●●

1689 1689: , created a business to manufacture and sell them. As a young boy, Eck rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story , created a business to manufacture and sell them. As a young boy, Eckert was driven by his family’s chauffeur to the William Penn private school, fou ●●

1689 While these new political orders established the principle of accountability, neither England in 168 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story While these new political orders established the principle of accountability, neither England in 1689 nor the United States in 1789 could be considered a modern democracy. ●●

1690 Qing attack Galdan with rival Mongol leaders ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Qing attacked Galdan in 1690, with the help of rival Mongol tribal leaders . ●●

1690 Locke, An Essay Concerning Human Understanding (Oxford, 1975; first published 1690), 525, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Locke, An Essay Concerning Human Understanding (Oxford, 1975; first published 1690), 525, [Bk IV, Ch ●●

1691 Colonial law banishes those in interracial marriages ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1691 , a law required banishment from the colony of a white man or woman, of any status, who married "a negroe, mulatto or Indian man or woman bond... ●●

1693 The “Financial Revolution” The importance of finance and rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story That was the chronic shortage of specie, particularly in the years before the gold discoveries in Portuguese Brazil in 1693. The more European commerce with the Orient developed in the seventeenth and ●●

1693 Geopolitics Because of the inherently competitive nature of rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Since this danger was even greater than that posed by Spain a century earlier, the Dutch were forced to expand their own army (it was 93,000 strong by 1693) and to devote ever more resources to garris ●●

1694 Founding of the Bank of England, 1694 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley calls the 1694 founding of the Bank of England by William Paterson one of the great dates in world history, marking England's mastery of credit. ●●

1694 Founding of the Bank of England rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1694, near bankruptcy from war with France, England accepted an offer from City merchants to lend the government 1.2 million pounds in return for the right to issue banknotes. The Governor and Company of the Bank of England opened before the year was out. ●●

1694 Founding of the Bank of England rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. In 1694 a consortium of English bankers loaned 1,200,000 pounds to the king. In return they gained a royal monopoly on issuing banknotes, monetizing the royal debt. ●●

1694 Bank of England created ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Bank of England was created primarily to assist government war finance, becoming distinctive through its note-issuing privileges. ●●

1694 Creation of the Bank of England ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The creation of the Bank of England in 1694 (at first as a wartime expedient) and the slightly later regularization of the national debt on the one hand and the flourishing of the stock exchange and g ●●

1697 with a portrait of the duke on the reverse rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “Nothing is a better analogy to, or even demonstration of such creation than the origin of numbers as here represented, using only unity and zero or n ●●

1698 mnan (1698) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Horovitz in mind 13% mnan (1698) f. 293a; Nehemyah Hayun in o77°R) ny (1713) f. 20d; oAIIs yan Max p ●●

1698 Omani Arabs capture Fort Jesus 5 cit. After a siege that lasted nearly three years, forces of the Sultanate of Oman took Fort Jesus, breaking Portuguese power north of Mozambique. The victory brought the Swahili coast under Omani influence, exercised through local Mazrui and other governors. It set the stage for later Omani and Zanzibari rule over Kenya's coastal towns. politics / war ●●

1699 Ottoman losses to the Habsburgs, 1699 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As early as 1699 the sultan lost Hungary, Transylvania, Croatia, and Slavonia to the Habsburgs, western Balkan lands to Venice, and northern districts to Poland. ●●

1699 Savery patents the 'miner's friend' pump ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto traces the steam engine to coal mining's drainage problem. Savery patented the 'miner's friend' pump in 1699, which became Newcomen's steam pump for draining British coal mines. ●●

1699 For centuries the Habsburg family had been a rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story For centuries the Habsburg family had been a disruptive player on the European field-expanding through marriage politics, winning almost all of Hungar... ●●

1699 Juedenthumb und dessen Kabbala vergoetterte Welt (1699) rejected ai_extracted 2 cit. no story ie von dem heutigen Juedenthumb und dessen Kabbala vergoetterte Welt (1699), drew heavily upon Herre ●●

1700 new dynastic combination emerged in 1700 (despite British rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A new dynastic combination emerged in 1700 (despite British attempts to prevent it) , when Bourbons, springing from the lineage of the kings of France... ●●

1700 Bourbon dynasty, in power since 1700, no lon rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Bourbon dynasty, in power since 1700, no lon ger fit the pattern of composite monarchy. ●●

1700 Nonetheless , the European population of North America rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Nonetheless , the European population of North America was very small compared with that of lndians; there were only about 250,000 Europeans on the co... ●●

1700 Event rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story If in 1650 most settlers on both con tinent and islands were white, by 1700 the white-black ratio was 7. 5-1 on the mainland, l-3 .6 in the West Indies. The plantation islands were... ●●

1700 4 Yet between 1700 and 1950 there was a ‘great divergence’ of living standards between rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 4 Yet between 1700 and 1950 there was a ‘great divergence’ of living standards between East and West. ●●

1700 Since 1700, public opinion had played an important... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Since 1700, public opinion had played an important role in British foreign policy. ●●

1700 14: Orthodoxy: More Than an Empire (900- 1700) 1 Tyerman, 2-3 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 14: Orthodoxy: More Than an Empire (900- 1700) 1 Tyerman, 2-3 ●●

1700 23: To Make the World Protestant (1700-1914) 1 J rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 23: To Make the World Protestant (1700-1914) 1 J ●●

1700 23: To Make the World Protestant (1700- 1914) In addition to the rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 23: To Make the World Protestant (1700- 1914) In addition to the surveys of particular regions listed above under ‘General Reading for All Christian History’, the essayists of S ●●

c. 1700 Councils of elders govern the Kikuyu 1 cit. Among the Kikuyu, day-to-day authority lay with councils of elders, known as kiama, who judged disputes, oversaw land, and guarded custom. Membership came with age, initiation, and standing, so power was earned over a lifetime rather than inherited from a crown. Similar councils governed many neighboring communities. This picture is drawn from oral tradition and from what early observers recorded. politics / society ●●

c. 1700 The high god Ngai and the abode on Mount Kenya 2 cit. The Kikuyu worshipped a single high god, Ngai, also called Mwene Nyaga, the possessor of brightness, who was believed to rest upon Mount Kenya, which they named Kirinyaga. People faced the mountain in prayer and sacrifice at moments of need, thanksgiving, and crisis. Related communities such as the Kamba, Embu, and Meru held similar beliefs in a creator god tied to the great peak. These beliefs are recorded from oral tradition and early accounts. culture / religion ●●

c. 1700 Enkai, the god of the Maasai 1 cit. The Maasai looked to Enkai, or Engai, a single god with two aspects, a benevolent black god of rain and life and a vengeful red god of drought and lightning. In Maasai belief Enkai gave cattle to their people at creation, a conviction that shaped both their pastoral life and their attitude to their neighbors' herds. Prayer, sacrifice, and the blessings of the laibon addressed this god. The tradition is known chiefly from oral sources. culture / religion ●●

c. 1700 The Meru crossing from Mbwaa legendary 1 cit. The Ameru tell of an ancestral home called Mbwaa, where they lived under oppression by cruel outsiders remembered as the red people. In the tradition they fled and reached a wide red water that opened to let them pass before closing on their pursuers. The story is a founding epic, and scholars still argue over whether Mbwaa was a real coastal place and who the red people were. culture / society ●●●

c. 1700 No central kingship among the Kenyan Luo contested 5 cit. Unlike their River-Lake kin the Shilluk, whose reth was a sacred king, or the Alur with their rain-making chiefs, the Kenyan Luo never built a single centralized kingship. Power stayed spread across many lineages and their ruodhi, held in check by elders and clan balance. Scholars still debate why the southern branch stayed decentralized while northern branches grew divine kings, which keeps this reconstruction contested. politics ●●

c. 1700 Pokomo farmers and the gasa council on the Tana 3 cit. The Pokomo are Bantu farmers strung out in villages along the Tana River, living off its floods to grow bananas, rice and other crops on the banks. Their society was ordered by age-sets and by the gasa, a council of senior elders that settled disputes and spoke for the community. They were riverbank cultivators in a land otherwise ruled by herders. economy / society ●●

c. 1700 The Ilwana of the middle Tana 3 cit. The Ilwana, also called Malakote, are a small Bantu-speaking farming people of the middle Tana around Bura and Hola. Living among the far more numerous Cushitic Orma, they took on much of their herder neighbours' language and custom. They are one of the river's least-known communities, easily lost between larger groups. culture / society ●

c. 1700 The Mbwaa origin narrative legendary 2 cit. In the Mbwaa story the Ngaa, ancestors of the Meru, are held under a people called the Nguo Ntune, the "red clothes" or red people, who impose a series of absurd, impossible tasks. A diviner cuts open a volunteer warrior named Aita, examines and heals him, and the reborn Aita strikes a great water so it parts, letting the fugitives cross on dry land before they disperse into the Tigania, Igembe, Imenti, Mwimbi, and Tharaka. Anne-Marie Peatrik records nine variants gathered between 1910 and the 1990s. culture / religion / society ●●●●

c. 1700 The Yaaku as Cushitic cave-dwelling foragers of Mukogodo 1 cit. The Yaaku lived by hunting, gathering, and beekeeping in the Mukogodo forest of Laikipia, sheltering in rock caves that gave rise to the name Mukogodo, roughly people who live in the rocks. They spoke Yaakunte, an Eastern Cushitic language unrelated to the Maa of surrounding pastoralists. Honey and forest game anchored their economy. culture / environment / society ●●

c. 1700 Aweer use honeyguide birds to find wild honey 3 cit. The Aweer are known for working with the greater honeyguide bird, following its calls and answering with whistles to locate wild bees' nests in the forest. Honey was both a staple food and a trade good. This partnership with a wild bird is one of the best-known human-animal cooperations in Africa. culture / economy / environment ●●

c. 1700 Sabaot settle the slopes of Mount Elgon contested 1 cit. The Sabaot are a Kalenjin cluster on the Kenyan slopes of Mount Elgon, made up of groups including the Kony, Bok and Bongomek, and kin to the Sabiny or Sebei on the Ugandan side. Older writers sometimes called them the Elgon Maasai, though they are Southern Nilotic and Kalenjin-speaking. Their homeland straddles the mountain and the border, and mixing with neighbours was normal. society ●●

1701 16 Then Britain and Ireland witnessed a gradual dismantling of public disabilities rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 16 Then Britain and Ireland witnessed a gradual dismantling of public disabilities for Catholics (not yet completed in the early twenty-first century, with a repeal of the legislation of 1701 forbidding Catholics to succeed to the British throne stil ●●

1701 D printed in Sefer Raztel (1701) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story f Worms in 89 ‘71D ’D printed in Sefer Raztel (1701) f. 7b speaks on the niizien 71D as one of the “ ●●

1701 Amsterdam (1701) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story the end of 5x11 125 Amsterdam (1701) f. 37—40. Moreover, there is a great deal of unpublished materi ●●

1702 Geopolitics Because of the inherently competitive nature of rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Hence the justifiable alarm, during the fierce toe-to-toe battles of the War of Spanish Succession (1702–1713), at the heavy losses caused by Marlborough’s willingness to launch the Anglo-Dutch armies ●●

1703 BCE; ); Abgar (‘the Great’;) Edinburgh; Missionary Conference (1910) education; Protestant; Roman rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story BCE; ); Abgar (‘the Great’;) Edinburgh; Missionary Conference (1910) education; Protestant; Roman Catholic; see also clerical education; schools; Society of Jesus; universities Edwards, Jonathan (1703-58) Egypt; ancient ; astronomy in; early monastic ●●

1703 Legislative action rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1703, South Carolina declared that its money was “a good payment and tender in law” and then added that, should anyone refuse to honor it as such, ●●

1704 Marlborough wins the Battle of Blenheim ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Marlborough’s decisive victory at Blenheim (1704) severely hurt the Franco-Bavarian armies and freed Austria from a French invasion threat. The later battle of Ramillies (1706) gave the Anglo-Dutch fo ●●

1706 Birth of Benjamin Franklin ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto recounts that Benjamin Franklin was born on Milk Street in Boston on January 17, 1706, the youngest son of a candlemaker. ●●

1706 Battle of Ramillies gives Anglo-Dutch the Netherlands ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The later battle of Ramillies (1706) gave the Anglo-Dutch forces most of the southern Netherlands, and that at Oudenarde (1708) brutally stopped the French effort to regain ground there.52 At sea, wit ●●

1707 Reign rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The notion of"British" meant little before the Union with Scotland in 1707 and the word "empire" in the sixteenth and seven teenth centuries referred to England being " entire of i... ●●

1707 Christianus detectus (1707) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story , Cabalismus Judaeo-Christianus detectus (1707) p. 118, says that he has found the Kawwanah called S ●●

1707 John Mill documents thirty thousand biblical variants ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Distinguished English biblical scholar John Mill determines approximately thirty thousand variant readings exist. ●●

1707 Founding or establishment rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1707, the recently created Bank of England was given the responsibility of managing this currency, but the bank found more profit in the circulatio ●●

1708 Mazepa allies with Sweden against Peter the Great ai_extracted 1 cit. no story But when Hetman Ivan Mazepa, one of the richest men in Europe, allied with the king of Sweden against Peter the Great in 1708, Russia, with its own Co... ●●

1708 Battle of Oudenarde halts the French offensive ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The later battle of Ramillies (1706) gave the Anglo-Dutch forces most of the southern Netherlands, and that at Oudenarde (1708) brutally stopped the French effort to regain ground there.52 At sea, wit ●●

1709 Russia defeats Sweden at Poltava ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Russia’s stunning defeat of the Swedes at Poltava (1709) alerted the other powers to the fact that the hitherto distant and somewhat barbarous Muscovite state was intent upon playing a role in Europea ●●

1711 A supplementary scheme had been set up by the Bishop of Edinburgh in 1711, but rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A supplementary scheme had been set up by the Bishop of Edinburgh in 1711, but on the traditional pay-as-you-go basis. ●●

1711 From Felix, he had inherited La Belle Blonde Stradivarius,... (1711) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story From Felix, he had inherited La Belle Blonde Stradivarius, later swapping it with the Havemeyer family for the 1711 Duport Stradivarius, considered by some the greatest of all Stradivarius instruments. ●●

1711 Hons (1711) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story n, Zevi Chotsh in 28 Hons (1711). But the most interesting among this group is undoubtedly Jacob Kop ●●

1713 Geopolitics Because of the inherently competitive nature of rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Hence the justifiable alarm, during the fierce toe-to-toe battles of the War of Spanish Succession (1702–1713), at the heavy losses caused by Marlborough’s willingness to launch the Anglo-Dutch armies ●●

1714 Leibniz writes the Monadology ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Leibniz’s reflections on the nature of mind culminated in his Monadology of 1714, a short text describing a universe of elementary mental particles th ●●

1714 First pipe organ installed in New England ai_extracted 1 cit. no story First pipe organ in New England acquired by Anglican church in Boston, seen as popish by Congregationalists. ●●

1714 Halley's recognition of self-luminous matter in the Philosophical Transactions rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Halley's work in the Philosophical Transactions recognized the existence of self-luminous matter, advancing understanding of nebular theory and cosmic substance. ●●

1715 This hanging scroll is the work of the rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story This hanging scroll is the work of the Jesuit Castiglione, who arrived in China in 1715 and was appo inted to the post of court painter in Beij ing. ●●

1715 This general balance of political, military, and economic fo rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story This general balance of political, military, and economic force in Europe was underwritten by an Anglo-French détente lasting nearly two decades after 1715.59 France in particular needed to recuperate ●●

24 June 1717 Grand Lodge of England Founded 2 cit. Four London lodges met at the Goose and Gridiron Ale-house to form the Grand Lodge of England, the first Masonic Grand Lodge in the world. This is the conventional founding date of organized, institutional Freemasonry, as distinct from the older stonemasons' guilds it grew out of. The new Grand Lodge later built and rebuilt purpose-made halls, starting a tradition of grand Masonic architecture. Nearly every Masonic building discussed in later history traces its institutional lineage back to this meeting. culture / society ●●●

1719 As in 1719, so in 1929, there were unscrupulous insiders, like Charles E. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As in 1719, so in 1929, there were unscrupulous insiders, like Charles E. ●●

1719 And, just as in 1719, the rewards to investors seemed irresistible. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story And, just as in 1719, the rewards to investors seemed irresistible. ●●

1719 Furthermore, the monarchies in London and Paris, not a littl rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Furthermore, the monarchies in London and Paris, not a little fearful of their own succession, frowned upon any attempts to upset the status quo and found it mutually profitable to cooperate on many i ●●

1719 Treatise of the Three Impostors published in print ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Treatise of Three Impostors finally published in print after circulating as manuscript for decades. ●●

1720 Collapse of the South Sea Bubble ai_extracted 1 cit. It was upon these solid foundations that Britain’s “credit” rested, despite early uncertainties, considerable political opposition, and a financial near-disaster like the collapse of the famous South ●●

1720 pya niqy nw (1720) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Abraham de Botton 2pya niqy nw (1720) f. 42a, re- printed by Rosanes vol. IV p. 473. 9 §. Trivush in ●●

1721 World Power Centers in the Sixteenth Century 2 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Europe in 1721 6. European Colonial Empires, c. 1750 7. ●●

1722 Afghan tribesmen invade Iran and sack Isfahan ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Afghan tribesmen sweep down from the north and overrun Iran, even sacking Isfahan, the capital city, in a significant military invasion. ●●

1723 Johann Peter Rockefeller immigrates to America ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Johann Peter Rockefeller, a miller, immigrates from Germany to Philadelphia and settles on farms in Somerville and Amwell, New Jersey, acquiring large landholdings. This marks the beginning of the Rockefeller family in America. ●●

1726 Any nwnd (1726) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story sidim § 1318. 66 Cf. Any nwnd (1726) f. 2a/b. 67 Sanhedrin 98a. 68 This is the doctrine of 7017 x’? ●●

1727 Russia and the Qing sign the Kiakhta treaty ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The principles of Nerchinsk were firmed up by the Kiakhta treaty, signed in 1727, and the frontier marked with boundary stones. ●●

1727 The Scottish kilt invented by Thomas Rawlinson ai_extracted 1 cit. Trevor-Roper shows the modern kilt was not ancient Highland dress but a recent design. It was created around 1727 by Thomas Rawlinson, an English Quaker ironmaster, who had the belted plaid cut down into a separate short garment so his Highland workers could tend furnaces more easily. ●●●

1729 Fleet and Marshalsea debtors' prison scandal ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1729 the horrific conditions of London's Fleet and Marshalsea debtors' prisons were exposed, where poor debtors were left to die of hunger and jail fever. ●●

1729 Emperor Yongzheng bans opium in China ai_extracted 1 cit. no story This was a practice that the Emperor Yongzheng had prohibited over a century before, in 1729, because of the high social costs of opium addiction. ●●

1729 Information history in 1729 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story t exactly once. What would be an uninteresting number? ●●

1730 Information history in 1730 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story h the bugle and the bell, used to transmit a small set of messages: attack; retreat; come to church. But they could not conceive of talking drums. ●●

1731 ;; and Greeks; medieval and modern Christianity in; monasticism in; and prophecy rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ;; and Greeks; medieval and modern Christianity in; monasticism in; and prophecy Assumption: see Mary Assyria Assyrian Christians; see also Dyophysites Astell, Mary (1666 - 1731) astrology astronomy Athanasius (293 - 373); Life of Antony atheism; see ●●

1733 ‘Tho’ Chance produces Irregularities,’ wrote de Moivre in 1733, ‘still the Odds will be infinitely rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ‘Tho’ Chance produces Irregularities,’ wrote de Moivre in 1733, ‘still the Odds will be infinitely great, that in process of Time, those Irregularities will bear no proportion to recurrency of that Order which naturally results from Original Design. ●●

1733 Even a French attack upon the Austrian possessions of Lorrai candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Even a French attack upon the Austrian possessions of Lorraine and Milan in 1733, and a French move into the Rhineland, failed to provoke a British reaction. Unable to obtain any support from the isol ●●

1734 Event of 1734 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story the Statesman (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1899), 316; and Otto von Bismarck, The Kaiser vs. Bismarck: Suppressed Letters by the Kaiser and New Chapters from the Autobiography of the Iron Chancellor (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1921), 144–45. Enlig ●●

c. 1735 Linnaeus divides humans into ranked races 1 cit. In Systema Naturae, Carl Linnaeus sorted humans into four varieties and attached character traits to each, an early step toward ranking races. The scheme gave a veneer of science to European claims of superiority. science / society ●●

1735 States of Holland proscribe Masonic Lodges ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Pike claims that because true Masonry bore the banners of Freedom and Equal Rights and rebelled against temporal and spiritual tyranny, the Lodges were proscribed by an edict of the States of Holland in 1735. ●●

1737 Louis XV forbids Masonic Lodges in France ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Pike reports that Louis XV forbade Masonic Lodges in France in 1737, as part of governmental and ecclesiastical suppression of Masonry. ●●

1738 ), Journals and Diaries II (1738-43) (Works of John Wesley, 19, 1990), rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ), Journals and Diaries II (1738-43) (Works of John Wesley, 19, 1990), 67 ●●

1738 Pope Clement XII condemns Freemasonry ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Pike records that Pope Clement XII issued a famous Bull of Excommunication against Freemasonry in 1738, empowering bishops and inquisitors to punish Freemasons as suspects of heresy. ●●

1739 66 Letter of 1739: W rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 66 Letter of 1739: W ●●