Events, Verisoph

1944 At the end of March 1944, Bohr seemingly had a mandate from the President of the candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story At the end of March 1944, Bohr seemingly had a mandate from the President of the United States to talk to the Prime Minister of Great Britain. ●●

1944 The IBM equipment arrived early in April 1944 and the Theoretical Division immed rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The IBM equipment arrived early in April 1944 and the Theoretical Division immediately put it to good use running brute-force implosion numbers. ●●

1944 Largest atomic pile yet assembled is completed ai_extracted 1 cit. no story But after a couple of seconds he relaxed, realizing that under no circumstances could natural uranium and natural wood in any configuration cause a chain reaction.2103 Tuesday evening, September 26, 1944, the largest atomic pile yet assembled on earth was ready. ●●

1944 During the summer of 1944, Conant says, on an earlier inspection trip to Los Ala rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story During the summer of 1944, Conant says, on an earlier inspection trip to Los Alamos, he and Bush had found leisure and privacy to discuss “what the policy of the United States should be after the war was over.”2113 As a result they had sent Secretary of War Henry L. ●●

1944 Robert Oppenheimer also committed himself at that time to exploring the thermonu candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Robert Oppenheimer also committed himself at that time to exploring the thermonuclear—after the war was won—in a letter to Richard Tolman on September 20, 1944. ●●

1944 Not until mid-December 1944 did a lens test look promising; the eighteen 5-kilog rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Not until mid-December 1944 did a lens test look promising; the eighteen 5-kilogram bombs Groves told George Marshall he hoped to have on hand by the second half of 1945 he also thought might explode so inefficiently that each would be equivalent to no more than 500 tons of TNT, down from the 1,000 tons Conant had heard estimated in October. ●●

1944 Nishina did not meet again with Nobuuji until seven months later, in February 19 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Nishina did not meet again with Nobuuji until seven months later, in February 1944, when he reported difficulty producing uranium hexafluoride. ●●

1944 More recently he had been test-piloting the B-29, which in 1944 was just beginni rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story More recently he had been test-piloting the B-29, which in 1944 was just beginning to come on line, working with the physics department of the University of New Mexico in Albuquerque to determine how well the new bomber could defend itself against fighter attack at high altitude. ●●

1944 He flew to Second Air Force headquarters in Colorado Springs at the beginning of rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story He flew to Second Air Force headquarters in Colorado Springs at the beginning of September 1944 to report to commanding Major General Uzal Ent. ●●

1944 It was the end of 1944 and he was feeling the pressure of accumulating Manhattan rejected ai_extracted 2 cit. no story It was the end of 1944 and he was feeling the pressure of accumulating Manhattan Project delays: “General Groves indicated that too much valuable time was being taken from other problems to devote time to the blockbuster program.” Conant asked how long the blockbuster program would have to continue; Parsons answered combatively that it would have to continue as long as Tibbets’ group operated so that 509th crews could maintain their bombing skills. ●●

1944 Second front opens in Normandy ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The second front in Normandy did not come about until June 1944, by which time Germany was so weakened that Allied casualties were greatly reduced and a decisive victory was within reach. ●●

1944 to install the process equipment into the first completed separation building by remote control, pre rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story to install the process equipment into the first completed separation building by remote control, pretending the canyon was already radioactive. ●●

1944 when he reported difficulty producing uranium hexafluoride. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story when he reported difficulty producing uranium hexafluoride. ●●

1944 for a full-scale test of an implosion weapon. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story for a full-scale test of an implosion weapon. ●●

1944 batches of plutonium nitrate containing gram quantities of plutonium had begun arriving at Los Alamo rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story batches of plutonium nitrate containing gram quantities of plutonium had begun arriving at Los Alamos. ●●

1944 when she, Enrico Fermi and Crawford Greenewalt climbed giddily to the top of a twelve-story tower to rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story when she, Enrico Fermi and Crawford Greenewalt climbed giddily to the top of a twelve-story tower to survey the secret reservation. ●●

1944 Conant says, on an earlier inspection trip to Los Alamos, he and Bush had found leisure and privacy rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Conant says, on an earlier inspection trip to Los Alamos, he and Bush had found leisure and privacy to discuss “what the policy of the United States should be after the war was over. ●●

1944 was just beginning to come on line, working with the physics department of the University of New Mex rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story was just beginning to come on line, working with the physics department of the University of New Mexico in Albuquerque to determine how well the new bomber could defend itself against fighter attack at high altitude. ●●

1944 with his assumptions at the beginning of the new year to draw up a problematic balance sheet: while rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story with his assumptions at the beginning of the new year to draw up a problematic balance sheet: while he had previously “believed a few bombs might do the trick” of ending the war, at the beginning of 1945 he was “convinced many bombs will now be requi ●●

1944 reduced Trinity’s priority, says Bainbridge, “almost to zero . rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story reduced Trinity’s priority, says Bainbridge, “almost to zero . ●●

1944 Hanford operators trained and deployed rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Hanford separation plant operators trained in remote control operations arrive at facility ●●

1944 Hanford begins plutonium separation ai_extracted 1 cit. no story First irradiated uranium slugs begin plutonium separation at Hanford 221-T plant ●●

1944 ALSOS mission enters liberated Paris ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ALSOS intelligence mission under Boris Pash becomes first American unit to enter liberated Paris ●●

1944 ALSOS finds Germany has no atomic bomb program ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ALSOS team discovers definitive evidence that Germany has no atomic bomb program ●●

1944 1944: Larry Brilliant (1944– ) and Stewart Brand on Brand’s houseb... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Larry Brilliant (1944– ) and Stewart Brand on Brand’s houseboat in 2010. William von Meister (1942–1995). Steve Case (1958– ). ●●

1944 1944: visits to Endicott wearing his full dress uniform. 22 His tour of duty rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story visits to Endicott wearing his full dress uniform. 22 His tour of duty had one major payoff: at the beginning of 1944, as IBM was getting ready to shi ●●

1944 1944: After a year of building, around the time of D-Day in June 1944, Mauch rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After a year of building, around the time of D-Day in June 1944, Mauchly and Eckert were able to test the first two components, amounting to about one ●●

1944 1944: cific purpose of breaking Germany’s wartime codes. Howard Aiken’s Harv rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story cific purpose of breaking Germany’s wartime codes. Howard Aiken’s Harvard Mark I, built with IBM and put into operation in May 1944, was programmable, ●●

1944 1944: s before another problem is placed on the machine.” 37 But more than a rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story s before another problem is placed on the machine.” 37 But more than a year before ENIAC was finished, indeed as early as the beginning of 1944, Mauch ●●

1944 1944: understand the potential of high-speed computers. During the summer of rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story understand the potential of high-speed computers. During the summer of 1944, this quest took him to Bell Labs to study the updated versions of George ●●

1944 1944: ance: the development of a stored-memory computer. So it was fortuitou rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ance: the development of a stored-memory computer. So it was fortuitous that, in late August 1944, he had an encounter on the platform of the train st ●●

1944 1944: Over the ensuing years, at patent trials and conferences, in books and rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Over the ensuing years, at patent trials and conferences, in books and dueling historical papers, there would be debates over who deserved the most cr ●●

1944 1944: Larry Brilliant (1944– ) and Stewart Brand on Brand’s houseboat in 201 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Larry Brilliant (1944– ) and Stewart Brand on Brand’s houseboat in 2010. William von Meister (1942–1995). Steve Case (19 ●●

1944 Information history in 1944 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Die Philosophischen Schriften von Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, vol. 7 (Berlin: Olms, 1890), 12, quoted by Kurt Gödel in “Russell’s Mathematical Logic” (1944), in Kurt Gödel: Collected Works, vol. ●●

1944 Sometimes they could not get together for a couple of weeks rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Sometimes they could not get together for a couple of weeks, but the moment Johnny got back, he was ready to pick up right where they stopped, as if n ●●

1944 on behalf of the implosion effort at Los Alamos rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In July of 1944, on behalf of the implosion effort at Los Alamos, von Neumann and Stan Frankel were briefed on the series of Bell Telephone relay comp ●●

1944 “All through 1944, and in 1945 as well, we were leading a ‘d rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “All through 1944, and in 1945 as well, we were leading a ‘double life,’ ” Mauchly recalls ●●

1944 Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1944 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story John von Neumann and Oskar Morgenstern, Theory of Games and Economic Behavior (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1944), p ●●

1944 Robert Oppenheimer, August 1, 1944, LA rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Robert Oppenheimer, August 1, 1944, LA ●●

1944 Event of 1944 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ”18 In one of the first general formulations of what came to be known as de- mographic transition theory, another Princeton demographer, Dudley Kirk, ●●

1944 hich 17 should have preference for immediate hospitalization?” rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story hich 17 should have preference for immediate hospitalization?” He held the power of life and death over those who desperately needed his help, and he sadistically exercised this power every day.36 In 1944, for instance, two French arrivals-a Protestant minister named Roux and a doctor named Rodochi- ●●

1944 ant recounted that Mengele “would receive questions about rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ant recounted that Mengele “would receive questions about the twins from the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute in Berlin, and he would send them the answers. “89 The volume of exchange was massive. In a March 1944 memo from Verschuer to the German Research Society, which financed his work, he asked for more ●●

1944 d “Twins camp,” was coded G for geheime, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story d “Twins camp,” was coded G for geheime, or “secret.” Verschuer explained, “Analysis of material obtained from the twins camp continued during the half-year reporting period October 1943 to March 15, 1944. Some 25 psychological analyses, each of which consisted of about 200 pages, were dictated duri ●●

1944 CHINA 1945 to 1960s David rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story CHINA 1945 to 1960s David Barrett, Dixie Mission: The United States Army Observer Group in Yenan, 1944 (Center for Chinese Studies, University of California, Berkeley, 1970), passim; R ●●

1944 For accounts of the thoroughly rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story For accounts of the thoroughly unprincipled British policy in Greece and its dealings with collaborators during 1944-46, see Fleming, pp ●●

1944 For fifty years the same rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story For fifty years the same people had all the power, all the money, all the jobs, all the education, all the opportunities.” In the decades following the famed peasant rebellion in 1932, which was crushed by an unholy massacre, a reform government had ●●

1944 Greece 1947 to early 1950s rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Greece 1947 to early 1950s themselves in positions of political power, predominant in the new Greek army and police; members of EAM/ELAS found themselves dead or in prison.+ In the early days of the world war, when defeating the Nazis was the Allies’ ●●

1944 Before the revolution of 1944, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Before the revolution of 1944, which overthrew the Ubico dictatorship, “farm laborers had been roped together by the Army for delivery to the low-land farms where they were kept in debt slavery by the landowners.”! ●●

1944 As for the elder Papandreou, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As for the elder Papandreou, his anti-communist credentials were impeccable, dating back to his role as a British-installed prime minister during the civil war against the left in 1944-45 ●●

1944 The Harvard Mark I goes into operation ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Howard Aiken's Harvard Mark I, built with IBM, is put into operation as a programmable, though electromechanical, computer. ●●

1944 Grace Hopper joins the Harvard Mark I project ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Naval officer Grace Hopper reports to Harvard to work on the Mark I under Howard Aiken, beginning her career as a programming pioneer. ●●

8 December 1944 France's Compagnies Républicaines de Sécurité formed 0 cit. France created the Compagnies Républicaines de Sécurité, the CRS, in 1944 as mobile reserve units for crowd control and public order. Housed in barracks and deployed as units rather than beat officers, the CRS became the face of French riot policing, alongside the Gendarmerie mobile. The two forces show how modern states keep standing formations organized more like light infantry than ordinary police for controlling protest and unrest. politics / society ●

15 October 1944 to 1945 Arrow Cross seizes power in Hungary 0 cit. With German backing, Ferenc Szalasi's fascist Arrow Cross Party takes over Hungary after the regent tries to leave the war. Its brief rule unleashes terror in Budapest, murdering thousands of Jews and deporting many more during the Holocaust's final stage. politics / war ●●

October 1944 Guatemala's October Revolution opens a democratic decade 0 cit. A popular uprising overthrows the long dictatorship of Jorge Ubico and his successor, opening what Guatemalans call the Ten Years of Spring. Free elections bring the reformer Juan José Arévalo to power, and the new government begins to expand labor rights and public education. The reforms soon collided with the interests of United Fruit. politics / society ●●●

August 1944 Dumbarton Oaks designs the machinery of the new organization 0 cit. At the Dumbarton Oaks estate, delegates from the United States, Britain, the Soviet Union, and China drafted the blueprint for the United Nations. Here the core structure took shape: a General Assembly of all members and a Security Council where the great powers would hold special standing. The design deliberately gave the strongest states a permanent seat at the center of the system. diplomacy / politics ●●

1 July 1944 Bretton Woods builds the machinery of the world economy 0 cit. Weeks before the UN itself was born, allied delegates met in New Hampshire and created the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank. These bodies, later tied into the UN system, would steer global money and development for generations. Supporters saw a framework for shared prosperity, while critics saw the start of a Western-led order that set the rules for everyone else. economy / politics ●●●

2 August 1944 Liquidation of the Gypsy family camp 1 cit. On the night of 2 to 3 August 1944 the SS killed the remaining Roma in the Auschwitz family camp in the gas chambers, roughly three thousand people, after an earlier attempt in May had been met with resistance from the prisoners. This date is now marked as Roma Holocaust Remembrance Day. It stands for the destruction of Roma communities across Nazi-occupied Europe. society / war ●●●

3 December 1944 The Home Guard stands down 0 cit. With the invasion threat gone after D-Day, the Home Guard was stood down at the end of 1944 and formally disbanded in 1945. A final parade and a message from the King marked the end of over four years of unpaid part-time service. The name later became shorthand across the world for a volunteer citizen force raised to defend home ground. society / war ●●

1944 The Kenya African Union Is Founded 2 cit. In 1944 African activists formed the Kenya African Study Union, partly to support Eliud Mathu, the first African appointed to the colony's Legislative Council, and in 1946 it became the Kenya African Union, the first colony-wide African political body. KAU pressed constitutionally for more African representation, an end to the colour bar, and the return of alienated land. It drew together moderate mission-educated leaders and more militant activists, and the tension between those two wings would later split the nationalist movement. politics / society ●●●

July 1944 The Bretton Woods conference builds a new financial order 0 cit. Delegates from forty-four nations met in New Hampshire and agreed to a postwar monetary system fixing currencies to the US dollar, which was in turn tied to gold at thirty-five dollars an ounce. The dollar, not sterling, became the anchor of world finance, a direct measure of America's new economic dominance. diplomacy / economy ●●●

July 1944 The IMF and the World Bank are created 0 cit. The Bretton Woods conference established the International Monetary Fund to manage exchange rates and the World Bank to fund reconstruction and development. Both were headquartered in Washington and weighted toward American voting power, embedding US influence in the machinery of global finance. diplomacy / economy ●●●

July 1944 Keynes loses the argument to Harry Dexter White 1 cit. John Maynard Keynes, leading the British delegation, proposed an International Clearing Union and a neutral reserve unit he called bancor to spread the burden of adjustment between creditors and debtors. The American negotiator Harry Dexter White rejected the plan in favor of a dollar-centered system, and the United States, holding most of the world's gold and capital, got the design it wanted. diplomacy / economy / politics ●●

1944 Hayek writes The Road to Serfdom 0 cit. While at the LSE, Hayek published The Road to Serfdom, arguing that central economic planning tends to lead to loss of freedom. The book became widely read and made him a leading voice of free-market thought. Scholars trace a line from this LSE work to the later revival of market liberalism. economy / politics ●●

1944 Raymond Firth succeeds to the chair 0 cit. After Malinowski's death in 1942, his student Raymond Firth took over leadership of anthropology at the LSE. Firth continued the fieldwork tradition and kept the School at the centre of the discipline. Under him the department trained scholars who worked across Africa, Asia and the Pacific. science / society ●

1944 The Olenguruone Oath of Unity ai_extracted 1 cit. Kikuyu squatters resettled at the Olenguruone scheme resisted government farming rules for nine years. In 1944 they took an oath of unity based on the old KCA membership oath, later widened to include women and children and made more militant, a form of oathing that spread through the Rift Valley and gave shape to the Mau Mau oath. ●●

1944 The Kenya African Union becomes the national voice 0 cit. African leaders founded the body that became the Kenya African Union, the first territory-wide African political party, with Jomo Kenyatta elected its president in 1947. It aimed to speak for Africans across ethnic lines against colonial rule and settler land control. Even so, its base and rivalries already ran partly along ethnic and regional lines, a tension that shaped later party politics. The party and its leadership are documented history. politics / society ●●

July 1944 Financial primacy passes to the United States 0 cit. At the Bretton Woods conference in 1944, the delegates built a postwar monetary system around the US dollar, backed by American gold. Britain, deep in war debt and reliant on American aid, could no longer anchor the world's finances. Across the two world wars, naval and financial leadership passed from Britain to the United States. diplomacy / economy / politics ●●●●

July 1944 Bretton Woods sets the postwar dollar order 0 cit. Allied nations meet at Bretton Woods and agree a new financial system built around the US dollar, backed by gold, with the International Monetary Fund and World Bank to police it. Keynes argued for a more neutral international currency but the American plan won out. The postwar world would run on dollars, and the levers sat in Washington. diplomacy / economy / politics ●●●

c. 1944 The name Kalenjin spreads through wartime radio and school circles 0 cit. Before the 1940s the British lumped these communities together as the Nandi-speaking tribes. Broadcaster John arap Chemallan popularised the phrase kalenjin, meaning roughly I tell you, in his Second World War radio talks. In 1944 a group of students at Alliance High School adopted Kalenjin as a shared name, and it took hold as a common identity for Nandi, Kipsigis, Pokot, Marakwet, Tugen, Keiyo, Sabaot, Terik and others. culture / politics / society ●●

1944 Kibaki learns masonry and carpentry at Mathari Boarding School 1 cit. Between 1944 and 1946, Kibaki attended Mathari Boarding School, now Nyeri High School. The school taught vocational skills alongside academics, including masonry and carpentry used to repair furniture and maintain school buildings. This gives a concrete answer to the masonry question: Kibaki learned practical building skills at school, but his later career was economics and politics, not professional masonry. society ●●●

7 April 1945 Battle of Struth wikidata 0 cit. no story 1945 battle in World War II on Thuringian soil ●●

17 July 1945 to 2 August 1945 Potsdam Conference wikidata 0 cit. meeting of the Allied heads of state near the end of World War II ●●●

26 July 1945 Potsdam Declaration wikidata 0 cit. no story document defining the terms for Japanese surrender during World War II ●●●

16 August 1945 to 30 August 1945 August Revolution wikidata 0 cit. no story 1945 uprising led by Viet Minh ●●●

17 August 1945 to 27 December 1949 Indonesian National Revolution wikidata 0 cit. no story armed conflict and diplomatic struggle between Indonesia and the Dutch Empire ●●●

8 May 1945 Victory in Europe 0 cit. Germany surrenders unconditionally a week after Hitler kills himself in the ruins of Berlin. war ●●●●●

6 August 1945 to 9 August 1945 Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 0 cit. Two atomic bombs destroy two cities; the nuclear age begins. science / war ●●●●●

2 September 1945 Surrender of Japan 0 cit. Japan signs the instrument of surrender aboard USS Missouri. The Second World War is over; some sixty million people are dead. politics / war ●●●●●

August 1945 Japan's defeat in World War II ai_extracted 1 cit. Japan's defeat in 1945 is widely regarded as a watershed heralding a new Japan, with burned-down cities and destroyed factories marking the end of the war in August 1945. ●●●●●

1945 to 1952 U.S. occupation of Japan ai_extracted 1 cit. The U.S. occupation, officially in charge until 1952, implemented reeducation and democratization, providing Japan with a new constitution, political parties, free elections including for women, and a market-oriented capitalist system. ●●●●

September 1945 Occupation Order No. 3 continues economic controls ai_extracted 1 cit. Order No. 3 of the occupation forces of September 1945 declared the continuation of Japan's wartime economic controls, and foreign currency rationing was reintroduced immediately. ●●●

December 1945 Munitions Ministry and Home Ministry broken up ai_extracted 1 cit. In December 1945 the occupation broke up the Munitions Ministry, the heart of the war economy, along with the powerful Home Ministry and its police apparatus including the Thought Police. ●●●

August 1945 to October 1945 Araki appointed BoJ deputy governor, then governor ai_extracted 1 cit. Immediately after Japan's defeat in August 1945, Eikichi Araki, former wartime head of the Banking Department, was appointed deputy governor of the Bank of Japan, and two months later governor. ●●

30 August 1945 MacArthur arrives at Atsugi; BoJ money accepted ai_extracted 1 cit. General MacArthur arrived at Atsugi naval airdrome on August 30, 1945, where Bank of Japan officials reportedly met him with banknotes; MacArthur accepted BoJ money rather than issuing military currency. ●●●●

11 February 1945 Yalta Far East Agreement 0 cit. Secret protocol of the Yalta Conference in which Roosevelt and Churchill promised Stalin territorial and railway concessions in East Asia in return for Soviet entry into the war against Japan. China was not consulted. diplomacy / politics / war ●●●

22 March 1945 Pact of the League of Arab States 0 cit. Founding charter of the Arab League, joining seven Arab states in a regional organization for political and economic coordination. It was among the first postwar regional pacts. diplomacy / politics ●●●

26 June 1945 United Nations Charter 0 cit. Founding treaty of the United Nations, signed by fifty nations, establishing the Security Council, General Assembly, and a general ban on aggressive war. It is the cornerstone of the postwar international order. diplomacy / politics / war ●●●●●

24 October 1945 Founding of the United Nations 0 cit. The UN Charter, signed by 50 nations in San Francisco in June 1945, enters into force, creating the world organization for peace, security and cooperation that replaced the League of Nations. diplomacy / politics ●●●●●

16 October 1945 Founding of the Food and Agriculture Organization 0 cit. Delegates from 44 nations meeting in Quebec City establish the FAO to fight hunger and improve nutrition and agriculture worldwide. It later became the first specialized agency of the United Nations, based in Rome. diplomacy / economy / society ●●●

16 November 1945 Founding of UNESCO 0 cit. Representatives of 37 countries sign the UNESCO constitution in London, creating the UN agency for education, science and culture. The constitution entered into force in November 1946 and the agency set up its headquarters in Paris. culture / diplomacy / science ●●●●

26 June 1945 Founding of the International Court of Justice 0 cit. The UN Charter establishes the International Court of Justice as the principal judicial organ of the United Nations, succeeding the League's Permanent Court of International Justice. The court held its first sitting at The Hague in April 1946. diplomacy / politics ●●●

27 December 1945 Founding of the International Monetary Fund 0 cit. The IMF's Articles of Agreement, drawn up at the 1944 Bretton Woods conference, enter into force when 29 countries sign, creating the institution charged with stabilizing exchange rates and the international monetary system. diplomacy / economy ●●●●

27 December 1945 Founding of the World Bank 0 cit. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, designed at Bretton Woods in 1944, formally comes into existence to finance postwar reconstruction and later development lending worldwide. diplomacy / economy ●●●●

22 March 1945 Founding of the Arab League 0 cit. Egypt, Iraq, Transjordan, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, Syria and Yemen sign the pact of the League of Arab States in Cairo, creating a regional organization to coordinate Arab political and economic affairs. diplomacy / politics ●●●

3 October 1945 Founding of the World Federation of Trade Unions 0 cit. Trade union centers from 56 countries, including Soviet and Western unions, found the World Federation of Trade Unions in Paris. Cold War splits soon left it aligned with the communist bloc. diplomacy / politics / society ●●

27 November 1945 Founding of CARE 0 cit. Twenty-two American charities found the Cooperative for American Remittances to Europe, whose CARE Packages fed millions in postwar Europe. It became one of the world's largest humanitarian organizations. diplomacy / society ●●

17 August 1945 Independence of Indonesia 0 cit. no story Sukarno and Hatta proclaim Indonesian independence; the Netherlands recognized it in 1949 after a four-year armed struggle. politics / war ●●●●

2 September 1945 Independence of Vietnam 0 cit. no story Ho Chi Minh proclaims the Democratic Republic of Vietnam in Hanoi; independence was secured through wars against France and later the United States. politics / war ●●●●

c. 1945 Zurich as a global banking center 0 cit. Switzerland's neutrality, stable franc and bank secrecy draw international capital to Zurich after the Second World War. The city remains a leading center for private banking and wealth management, home to UBS. economy ●●●

16 July 1945 Trinity test 1 cit. The first nuclear device detonates in the New Mexico desert; the plutonium implosion design vindicates the Manhattan Project weeks before Hiroshima. science / war ●●●●●