Events, Verisoph

1109 He was a frequent guest at 1109 Fifth rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story He was a frequent guest at 1109 Fifth Avenue and sailed with Felix aboard the Carol. ●●

c. 1110 The Exchequer counts with tally sticks 0 cit. Medieval England ran royal finance through the Exchequer, which recorded debts on notched wooden tally sticks split in two so debtor and Crown each held a matching half that could not be forged. The system lasted centuries. When the old tallies were finally burned in 1834 the fire destroyed the Houses of Parliament. economy / politics ●●

c. 1115 Florentine Republic and civic humanism 0 cit. Florence governed itself as a republic through councils of citizens and guilds, though power often rested with wealthy families such as the Medici. Its debates over liberty and self-rule fed Renaissance political thought. culture / politics ●●●

1118 Founding of the Knights Templar ai_extracted 1 cit. Nine Knights Crusaders including Geoffroi de Saint-Omer and Hugues de Payens consecrate themselves and take oath before Patriarch of Constantinople to protect Christians visiting Holy Places and secretly rebuild Temple of Solomon ●●

c. 1119 Founding of the Knights Templar Banking Network 0 cit. The Knights Templar, a military order founded to protect pilgrims, builds Europe's first international banking network. Pilgrims deposit funds at one Templar house and withdraw them at another using letters of credit, an early form of long-distance banking. economy / religion ●●●●

1119 Founding of the Knights Templar 0 cit. The Poor Fellow-Soldiers of Christ and of the Temple of Solomon were founded around 1119 to protect pilgrims in the Holy Land. They are relevant to Freemasonry only through a later legend, not through any real historical link. religion / war ●●●

c. 1120 Sicut Judaeis protects Jews from forced baptism 0 cit. Around 1120 Pope Calixtus II issued the bull Sicut Judaeis, which forbade Christians to baptize Jews by force, harm them, seize their property, or disturb their festivals and cemeteries. More than twenty popes reissued it over the following centuries, making it the papacy's standing protective charter for Jews. The same popes still upheld the laws that kept Jews in a subordinate legal position. politics / religion / society ●●●

23 September 1122 Concordat of Worms 0 cit. Agreement between Pope Callixtus II and Emperor Henry V ending the Investiture Controversy. It separated the spiritual and secular elements of appointing bishops, a landmark in church-state relations. diplomacy / politics / religion ●●●

23 September 1122 Concordat of Worms ends the Investiture Controversy 0 cit. The pope and the Holy Roman Emperor reached a compromise on the appointment of bishops, ending the Investiture Controversy. The Church gained the right to invest bishops with spiritual authority while the emperor kept a role in granting their lands. politics / religion ●●●

23 September 1122 The Concordat of Worms settles the investiture dispute 0 cit. Emperor Henry V and Pope Calixtus II reached a compromise on appointing bishops. The Church would grant the spiritual office while the emperor granted the lands and worldly powers that came with it. The deal ended a 50-year struggle but left the deeper question of who ranked above the other unresolved. diplomacy / politics / religion ●●●

c. 1125 to c. 1234 Jin-Song Wars 0 cit. no story The Jurchen Jin dynasty conquers northern China from the Song, who hold the south for another century. The long division ends only when the Mongols destroy the Jin. war ●●●

1127 Jurchen Jin conquer the north and Southern Song 0 cit. The Jurchen Jin captured the Song capital Kaifeng in 1127 and seized northern China. The Song court fled south and rebuilt at Hangzhou as the Southern Song. politics / war ●●●●

January 1129 Council of Troyes Endorses the Templars 0 cit. A church council formally recognized the Knights Templar and approved a written rule for the order. The Latin Rule set out how the warrior monks were to live. politics / religion ●●●

1129 Council of Troyes endorses the Templar rule 0 cit. A church council formally recognized the Knights Templar and gave the order a written rule, drafted with input from Bernard of Clairvaux. This endorsement turned a small band of knights into an official religious and military order backed by the Church. religion ●●

c. 1130 to c. 1136 In Praise of the New Knighthood 0 cit. Bernard of Clairvaux wrote a treatise praising the Templars and defending the idea of monks who fought. The work helped the order gain prestige and recruits across Europe. culture / religion ●●

1135 1135-1202) John the Baptist John Cassian (c rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 1135-1202) John the Baptist John Cassian (c ●●

c. 1137 The Zagwe dynasty takes power 0 cit. The Zagwe dynasty, drawn from the Agaw people, took control of the Christian highland kingdom and ruled from Lasta rather than the old Aksumite heartland. Because they did not claim descent from the biblical kings, later Solomonic writers cast them as usurpers, which colours much of the surviving record. Their most lasting achievement was a set of extraordinary churches carved from solid rock. politics / religion ●●

1138 Maimonides, the Rambam 0 cit. Moses ben Maimon, known as Maimonides or the Rambam, was born in Cordoba and became the towering Sephardic mind: physician, legal codifier, and philosopher. His Mishneh Torah organized all of Jewish law, and his Guide for the Perplexed reconciled Judaism with Aristotle. His family fled the Almohad persecution, and he did his greatest work in exile in Egypt. culture / religion / science ●●●

29 March 1139 Papal Bull Omne Datum Optimum 0 cit. Pope Innocent II issued a bull placing the Templars directly under papal authority and exempting them from local taxes and bishops. The privileges let the order operate freely across kingdoms. politics / religion ●●●●

1139 Papal bull grants the Templars broad exemptions 0 cit. Pope Innocent II issued the bull Omne Datum Optimum, exempting the Templars from local taxes and putting them under papal authority alone, answerable to no king or bishop. This independence let the order grow fast across Europe and the Holy Land. politics / religion ●●

c. 1140 to c. 1291 Templar Castles and Fortifications 0 cit. The order built and garrisoned major castles that anchored Crusader defenses, including strongholds in the Levant and on the Iberian frontier. These fortresses were centers of military and economic power. economy / war ●●●

c. 1140 Judah Halevi and the Kuzari 0 cit. Judah Halevi was the greatest Hebrew poet of the age, writing love songs, wine songs, and above all his Songs of Zion, longing for the Land of Israel. His book the Kuzari defended Judaism against philosophy, Christianity, and Islam. Late in life he left Spain for the East, and tradition holds he died on the journey to Jerusalem. culture / religion ●●●

c. 1141 Treaty of Shaoxing 0 cit. Peace between Song China and the Jurchen Jin dynasty that ceded northern China to the Jin and made the Southern Song a tribute-paying state. It fixed the border at the Huai River for decades. diplomacy / politics / war ●●●

c. 5 October 1143 Independence of Portugal 0 cit. no story The Treaty of Zamora recognizes Afonso Henriques as King of Portugal, establishing the independent Portuguese kingdom. politics ●●●

1144 The first blood libel at Norwich 0 cit. After a boy named William was found dead near Norwich, a monk later accused local Jews of ritually murdering him, the first recorded case of the blood libel. There was no evidence, and the claim that Jews killed Christian children for their blood was pure invention. The myth spread across Europe and set off massacres for centuries. It was a documented falsehood. culture / religion / society ●●●

1144 The Norwich blood libel begins a deadly myth 0 cit. When a boy named William was found dead near Norwich, a monk named Thomas of Monmouth accused local Jews of killing him to use his blood in a ritual. It was the first recorded blood libel, a charge with no basis in Jewish law or practice. The false accusation spread across Europe over the following centuries and led to repeated massacres. religion / society ●●●

1147 to 1150 Second Crusade 0 cit. no story Launched after the fall of Edessa, the crusade of the French and German kings fails disastrously outside Damascus. The failure emboldens Muslim reunification under Nur ad-Din. religion / war ●●●

c. 1147 to c. 1290 Northern Crusades 0 cit. no story German and Scandinavian crusaders conquer and Christianize the pagan peoples of the Baltic. The campaigns create the Teutonic Order's state in Prussia and Livonia. religion / war ●●●

1147 The Almohads shatter the Golden Age 0 cit. The Almohads, a strict Berber dynasty from North Africa, conquered Muslim Spain and abolished the old tolerance of Jews and Christians. They offered conversion, exile, or death, and the ancient Jewish communities of al-Andalus were destroyed or driven out. Maimonides was among the refugees. The Golden Age under Muslim rule was over. politics / religion / war ●●●

c. 1150 to c. 1320 Champagne fairs as Europe's clearing house 0 cit. The fair towns of Champagne, led by Troyes and Provins, host cyclical trade fairs where Italian and Flemish merchants settle debts by letter of exchange. They serve as medieval Europe's main money market before Italian banking takes over. economy ●●

c. 1150 to c. 1300 Templar Banking Network 0 cit. The Templars built an early banking system, letting pilgrims deposit money in one country and withdraw it in another. They lent to kings and nobles and managed large estates and treasuries. economy / religion ●●●●

c. 1150 The University of Paris takes shape 0 cit. Growing out of the cathedral schools of Notre-Dame, the University of Paris emerged around the mid-twelfth century. It became the leading center for theology and the scholastic method. culture / religion ●●●●

1150 Rise of Hasidism in medieval Germany ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Emergence of Hasidic mystical movement in German Jewish communities with ascetic and devotional practices ●●

c. 1150 Templars build a Europe-wide banking network 0 cit. As donations of land and money poured in, the Templars developed one of the first international banking systems, letting pilgrims deposit funds in one country and withdraw them in another using letters of credit. They also managed estates, ships, and armed convoys, becoming a major financial power alongside their military role. economy / religion ●●●

c. 1150 Arrival in the Byzantine Empire 0 cit. By the 11th and 12th centuries Roma groups had reached Byzantine territory in Anatolia and the Balkans, where Romani took on a strong layer of Greek vocabulary. A Byzantine term for them, atsinganoi, is widely thought to be the root of many European names for the Roma, including the German Zigeuner, French Tsigane, and Italian Zingaro. The word carried a sense of a suspect outsider group. culture / society ●●

c. 1150 Why Jews were pushed toward moneylending 0 cit. Across much of medieval Europe Jews were shut out of the craft guilds, barred in many places from owning land, and blocked from most trades and offices, which were tied to Christian oaths. Moneylending was one of the few livelihoods left open, so a visible minority took it up out of necessity, not choice. Most Jews were still poor artisans, peddlers, and laborers, and most European lending and trade remained in Christian hands. economy / society ●●●

c. 1150 The Guelphs and Ghibellines divide Italy 0 cit. Across the Italian cities, factions formed around two loyalties: Guelphs backing the pope and Ghibellines backing the emperor. The names came from rival German dynasties but became labels for local feuds that ran for generations. The split shows how the papal-imperial rivalry seeped into everyday politics. politics / religion / war ●●

1156 In this chapter, we look at a series rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In this chapter, we look at a series of interconnected revolutions.The rev olutionary spiral began in interempire conflict: the SevenYears' War of 115... ●●

c. 1157 The word Holy attaches to the empire under Barbarossa 0 cit. Documents of Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa began calling the realm the Holy Empire, Sacrum Imperium. The word asserted that imperial authority came from God directly, not only through the pope. The fuller name Holy Roman Empire became standard only in the following centuries. politics / religion ●●

c. 1168 Maimonides sets out the Thirteen Principles of Faith 0 cit. In his commentary on the Mishnah, Moses Maimonides, known as the Rambam, defined thirteen principles he held to be the core beliefs of Judaism, including a strictly non-corporeal God. The list was influential but also contested, as Judaism had no single creed and some scholars questioned reducing faith to fixed dogmas. culture / religion ●●

1169 The Norman invasion of Ireland 0 cit. The deposed king of Leinster, Diarmait Mac Murchada, invited Anglo-Norman lords from Wales to help recover his kingdom. Led by Richard de Clare, known as Strongbow, they landed in 1169 and quickly seized Wexford, Waterford and Dublin. Their arrival began roughly eight centuries of English and later British involvement in Ireland. politics / war ●●●

1170 Valdes founds the Waldensian movement in Lyons ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Wealthy man Valdes founds the Waldensian movement in Lyons, dedicated to poverty and Christian ministry. ●●

1171 Fall of the Fatimid Caliphate 0 cit. In 1171 Saladin abolished the Fatimid caliphate in Egypt after the death of its last caliph. Egypt returned to Sunni rule and became the base of Saladin's Ayyubid dynasty. politics / religion ●●●

c. 1171 Blood libels spread across Europe 0 cit. The Norwich charge was copied again and again. At Blois in France in 1171 more than thirty Jews were burned on a blood libel accusation, though no body was ever found. Later cases at Lincoln in 1255 and elsewhere followed the same pattern of rumor, trial, and killing. Popes and some rulers condemned the libel as false, but it kept returning for centuries. politics / religion / society ●●

1171 Henry II and the Lordship of Ireland 0 cit. Alarmed by Strongbow's success, King Henry II of England landed in 1171 to bring the Norman lords and Irish kings under his authority. He took the title Lord of Ireland, a claim the papacy had earlier endorsed. English control was real near Dublin but thin elsewhere, and over later centuries many Norman families became, as the saying went, more Irish than the Irish themselves. politics / war ●●

c. 1175 Zhu Xi and Neo-Confucianism 0 cit. The scholar Zhu Xi synthesized Confucian, Buddhist, and Daoist ideas into a new philosophical system. Neo-Confucianism became the orthodox framework for later Chinese education and examinations. culture / religion ●●●●

c. 1176 Appearance of the Sefer ha-Bahir 0 cit. The Bahir, or Book of Brightness, is among the earliest works to present the sefirot as a structured system of divine powers, including feminine imagery of the divine. It circulated in Provence and helped launch medieval Kabbalah. culture / religion ●●●●

c. 1176 The Sefer ha-Bahir launches medieval Kabbalah 0 cit. The Bahir, the Book of Brightness, presented the sefirot as a structured system of divine powers, including feminine imagery of the divine. Its appearance in Provence marked the emergence of Kabbalah as a distinct medieval mystical school. culture / religion ●●

29 May 1176 The Lombard League defeats Barbarossa at Legnano 0 cit. An alliance of northern Italian cities, backed by the pope, beat Emperor Frederick Barbarossa's army in the field. The loss forced him to recognize the cities' self-rule. It showed the limits of imperial power south of the Alps against wealthy, self-governing towns. politics / war ●●

c. 1178 Maimonides completes the Mishneh Torah 0 cit. Moses Maimonides finishes the Mishneh Torah, a systematic code of all Jewish law. Together with his Guide for the Perplexed, it makes him the most influential medieval Jewish thinker. culture / religion ●●●

1179 Third Lateran Council excommunicates usurers ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Church formally excommunicated usurers who charged interest on loans, establishing a powerful religious taboo against Christian involvement in commercial lending. ●●

1179 The Church bars Christian usury and pushes Jews into moneylending 0 cit. The Third Lateran Council and later canon law forbade Christians from lending money at interest, which the Church called the sin of usury. Barred from most guilds, from owning land, and from many trades, some Jews filled the gap as moneylenders, a role rulers allowed because they could tax it heavily. The debts that resulted bred resentment among Christian borrowers. Historians stress the niche was forced on Jews by exclusion, not chosen out of any group trait. economy / religion / society ●●

1179 The Church forbids Christians to lend at interest 0 cit. The Third Lateran Council rules that Christians who lend money at interest are guilty of the sin of usury and may be denied a Christian burial. Because canon law barred Christians from the trade but did not bind Jews in the same way, rulers and townspeople increasingly turned to Jewish lenders for credit. This is the documented root of the medieval association of Jews with moneylending. economy / religion ●●●

1179 to 1215 The Lateran Councils impose the Jewish badge and segregation 0 cit. The Third Lateran Council of 1179 and the Fourth Lateran Council of 1215, both summoned by the papacy, tightened restrictions on Jewish life across Western Christendom. The Fourth Lateran under Innocent III required Jews and Muslims to wear distinguishing dress or a badge, barred them from public office, and ordered them to stay indoors during Holy Week. These canons spread the marking and segregation of Jews through Europe. politics / religion / society ●●●

1180 to April 1185 Genpei War 0 cit. no story The Minamoto and Taira clans fight a civil war that ends with the Taira destroyed at the naval battle of Dan-no-ura. The victory establishes the Kamakura shogunate and seven centuries of samurai rule. politics / war ●●●

c. 1180 Founding of the Kingdom of Benin 0 cit. The Kingdom of Benin arose in West Africa and developed a strong centralized monarchy. It became renowned for its bronze and ivory artwork. culture / politics ●●●

c. 1180 Aaron of Lincoln, financier to the English crown 0 cit. Aaron of Lincoln became one of the wealthiest financiers in England, lending to abbeys, nobles, and the crown for building projects. When he died in 1186 the king seized his estate and set up a special treasury branch just to collect the debts owed to him. His fortune shows the real scale a few Jewish lenders could reach, but also how completely that wealth depended on a king who could take it at will. economy / politics ●●

1181 The Assize of Arms sets the duty to bear arms for defence 0 cit. Henry II's Assize of Arms required free men to keep weapons and armour matched to their wealth and to answer a muster in defence of the realm. It put into law an older idea that ordinary men, not just paid soldiers, owed service to defend their own country. This obligation became the root of the English militia and, much later, of the home guard tradition. politics / war ●

1184 Ad abolendam begins the medieval Inquisition 0 cit. Pope Lucius III ordered bishops to seek out and punish heretics, an early step toward organized Church courts against dissent. It laid groundwork for the later inquisitions. politics / religion / society ●●●

1184 Papal decree condemns Waldensians and Cathars ai_extracted 1 cit. no story From 1184, papal pronouncement condemns both Waldensians and Cathars, marginalizing dissenters who valued poverty. ●●

4 July 1187 Templar Losses at the Battle of Hattin 0 cit. Saladin's forces crushed the Crusader army, and many captured Templars were executed. The defeat led to the loss of Jerusalem and weakened the Crusader states. religion / war ●●●

1187 Muslims recapture Jerusalem from Latin Christians ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Muslims recapture Jerusalem from Latin Christians, prompting Carmelite hermits on Mount Carmel to become refugees. ●●

1189 to September 1192 Third Crusade 0 cit. no story Richard the Lionheart, Philip of France, and Frederick Barbarossa march against Saladin after his capture of Jerusalem. The crusade retakes the coast but not Jerusalem, ending in a negotiated truce. religion / war ●●●●

c. 1190 Maimonides writes the Guide for the Perplexed 0 cit. The Guide for the Perplexed sought to reconcile the Torah with the philosophy of Aristotle, reading anthropomorphic language about God as metaphor and defending a rational theology. Admired as a masterwork by some and condemned as dangerous by others, it became the central text of the Jewish rationalist tradition and the flashpoint of the controversy that followed. religion / science ●●●

2 September 1192 Treaty of Jaffa 0 cit. Truce between Richard I of England and Saladin ending the Third Crusade. Jerusalem stayed under Muslim rule but Christian pilgrims gained free access to the holy sites. diplomacy / religion / war ●●●

1198 to 1216 Innocent III and the height of papal power 0 cit. Pope Innocent III treated kings as vassals of the Holy See, placed England and other realms under interdict, and intervened across European politics. His pontificate is often seen as the peak of medieval papal authority. politics / religion ●●●●

1198 Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia crowned 0 cit. Armenian refugees and nobles who settled in Cilicia after Manzikert build a new state on the Mediterranean, and Levon I is crowned king in 1198. The kingdom becomes a close ally and supply base for the Crusader states, trading with Europe and marrying into Crusader families. It is a bridge between Armenian and Western Christendom for nearly two centuries. diplomacy / economy / politics ●●

c. 1200 to c. 1600 Venice as a medieval financial power 0 cit. Venice pioneers government bonds through its prestiti loans and hosts deposit banks around the Rialto that settle payments by book transfer. Its ducat and trade network make it a financial anchor of the Mediterranean for centuries. economy ●●●●

c. 1200 Isaac the Blind teaches early Kabbalah 0 cit. Isaac the Blind is often regarded as a foundational figure in early Kabbalah, developing doctrines of the sefirot and contemplative practice. His students carried these teachings into Catalonia. culture / religion ●●●

c. 1200 Polyphony flowers at Notre-Dame 0 cit. Composers linked to Notre-Dame cathedral wrote music with several independent voice lines at once. This break from single-line chant opened the way for centuries of Western harmony. culture / religion ●●●

c. 1200 Medieval stonemasons' guilds 0 cit. Skilled stonemasons who built cathedrals and castles organized into guilds and working lodges that set standards and guarded trade secrets. These operative craft groups are the documented root from which later Freemasonry grew. economy / religion / society ●●●●

c. 1200 The trivium and quadrivium organize the curriculum 0 cit. Medieval schools organized study into the seven liberal arts, the trivium of grammar, logic, and rhetoric and the quadrivium of arithmetic, geometry, music, and astronomy. This scholastic framework structured European learning for centuries. culture / science ●●●

c. 1200 The Easter egg: new life in a sealed shell 0 cit. Eggs, forbidden through Lent and a natural symbol of new life and of the sealed tomb from which Christ rose, become the Easter egg; decorated and gifted eggs are recorded across medieval Europe. Older spring-fertility associations with the egg fold naturally into the Christian meaning. culture / religion ●●●

1200 (900- 1200) After the general introductions to the whole period listed above, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story (900- 1200) After the general introductions to the whole period listed above, a refreshingly iconoclastic perspective is R ●●

1200 Leadership of Jehudah the Hasid rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Jehudah the Hasid leads German Hasidic movement, establishing ascetic traditions and mystical practices ●●

c. 1200 The Inca establish themselves at Cusco 0 cit. According to Inca oral tradition, a founding lineage settles the valley of Cusco and builds it into a small highland kingdom. For its first centuries it is one of many rival Andean polities rather than a great power. The early chronology rests on later Spanish accounts of Inca oral history and is uncertain. politics / society ●

c. 1200 The rock-hewn churches of Lalibela 0 cit. Under the Zagwe king Lalibela, eleven churches were cut downward out of solid volcanic rock, each carved as a single piece with windows, columns, and drainage channels. The site was meant as a new Jerusalem for Ethiopian Christians who could no longer easily reach the Holy Land. The churches remain in active use and are among the most striking works of medieval engineering anywhere. culture / religion / technology ●●●

c. 1200 Sirikwa holes mark an Iron Age herding culture in the western highlands contested 0 cit. Across the western Kenyan highlands are thousands of saucer-shaped hollows dug into hillsides, known as Sirikwa holes, dated to roughly 1200 to 1600 CE. Each was a walled homestead with a sunken cattle pen that could be guarded against raiders at night. Many Kalenjin groups link these remains to their ancestors, though scholars debate how directly the Sirikwa connect to any single present-day community. society / technology ●●

13th century Marco Polo in Kublai Khan's China ai_extracted 1 cit. Marco Polo spent twenty years in Kublai Khan's China in the late thirteenth century and delivered to Europe a detailed description of its advanced paper money system. ●●

1202 to April 1204 Fourth Crusade 0 cit. no story A crusade bound for Egypt is diverted and sacks Christian Constantinople in 1204. The blow permanently weakens Byzantium and deepens the split between the Latin and Greek churches. religion / war ●●●●

1202 Fibonacci publishes the Liber Abaci ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Leonardo of Pisa published his revolutionary mathematical treatise introducing Hindu-Arabic numerals to Europe, with concepts crucial for commerce including present value and interest calculation. ●●

1202 1135-1202) John the Baptist John Cassian (c rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 1135-1202) John the Baptist John Cassian (c ●●

1202 Fibonacci brings Hindu-Arabic numerals to Europe 0 cit. Leonardo of Pisa, called Fibonacci, learned Hindu-Arabic numerals from Muslim merchants in North Africa and argued for them in his book Liber Abaci. The new digits with their zero made calculation far easier than Roman numerals, though cities were slow to trust them and some banned them for a time. He did not invent the famous rabbit-breeding sequence, which was known earlier in India, but his book carried it into European mathematics. economy / science ●●●●

1204 Crusaders sack Constantinople ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Second, when Constantinople be gan to falter-sacked by crusaders in 1204-Kiev's economy based on con necting nodes of commerce shrank. ●●

1204 Event rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The sacking of Constantinople in 1204 by crusaders sealed the division between Catholics and Orthodox Christians. Charlemagne and his Abbasid counterpart, the caliph Harun al-Rashi... ●●

1204 Crusaders sack Constantinople ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The sacking by crusaders of Constantinople in 1204 and the displacement for some decades of the Byzantine emperor into Anatolia created long-lasting bitterness. Crusades establishe... ●●

13 April 1204 The Fourth Crusade sacks Constantinople 0 cit. A crusade meant for the Holy Land was diverted and turned on the Christian city of Constantinople, which the crusaders looted and burned. Pope Innocent III had forbidden the attack and condemned it, but the assault crippled the Byzantine Empire and deepened the split between Rome and the Eastern Church. politics / religion / war ●●●●

c. 1206 to c. 1368 Mongol Invasions and Conquests 0 cit. no story Genghis Khan and his successors conquer the largest contiguous land empire in history, from China to Eastern Europe. The conquests kill tens of millions and reconnect the Eurasian trade routes. war ●●●●●

c. 1206 Genghis Khan unites the Mongols 0 cit. Temujin is proclaimed Genghis Khan, ruler of all the Mongol tribes. His armies go on to build the largest contiguous land empire in history, linking and devastating much of Eurasia. politics / war ●●●●

1206 Founding of the Mongol Empire 0 cit. Genghis Khan united the Mongol tribes and was proclaimed ruler of all the steppe peoples. The Mongols went on to build the largest contiguous land empire in history. politics / war ●●●●●

1206 Founding of the Delhi Sultanate 0 cit. Qutb al-Din Aibak established Muslim rule over northern India from Delhi. The sultanate reshaped the politics and culture of the subcontinent. politics / religion ●●●●

1206 Franciscan order founded ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Franciscans were founded as one of the major religious orders that particularly detested usurers and enforced Church prohibition on interest-bearing loans. ●●

1206 Mongols dominate the Eurasian heartland ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Genghis Khan and his successors established centralized control over the Eurasian heartland. Their empire ranged from the China Sea to Anatolia in Asia Minor and to Central Europe. ●●

1208 Juliana of Mont-Cornillon's Corpus Christi vision ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Augustinian nun Juliana experiences vision of Christ urging establishment of feast of Corpus Christi. ●●

1209 to 1229 Albigensian Crusade 0 cit. no story A crusade against the Cathar heresy devastates Languedoc over twenty years. It destroys Cathar society and brings southern France under the French crown. religion / war ●●●

1209 The University of Cambridge is founded 0 cit. Cambridge was founded in 1209 by scholars who left Oxford after a dispute with townspeople. It grew into one of the two great English universities alongside Oxford. culture / society ●●●

1209 Chinggis Khan campaigns against the Tangut empire ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Chinggis then set out in 1209 against the Tangut empire located between the Mongol core and Chinese lands. The Tangut leader surrendered in 12rn, and sent a huge tribute to seal th... ●●

1209 to 1229 The Albigensian Crusade against the Cathars 0 cit. Pope Innocent III called a crusade against the Cathars, a dissenting Christian sect in the south of France. Tens of thousands were killed over twenty years, and the massacre at Beziers, where a papal legate is reported to have said to kill all and let God sort them out, became infamous. The war destroyed Cathar society and extended the Inquisition to root out survivors. politics / religion / war ●●●

1211 Mongol invasions of China begin 0 cit. Genghis Khan launched campaigns against the Jin dynasty in 1211. Decades of Mongol warfare followed across northern and central China. war ●●●●

1213 BCE; ); Abgar (‘the Great’;) Edinburgh; Missionary Conference (1910) education; Protestant; Roman rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story BCE; ); Abgar (‘the Great’;) Edinburgh; Missionary Conference (1910) education; Protestant; Roman Catholic; see also clerical education; schools; Society of Jesus; universities Edwards, Jonathan (1703-58) Egypt; ancient ; astronomy in; early monastic ●●