Events, Verisoph

10 May 1950 Founding of the National Science Foundation 0 cit. Truman signs the act creating the NSF, realizing Vannevar Bush's wartime vision of permanent federal support for basic research. Peer-reviewed NSF grants become the backbone of American university science. science ●●●

4 July 1950 Radio Free Europe begins broadcasting 0 cit. Radio Free Europe first broadcast to Soviet-bloc audiences on 4 July 1950. Long presented as a private effort, it was in fact largely funded and directed by the CIA until the early 1970s, a role later confirmed publicly. politics / war ●●●

c. 1950 CIA alleged press influence (Operation Mockingbird) contested 0 cit. The Church Committee confirmed in 1976 that the CIA had cultivated relationships with journalists and media outlets to place propaganda, and Carl Bernstein reported the ties in 1977. The specific named program Operation Mockingbird is contested, but the underlying press relationships are documented in the committee's findings. politics / society ●●●

8 February 1950 to 1990 Stasi founded in East Germany 0 cit. East Germany established the Ministry for State Security, the Stasi, on 8 February 1950. It grew into one of history's most pervasive surveillance and internal-security agencies. politics / society ●●●

26 June 1950 to 1967 Congress for Cultural Freedom founded 0 cit. Anti-communist intellectuals founded the Congress for Cultural Freedom in West Berlin on 26 June 1950 to promote Western culture during the Cold War. It was revealed in 1967 to have been covertly funded by the CIA, a documented part of the cultural Cold War. culture / politics ●●●

c. 1950 Television enters the home 0 cit. After the war, television sets spread quickly into ordinary homes. TV became the dominant form of home entertainment and reshaped daily life. society / technology ●●●●

7 April 1950 NSC-68 sets the Cold War strategy 0 cit. A National Security Council paper called for a large and lasting buildup of military power to contain the Soviet Union. NSC-68 shaped decades of high defense spending. politics / war ●●●

30 December 1950 Fifty-Fifty Profit Sharing Agreement 0 cit. Saudi Arabia and Aramco agreed to split oil profits evenly, sharply raising the kingdom's revenue. Similar deals spread across the Gulf and shifted the balance toward producer states. economy ●●●●

c. 1950 Aspen Institute founded 0 cit. The Aspen Institute was founded in Colorado to promote dialogue on values and leadership among executives and public figures. It grew into an influential center for seminars and policy discussion. culture / society ●●

c. 1950 Land reform and official atheism 0 cit. The new state redistributed land from landlords to peasants and asserted an officially atheist ideology. Religious institutions came under tight state control and much of their property was seized. religion / society ●●●●

1950 Chinese intervention in the Korean War 0 cit. China sent hundreds of thousands of troops into Korea in 1950 to fight United Nations forces. The war ended in stalemate in 1953. war ●●●

July 1950 The Law of Return 0 cit. Israel's 1950 Law of Return granted every Jew the right to immigrate and gain citizenship. It became a defining feature of the new state. politics / society ●●

18 July 1950 UNESCO Statement on Race rejects the pseudoscience debunked 4 cit. UNESCO published its 1950 Statement on Race, arguing that for practical social purposes race was "not so much a biological phenomenon as a social myth" and rejecting racial hierarchy after Nazism and genocide. A 1951 follow-up kept the antiracist conclusion while clarifying the biological wording. science / society ●●●

1950 Apartheid laws divide South Africans by race 0 cit. The Population Registration Act and Group Areas Act sorted people by race and forced them into separate areas. These laws became the backbone of apartheid, uprooting millions and denying them basic rights. politics / society ●●●

1950 The Diners Club charge card 0 cit. Diners Club launched a card that let members charge meals at participating restaurants and pay the bill later. It was the first widely used general charge card and a step toward modern payment cards. economy / technology ●●●●

1 July 1950 The BIS survives and shifts to monetary cooperation 0 cit. Instead of being abolished, the BIS took on new work as reparations faded from view, including acting as agent for the European Payments Union that helped rebuild trade after the war. It grew into the main forum where central bank governors met and coordinated. economy / politics ●●●

c. 1950 to c. 1970 The shift from reconstruction to development 0 cit. With Europe's recovery largely funded by the US Marshall Plan, the World Bank turned its attention to loans for infrastructure and development in Asia, Africa, and Latin America. This redefined the institution's core mission. economy / politics ●●●

9 May 1950 Hubbard publishes Dianetics: The Modern Science of Mental Health 0 cit. Hubbard's book introduced Dianetics, a self-help method claiming to erase harmful mental images called engrams through a process he named auditing. It became a bestseller and launched a national movement. culture / science ●●●●

c. 1950 to c. 1952 The Dianetic Research Foundation rises and collapses 0 cit. Hubbard set up foundations to spread Dianetics, but they were soon beset by financial trouble and disputes. Their failure led Hubbard to recast his ideas as a religion. science ●●

1950 West German currency reform ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley identifies the West German currency reform as the signal for the postwar German economic revival, encouraging investment and offering large profits through the state's tax policies. ●●

1950 Sino-Soviet mutual-assistance treaty ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After Mao and Stalin met in Moscow, a Sino-Soviet mutual-assistance treaty was signed on 14 February 1950, granting China aid while Stalin sought to steer its development. ●●

1950 Quigley: Wall Street foundations financed the IPR ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley asserts the Institute of Pacific Relations was funded largely by the Carnegie and Rockefeller foundations, which he describes as interlocking groups controlled by Morgan and Rockefeller Wall Street interests. ●●

1950 Truman orders development of the hydrogen bomb ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On 31 January 1950 Truman ordered the AEC to proceed with the hydrogen bomb while also continuing varied A-weapons work, a triple order often misrepresented as a single crash H-bomb program. ●●

1950 Fuchs confession and McCarthy's Wheeling speech ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley links the January-February 1950 chronology: Klaus Fuchs confessed to atomic espionage on 27 January, Truman ordered the H-bomb four days later, and McCarthy made his first accusations at Wheeling nine days after that. ●●

1950 NSC 68 accepted ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In April 1950 the National Security Council accepted NSC 68, drafted by Paul Nitze's State Department staff, calling for a balanced defense buildup, though funded at only $18 billion. ●●

1950 Acheson's defense-perimeter speech ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On 12 January 1950 Acheson accepted MacArthur's Far East defense perimeter, distinguishing areas the U.S. would defend unilaterally from those it would defend collectively. ●●

1950 North Korea invades South Korea ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On 25 June 1950, after an artillery bombardment, 60,000 North Koreans led by Soviet tanks crossed the 38th parallel against lightly armed South Korean troops, opening the Korean War. ●●

1950 UN votes collective force in Korea ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On 27 June 1950 the Security Council, with the Soviet delegate absent, condemned the aggression and called on members to aid South Korea; Truman ordered forces into action and sent the Seventh Fleet to the Formosa Strait. ●●

1950 Inchon landing ai_extracted 1 cit. MacArthur's amphibious landing at Inchon in September 1950 achieved tactical surprise; Marines captured Seoul on 22 September and trapped much of the North Korean force. ●●

1950 Chinese intervention in Korea begins ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Chinese decision to intervene in North Korea began on 15 October 1950, nine days after American troops crossed the 38th parallel. ●●

1950 Chinese counteroffensive in Korea ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On 26 November 1950 a Chinese offensive of 33 divisions counterattacked into the gap between MacArthur's two advancing wings just as they reached the Yalu. ●●

1950 Red Chinese-Soviet treaty of February 1950 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Only when the Communists were achieving final victory did Stalin accept a Communist regime in China, seeking to bring it under Soviet influence through the treaty of February 14, 1950. Quigley notes Stalin had earlier urged the Chinese Communists to seek a modus vivendi with Chiang. ●●

1950 Red China recognizes Ho Chi Minh's Vietnam ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Mao's new Communist government was the first state to recognize Ho Chi Minh's Vietnam in January 1950 and began sending military supplies. Since the United States backed France, the Vietnam struggle became a proxy conflict between America and Red China. ●●

1950 Sino-Soviet Alliance of 1950 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Sino-Soviet Alliance of February 1950 was accompanied by a $300 million economic development loan and the arrival of a 3,000-man Soviet military mission. Quigley stresses that all Soviet military aid to China was sold at high prices. ●●

1950 China's Land Reform Law eliminates landlordism ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Before the Land Reform Law of June 1950, 10 percent of Chinese families owned 53 percent of farm land. The law eliminated landlords in brutal public trials, with at least three million executed, and redistributed land to poor peasant families. ●●

1950 Schuman proposes a common coal and steel authority, 1950 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1950 French foreign minister Robert Schuman proposed putting all French and German coal and steel production under a common High Authority, the seed of the European Coal and Steel Community. ●●

April 1950 NSC-68 sets the blueprint for permanent rearmament 0 cit. The classified policy paper NSC-68 calls for a huge, sustained peacetime military buildup to contain the Soviet Union. It becomes the template for decades of high defense spending and the permanent war economy. politics / war ●●●●

1950 Year 1950: Mohammed Reza Shah named him to the Senate in 1950 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Mohammed Reza Shah named him to the Senate in 1950 and the next year persuaded Mossadegh to choose him as interior minister. Mossadegh dismissed him a few months later, after he or... ●●

1950 ”21 *As late as 1950 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ”21 *As late as 1950 fully half of the Soviets’ transport for their standing army was horse-drawn. This actually had some advantages in the trackless frozen north, where Russian ponies were useful long after tanks and trucks had frozen up or bogged down in snowdrifts. ●●

1950 By 1950 his erstwhile allies rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By 1950 his erstwhile allies in secret work—men like Allen and John Foster Dulles, Paul Nitze, and Arthur Bliss Lane—were grasping for more power and depreciating Kennan’s policies for being “soft on communism. ●●

1950 In 1950, for example, Bohlen rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1950, for example, Bohlen remembers that he, Hilger, and Kennan formed an analysis team specializing in interpretation of Soviet geopolitical strategy following the outbreak of the Korean War. ●●

1950 Radio transmissions into Central and rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Radio transmissions into Central and Eastern Europe began in 1950 under Radio Free Europe’s auspices, then expanded to include programs beamed into the USSR itself through RFE’s sister project, Radio Liberation from Bolshevism, in early 1953. ●●

1950 Their work was, as National rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Their work was, as National Committee for a Free Europe President Dewitt Poole noted in one 1950 directive, “to take up the individual Bolshevik rulers and their quislings and tear them apart, exposing their motivations, laying bare their private lives, pointing at their meannesses, pillorying their ●●

1950 Celmins entered the United States rejected ai_extracted 3 cit. no story Celmins entered the United States as a displaced person in 1950 and was quickly hired as a teacher in a Russian studies program at Syracuse, New York, with a history of ties to American intelligence agencies. ●●

1950 By the winter of 1950–1951 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By the winter of 1950–1951 the most senior levels of the U. ●●

1950 Lyon and the CIC soon rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Lyon and the CIC soon began avoiding Bishop when they could, then cut him off altogether in 1950. Dragonovic managed to carry on without Bishop, however, by establishing new sources for false visas and identification through church relief channels. ●●

1950 Bloodstone had begun this process on a relatively modest scale, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Bloodstone had begun this process on a relatively modest scale, with about 250 sponsored immigrants per year. By 1950, however, CIA representatives approached Congress with a plan ... ●●

1950 The new enlistees were to remain under U.S. Army control, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The new enlistees were to remain under U.S. Army control, even though the military was eager to cooperate with the CIA on specific missions.27 In 1950 the army convinced Congress t... ●●

1950 3. For Carey comment, see New York Herald Tribune, January rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 3. For Carey comment, see New York Herald Tribune, January 29, 1950, and Richard Boyer and Herbert Morais, Labor’s Untold Story (New York: United Electrical Radio & Machine Workers... ●●

1950 Anglo-Iranian made more profit in 1950 alone than it had rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Anglo-Iranian made more profit in 1950 alone than it had paid Iran in royalties over the previous half century (1950) ●●

1950 In the spring of 1954, he told a South American rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In the spring of 1954, he told a South American diplomat that although it was “impossible to produce evidence clearly tying the Guatemalan government (1950) ●●

1950 Between 1950 and 1969, nearly four thousand Chilean officers were rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Between 1950 and 1969, nearly four thousand Chilean officers were trained at American military bases, most at the U.S (1950) ●●

1950 [American] officials had only a dim idea of what had rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story [American] officials had only a dim idea of what had occurred in Guatemala before Jacobo Arbenz Guzman came to power in 1950 (1950) ●●

1950 Like Pierpont, she burned her letters and diaries before she rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Like Pierpont, she burned her letters and diaries before she died in 1950. In Belle Greene, Pierpont’s infatuation with women and art converged. ●●

1950 NYT, May 2, 1950 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 30. Moore, Banker’s Life, p. 157. ●●

1950 Schuman proposes European coal and steel authority ai_extracted 1 cit. no story To bind the two countries in amity, the French foreign minister, Robert Schuman, devised a plan in 1950 for a supranational coal and steel authority,... ●●

1950 1950 Diplomatic Agreement rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story But it did mean that if either of the superpowers wished to appeal to “world opinion” (as the United States had done in getting the United Nations to aid South Korea in 1950), it h... ●●

1950 4. MMW. Fritz Akten. Paket 3. Siegmund G rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 4. MMW. Fritz Akten. Paket 3. Siegmund G. Warburg Folder, letter from Siegmund to Fritz Warburg, January 12, 1950. ●●

1950 22. MMW. Fritz Akten. Paket 3. Siegmund G rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 22. MMW. Fritz Akten. Paket 3. Siegmund G. Warburg Folder, letter from Siegmund to Fritz Warburg, January 18, 1950. ●●

1950 United States and Soviet Union emerge as bipolar powers rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After World War II, the era of great-power multipolarity gave way to a bipolar global system dominated by the United States and Soviet Union ●●

1950 Throughout the 1950s, my thinking on foreign policy had been focused on Europe and on nuclear strate rejected ai_extracted 2 cit. no story Throughout the 1950s, my thinking on foreign policy had been focused on Europe and on nuclear strategy. ●●

1950 The picture-perfect families gracing the television screens of the 1950s had been the cultural suppo rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The picture-perfect families gracing the television screens of the 1950s had been the cultural support group for the moral high-mindedness of Dulles and the soaring idealism of Kennedy. ●●

1950 4, The Hinge of Fate (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1950), p rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 4, The Hinge of Fate (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1950), p. ●●

1950 Policy,” remarks before the National Press Club, Washington, January 12, 1950, in U rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Policy,” remarks before the National Press Club, Washington, January 12, 1950, in U. ●●

1950 Oppenheimer recalled an odd group delusion: Very shortly before the test of the first atomic bomb, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Oppenheimer recalled an odd group delusion: Very shortly before the test of the first atomic bomb, people at Los Alamos were naturally in a state of some tension. ●●

1950 Cary Grant undergoes LSD therapy ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Between 1950 and 1965, Cary Grant received weekly LSD sessions with Dr. Mortimer Hartman at the Psychiatric Institute of Beverly Hills, reportedly introduced by his third wife Betsy Drake. ●●

1950 1950: This was in 1950, five years before Bill Gates and Steve Job... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story uld collaborate—in other words, networked interactive computers with graphic displays. This was in 1950, five years before Bill Gates and Steve Jobs were born. Even the very first commercial computers ●●

1950 1950: Steve Jobs (1955–2011) and Steve Wozniak (1950– ) in 1976. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Steve Jobs (1955–2011) and Steve Wozniak (1950– ) in 1976. Jobs graphic on the original Macintosh in 1984. Richard Stallman (1953– ). Linus Torvalds (1969– ). ●●

1950 1950: mputing from an academic to a commercial endeavor. (In 1950 their comp rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story mputing from an academic to a commercial endeavor. (In 1950 their company, along with the patents they would be granted, became part of Remington Rand ●●

1950 1950: initiatives. It can merely perform as programmed. In his 1950 paper, T rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story initiatives. It can merely perform as programmed. In his 1950 paper, Turing devoted a section to what he dubbed “Lady Lovelace’s Objection.” His most ●●

1950 1950: orked interactive computers with graphic displays. This was in 1950, f rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story orked interactive computers with graphic displays. This was in 1950, five years before Bill Gates and Steve Jobs were born. Even the very first commer ●●

1950 1950: Steve Jobs (1955–2011) and Steve Wozniak (1950– ) in 1976. Jobs graphi rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Steve Jobs (1955–2011) and Steve Wozniak (1950– ) in 1976. Jobs graphic on the original Macintosh in 1984. ●●

1950 North Korean army invades South Korea ai_extracted 1 cit. no story il then a Japanese colony, had been liberated by the victorious Allies. The northern half of the Korean Peninsula was occupied by the Soviet Union, the southern half by the United States. Each established its form of government in its zone before it ●●

1950 Information history in 1950 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story this theory of information in fields for which it was not designed, but I think the danger will not keep people from using it. —J. ●●

1950 when a severe storm struck the central and eastern United St rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Charney’s group chose Thanksgiving 1950, when a severe storm struck the central and eastern United States ●●

1950 and several others were standing outside of the Electronic C rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “Sometime in the early 1950s, von Neumann, I, and several others were standing outside of the Electronic Computer Project Building in Princeton,” reme ●●

1950 “I think that there should never have been any hesitation rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “I think that there should never have been any hesitation,” he wrote in 1950, after Truman had made the decision to move full speed ahead.40 Ulam bel ●●

1950 1950 THE HISTORY OF DIGITAL computing can be divided into a rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story —Alan Turing, 1950 THE HISTORY OF DIGITAL computing can be divided into an Old Testament whose prophets, led by Leibniz, supplied the logic, and a Ne ●●

1950 “The actual machine that will be completed soon rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “The actual machine that will be completed soon, and which has quite exceptional characteristics, is, in its physical embodiment, much more Bigelow’s ●●

1950 Fermi poses his paradox at Los Alamos ai_extracted 1 cit. no story According to Edward Teller, Enrico Fermi asked the question “Where is everybody?” at Los Alamos in 1950, when the subject of extraterrestrial beings c ●●

1950 Turing’s 1950 comment about computers being “mansions for th rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Turing’s 1950 comment about computers being “mansions for the souls that He creates” came to mind ●●

1950 10.1 “Mathematics and the Arts” (Morse rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story applied, 3.1, 4.1, 10.1 “Mathematics and the Arts” (Morse, 1950) Mauchly, John W ●●

1950 Event of 1950 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Indeed, in 1950 Margaret Sanger pointed to the death camps as conclusive proof of the “widespread devaluation of human lives” and the urgent need for ●●

1950 merican citizenship and desire to help mankind. Upon rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story merican citizenship and desire to help mankind. Upon review, his sentence was commuted to fifteen years. Katzen-Ellenbogen then appealed for special clemency on the grounds of poor health. In July of 1950, a clemency board comprised of three civilian attorneys reduced his sentence to just twelve yea ●●

1950 Indonesia's 1950 constitution sidelines Sukarno ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Indonesia’s original constitution upon independence in 1950 provided for multiparty democracy and sidelined President Sukarno as a weak figurehead. ●●

1950 “Population Commission, Fifth Session, Provisional Summary Record of the Fifty-Fourth Meeting,” M... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “Population Commission, Fifth Session, Provisional Summary Record of the Fifty-Fourth Meeting,” May 23, 1950, Hauser Papers, box 30, folder 1; UN Secretariat, Department of Social Affairs, Populati... ●●

1950 On the death threats, see Sauvy, “Le Population dans le Monde.” For the debate, see Symonds and C... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On the death threats, see Sauvy, “Le Population dans le Monde.” For the debate, see Symonds and Carder, The United Nations and the Population Question, 71–72; and “Population Commission, Fifth Sess... ●●

1950 At the height of China’s “Soviet” period in the 1950s, the state had greatest autonomy from the part rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story At the height of China’s “Soviet” period in the 1950s, the state had greatest autonomy from the party at the level of the higher centralized ministries. ●●

1950 Democracy and Development: Political Institutions and Material Well-Being in the World, 1950–1990 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Democracy and Development: Political Institutions and Material Well-Being in the World, 1950–1990. ●●

1950 I, 1950-1962 (MIT Press, Cambridge, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story I, 1950-1962 (MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1969) pp ●●

1950 Smith, The State of Europe rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Smith, The State of Europe (London, 1950), p ●●

1950 Greece 1947 to early 1950s: rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Greece 1947 to early 1950s: From cradle of democracy to client state ●●

1950 Vietnam 1950-1973 soon turned it rejected ai_extracted 3 cit. no story Vietnam 1950-1973 soon turned it back to the French ●●

1950 By the early 1950s, Greece rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By the early 1950s, Greece had been molded into a supremely reliable ally-client of the United States ●●

1950 Jessup, speaking in April 1950, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Jessup, speaking in April 1950, put it this way: There is constant fighting between the South Korean Army and bands that infiltrate the country from the North ●●

1950 So reluctant was Rhee to candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story So reluctant was Rhee to allow an honest election, that by early 1950 he had becomeenough of an embarrassment to the United States for Washington officials to threaten to cut off aid if he failed to do so and also improve the state of civil liberties ●●

1950 Lifton, brainwashing was popularly held rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Lifton, brainwashing was popularly held to be an “all-powerful, irresistible, unfathomable, and magical method of achieving total con- trol over the human mind.”45 Although the CIA experimented, beginning in the 1950s, to develop just such a magic, n ●●

1950 Smith was a CIA officer rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Smith was a CIA officer who, in the early 1950s, worked in the Far East Division, which includes the Philippines, concerned with political and psychological-warfare matters ●●

1950 Another Italian newspaper, the Daily candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Another Italian newspaper, the Daily American of Rome, for decades the country’s leading English-language paper, was for a long period in the 1950s to the ’70s partly owned and/or managed by the CIA ●●

1950 New York Times, 27 March rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story New York Times, 27 March 1950; 9 April 1951, p ●●