Events, Verisoph

c. 1964 Slater Walker Securities founded 0 cit. Jim Slater and Peter Walker founded Slater Walker Securities, a merchant bank that grew through buying undervalued companies and selling their assets piece by piece. Slater became the best-known practitioner of what the British press dubbed "asset stripping." The firm's methods were widely copied and widely attacked as destructive to the companies involved, a charge Slater rejected, arguing he was correcting a market that undervalued assets. economy ●●

c. 1964 The Olympic movement begins excluding apartheid South Africa 0 cit. The IOC bars South Africa from the Tokyo Games over its apartheid policies, and FIFA suspends the country the following year. The sporting boycott became one of the most sustained and effective forms of international pressure on the apartheid government, running until South Africa's readmission in the early 1990s. diplomacy / politics ●●

10 October 1964 1964 Tokyo Olympics opening ceremony 0 cit. The first Olympics held in Asia symbolized Japan's reentry into the international community less than two decades after World War II. The final torchbearer, Yoshinori Sakai, was born in Hiroshima on the day of the atomic bombing, a documented and deliberate symbolic choice by the organizers to represent postwar rebirth. culture / diplomacy ●●

1964 Jeanneney Report urges France to redeploy African aid ai_extracted 1 cit. no story An official French government report concluded that the protective franc-zone system no longer served France's interests and recommended reshaping French aid to former African colonies. ●●

1964 Alcan takes full control of British Aluminium ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Aluminium Ltd. of Canada, through its Alcan Industries arm, paid 54 million pounds to seize full control of British Aluminium, a deal a British newspaper headlined as wrapping up 'the last of the foil'. ●●

1964 France intervenes in Gabon amid February 1964 unrest ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Mass discontent that led to disorders in February 1964 gave France the occasion to warn the United States it would brook no interference in its African sphere of influence. ●●

1964 Tshombe proposes renegotiating Union Miniere's concession ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Moise Tshombe, having returned from exile to become Congolese prime minister, published proposals to renegotiate the terms of Union Miniere du Haut Katanga's mining concession ahead of its 1990 expiry. ●●

1964 African Development Bank founded in Abidjan ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A significant step in continental economic cooperation came with the founding of the African Development Bank, headquartered in Abidjan, Ivory Coast. ●●

1964 Non-Aligned Nations conference in Cairo ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A conference of Non-Aligned Nations held in Cairo showed itself, in Nkrumah's view, clearly aligned with the rising forces of liberation against imperialism. ●●

31 December 1964 Bracero Program Ends 0 cit. The Bracero Program formally ended after Congress declined to renew it, following years of documented reports of wage theft, unsafe working conditions, and exploitation of contract laborers, alongside pressure from labor unions who argued the program undercut domestic farmworker wages. Over its 22-year run the program had brought an estimated 4.6 million contract labor placements of Mexican workers into the United States. economy / politics ●●

2 August 1964 Gulf of Tonkin Incident 0 cit. A real naval skirmish occurred on August 2, 1964, between the USS Maddox and North Vietnamese torpedo boats. A second attack reported on August 4 was used by the Johnson administration to push the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution through Congress, escalating U.S. involvement in Vietnam, but that second attack did not happen as described. Declassified NSA history published in 2005 confirmed that officials knew the evidence for the second attack was unreliable when they presented it to Congress as fact. politics / war ●●●

c. 1 April 1964 Anthony Blunt confesses in secret 0 cit. Art historian and former MI5 officer Anthony Blunt, by then Surveyor of the Queen's Pictures, confessed privately to having spied for the Soviet Union from the 1930s in exchange for immunity from prosecution. His role as a member of the Cambridge Five was kept secret by the government for fifteen years. He continued in his royal post throughout that period. politics ●●

c. 1 January 1964 British South Africa Police Special Branch in the Rhodesian Bush War 0 cit. As guerrilla warfare between the Rhodesian government and the nationalist forces of ZANU and ZAPU intensified, the Special Branch of the British South Africa Police, Rhodesia's paramilitary police force founded in 1889, became the government's primary domestic political intelligence agency. It ran informer networks and coordinated with military counterinsurgency units such as the Selous Scouts, whose own pseudo-operations drew directly on the counter-gang methods pioneered in Kenya and Malaya. politics / war ●●

24 September 1964 Warren Commission report unproven 0 cit. The Warren Commission concluded that Lee Harvey Oswald had acted alone in assassinating President Kennedy and that there was no evidence of a domestic or foreign conspiracy. This lone-gunman finding was disputed from the outset and remains contested; a later congressional body, the House Select Committee on Assassinations, concluded in 1979 that Kennedy was 'probably assassinated as a result of a conspiracy', a finding that itself remains debated among historians. Polls have consistently shown that a majority of Americans do not accept the commission's lone-gunman conclusion. politics ●●●

25 September 1964 FRELIMO launches the war for Mozambique 0 cit. The Mozambique Liberation Front (FRELIMO), led by Eduardo Mondlane, began an armed struggle against Portuguese rule. The guerrilla war gradually wore down Portuguese control of the countryside. Mozambique became independent in 1975 after the fall of Portugal's dictatorship. politics / war ●●

2 July 1964 The US Civil Rights Act and Voting Rights Act 0 cit. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. The Voting Rights Act of 1965 followed, banning practices used to block Black Americans from voting. Together they marked the legislative peak of the civil rights movement. politics / society ●●●

12 June 1964 The Rivonia Trial and Mandela's life sentence 0 cit. Nelson Mandela and other ANC leaders were sentenced to life in prison for sabotage and plotting against the apartheid state. At the trial Mandela gave his 'I am prepared to die' speech, defending the turn to armed struggle after peaceful protest was met with force. The sentence removed the movement's leaders for a generation but made Mandela a global symbol of the struggle. politics / society ●●

1964 UNCTAD gives the South a forum 0 cit. The UN Conference on Trade and Development is founded, with Raul Prebisch as its first secretary-general, to push for trade rules that favor development. It argued for stable commodity prices and easier access to rich markets. UNCTAD became the main platform where poorer countries pressed their case against the existing economic order. diplomacy / economy ●●

15 June 1964 The Group of 77 forms a Southern bloc 0 cit. Seventy-seven developing countries issue a joint declaration at the close of the first UNCTAD, forming a coalition to bargain together in global economic talks. The Group of 77 grew far past its original number and remains the main voice of the Global South at the UN. It gave scattered poor countries collective weight they lacked alone. diplomacy / politics ●●

1 April 1964 The Brazilian military seizes power with US backing 0 cit. The Brazilian armed forces overthrew President Joao Goulart and opened a military dictatorship that lasted until 1985. Declassified records show Washington prepared Operation Brother Sam, a naval task force and fuel to support the coup, and recognized the new junta within a day. The generals delivered pro-Western, anti-communist government and open markets, and the United States backed them with aid and praise even as torture spread. politics / war ●●●

1964 The Patman hearings reveal foundations as CIA conduits 0 cit. Congressman Wright Patman's investigation into tax-exempt foundations stumbles onto evidence that some served as pass-throughs for secret CIA money. The finding was an early, documented crack in the wall between private philanthropy and covert operations. It set the stage for the larger exposure that followed. economy / politics ●●

12 December 1964 Kenya becomes a republic under Kenyatta 0 cit. One year after independence Kenya became a republic, and Jomo Kenyatta became its first president, with Oginga Odinga as vice president. Kenyatta preached harambee, pulling together, and reassured settlers and Western allies while steering a pro-capitalist, pro-Western course in the Cold War. Beneath the unity slogans, power and land gathered around the presidency and a Kikuyu-led elite. politics ●●

c. 1964 Land-Buying Companies and the New Elite 6 cit. To buy large former settler farms, Africans pooled money in land-buying companies and cooperatives, a model that favored those with capital, credit, and political connections. Politicians, civil servants, chiefs, and business figures, many from loyalist backgrounds, used these vehicles and their access to government to acquire prime estates. The pattern concentrated the best land in the hands of an emerging elite while ordinary members often received little or nothing. economy / politics ●●●

c. 1964 The Loyalist Class Becomes the Independent Elite 0 cit. Loyalist chiefs, Home Guard commanders, and their mission-educated, propertied families moved smoothly into the administration, politics, and business of independent Kenya. The provincial administration, the police, and the courts carried on with much the same personnel and powers. In Daniel Branch's argument in Defeating Mau Mau, Creating Kenya, it was these winners of the civil war, not the Mau Mau, who built and inherited the new state. politics / society ●●●

c. 1964 Mau Mau Stays a Banned Society 0 cit. The colonial proscription of Mau Mau as a terrorist organization was not lifted at independence and remained in force under Kenyatta and his successor Daniel arap Moi. For four decades the men and women who fought could not lawfully organize or commemorate as veterans, and the movement stayed officially criminal in the country it had helped free. The long ban is read as proof of how uneasy the loyalist-led state was with the fighters' claims. politics / society ●●●

December 1964 The SR-71 Blackbird flies at the edge of space 0 cit. The Skunk Works built the SR-71, a reconnaissance jet that flew at more than three times the speed of sound and outran missiles rather than dodging them. Developed as a black project, its performance was so far beyond public aircraft that it read like science fiction. science / technology / war ●●

c. 1964 Land-Buying Companies Take the Highlands 4 cit. To buy larger former settler estates, Africans pooled money in land-buying companies and cooperatives. The model could settle real families, but it favoured people who could raise capital, manage paperwork, reach ministers, and control company committees. Politicians, senior civil servants, chiefs, Home Guard veterans, businessmen and other connected figures used these vehicles to accumulate prime land while many ordinary members received small parcels, delayed allocations or nothing. economy / politics / society ●●●●●

c. 1964 Keeping the Colonial Administrative Structure contested 0 cit. Rather than dismantle the machinery of colonial rule, Kenyatta kept the provincial administration intact, ruling through the same hierarchy of provincial and district commissioners and government-appointed chiefs that Britain had used to control the country. Many colonial-era loyalist officials kept their posts and authority. Critics read this continuity as evidence that independence changed the rulers but not the structure of power. politics ●●

c. 1964 The Mau Mau Veterans Sidelined 0 cit. Kenyatta's government offered little to the Mau Mau fighters who had waged the war against colonial rule, many of whom remained landless and poor. He urged Kenyans not to look back, and the colonial ban on Mau Mau as an organisation stayed in force for decades after independence. That the veterans were largely excluded from the fruits of freedom while former loyalists prospered is documented and lies at the heart of the debate over his choices. politics / society ●●●

c. 1964 Loyalists, not fighters, inherit power 0 cit. Historians Daniel Branch and David Anderson argue that the Africans who had stayed loyal to the colonial government, not the Mau Mau fighters, emerged with land, jobs and office after independence. Kenyatta distanced himself from Mau Mau, once calling it a 'disease' Kenya should forget, and former loyalists filled the new elite. On this reading the war's veterans were the losers of the settlement they had helped force. politics / society ●●

January 1964 A referendum makes Ghana a one-party state 0 cit. In January 1964 a referendum, held amid intimidation and a reported margin that observers found implausible, made Ghana a one-party state under the Convention People's Party and Nkrumah president for life. It ended legal opposition and concentrated power in his hands. A personality cult grew around him, hailed as Osagyefo, meaning redeemer. politics ●●●

September 1964 The Cabinet Crisis 0 cit. Weeks after independence, several younger ministers challenge Banda over his cautious, pro-Western policies, his ties to white-ruled neighbours, and his tight grip on power. Banda dismisses the ministers and forces the rest out, and figures such as Henry Chipembere, Kanyama Chiume, and Orton Chirwa flee into exile. The crisis ends collective leadership and leaves Banda in sole command. politics ●●●

20 January 1964 Tanganyika Rifles mutiny at Colito Barracks 0 cit. Weeks after independence, soldiers of the 1st Battalion Tanganyika Rifles mutinied at Colito Barracks near Dar es Salaam over pay and the slow replacement of British officers. President Julius Nyerere went into hiding as the revolt spread and the government lost control of its own army. Within days he concluded he could not restore order alone and turned to the former colonial power for military help. politics / war ●●●

25 January 1964 Royal Marines disarm the Tanganyika mutineers 0 cit. At Nyerere's request, 45 Commando Royal Marines landed from the carrier HMS Centaur and moved on Colito Barracks, backed by aircraft and helicopters. They overpowered the mutineers, disarmed the battalion, and restored the government within hours. Newly independent Tanganyika had to call back the former colonizer's forces to survive its first month of self-rule. politics / war ●●●

23 January 1964 Uganda mutiny at Jinja brings British troops back 0 cit. Soldiers of the Uganda Rifles mutinied at Jinja barracks, echoing the revolt in neighbouring Tanganyika. Prime Minister Milton Obote requested British military assistance to contain the rising. British troops were flown in and moved to disarm the mutineers and secure the government. politics / war ●●

24 January 1964 Kenya mutiny at Lanet and Kenyatta's call for help 0 cit. The 11th Battalion Kenya Rifles mutinied at Lanet barracks near Nakuru, weeks after Kenya's independence. Jomo Kenyatta requested British help, and British forces already stationed in Kenya moved in to disarm the battalion and end the revolt. All three East African leaders, Nyerere, Obote, and Kenyatta, had reached for the former colonizer's troops in the same month. politics / war ●●●

c. April 1964 Nigerian troops replace the British in Tanganyika 0 cit. Nyerere found the reliance on British troops humiliating and asked the Organisation of African Unity to help him replace them. Nigerian soldiers were sent to take over garrison duty so the British could withdraw. He then disbanded the mutinous Tanganyika Rifles and rebuilt the army, but the episode had shown how thin the new state's independent security really was. diplomacy / politics ●●

c. 1964 Britain keeps training rights in Kenya after independence 0 cit. After Kenya became independent in December 1963, Britain retained the right to send army units to train on Kenyan ranges and terrain. The arrangement around Nanyuki and the Laikipia plateau meant British soldiers kept returning to the former colony on a regular rotation. This recurring presence later took formal shape as the British Army Training Unit Kenya. politics / war ●●

1964 Kenya joins the World Health Organization 0 cit. Shortly after independence, Kenya becomes a member of the World Health Organization, accepting the WHO Constitution and the International Health Regulations that coordinate cross-border disease response. Membership shapes national health policy, disease reporting, and emergency response. It is generally treated as routine membership of a UN technical agency. diplomacy / society ●

October 1964 The Tokyo Olympics and the bullet train announce Japan's arrival 0 cit. Japan hosted the 1964 Summer Olympics and opened the Shinkansen bullet train between Tokyo and Osaka days before. Both showcased a rebuilt, modern nation less than twenty years after defeat. They marked Japan's return to the front rank of industrial countries. society / technology ●●

25 September 1964 FRELIMO opens the armed struggle in Mozambique 0 cit. The Mozambique Liberation Front, FRELIMO, launched attacks in the northern province of Cabo Delgado, beginning a decade of guerrilla war against Portugal. Salazar and his successor Marcelo Caetano committed large forces to Angola, Mozambique, and Guinea-Bissau at once, straining the Portuguese economy and army. The colonial wars became the longest and most costly of Europe's wars to hold African territory. politics / war ●●●

1964 The Timau settlement scheme allocates former highland land 2 cit. Kenya Law records a Timau Settlement Scheme parcel allocated in 1964 by the Settlement Fund Trustees, with repayment through the SFT loan system. That local case shows how independence-era redistribution worked on the ground: land moved through purchase, loans, occupation rules and title, rather than simple restitution to everyone displaced by the highland farm economy. economy / politics / society ●●●

c. 1964 Private treaty sales favour politicians, officials and businessmen 2 cit. Once British and World Bank money could not buy all settler land for settlement schemes, private treaty purchases filled the gap. Those with cash, credit, files, contacts and state offices moved faster than ordinary families. Reporting from declassified records describes senior officials, political allies and business figures asking for and acquiring land they were often not qualified to receive. This was not an accident; it was the market version of political power. economy / politics ●●●●●

1964 KTDA turns smallholder tea into a managed growth machine 6 cit. The Kenya Tea Development Authority was established in 1964, replacing the Special Crops Development Authority as the main manager of smallholder tea. KTDA built a powerful system of nurseries, factories, buying centres, transport, extension and payments. The result was real smallholder growth, but inside a centralized crop machine. economy / politics / society ●●●●

24 January 1964 Lanet mutiny forces Kenyatta to call British troops back 2 cit. The 11th Battalion Kenya Rifles mutinied at Lanet near Nakuru weeks after independence, demanding better pay and faster Africanisation. Kenyatta called on British forces still in Kenya to disarm the mutineers. The episode proved how thin the new security handover was: the army wore Kenyan colours, but British force still sat behind it. politics / war ●●●●

1 June 1964 Kenya Air Force inherits RAF personnel and equipment 1 cit. On 1 June 1964, elements of the former Royal Air Force left after independence and their personnel, facilities and equipment converted into the Kenya Air Force. The air arm was therefore not created from scratch. It was a handover from an imperial air base system into a national force. technology / war ●●●

c. 1965 Run on Yamaichi Securities and forced BoJ rescue ai_extracted 1 cit. After stocks crashed, the fourth biggest broker Yamaichi Securities suffered a customer run, and Finance Minister Kakuei Tanaka demanded that the Bank of Japan extend unlimited credit to Yamaichi and expand credit creation, which the legally subordinate BoJ had to do. ●●●

July 1965 Window guidance abolished again ai_extracted 1 cit. With window guidance attracting public attention after the Yamaichi episode, the Bank of Japan once more abolished the credit controls in July 1965, though the controls continued informally. ●●

November 1965 First postwar Japanese government bonds issued ai_extracted 1 cit. After Tanaka agreed to change the Finance Law to permit bond issuance, the first batch of Japanese government bonds came onto the market in November 1965, tipping the power balance between MoF and the BoJ in the central bank's favor. ●●●

22 November 1965 Founding of the UN Development Programme 0 cit. The UN General Assembly merges the Expanded Programme of Technical Assistance and the Special Fund to create UNDP, the UN's main body for development aid to poorer countries. diplomacy / economy / society ●●

18 February 1965 Independence of the Gambia 0 cit. no story The Gambia becomes independent from Britain, one of the smallest sovereign states in Africa. politics ●●

26 July 1965 Independence of the Maldives 0 cit. no story The Maldives becomes fully independent as Britain ends its protectorate over the island sultanate; it became a republic in 1968. politics ●●

9 August 1965 Independence of Singapore 0 cit. no story Singapore is separated from Malaysia and becomes an independent republic under Lee Kuan Yew. politics ●●●

5 August 1965 to 23 September 1965 Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 0 cit. no story Pakistan's infiltration into Kashmir escalates into a full war with large tank battles. The fighting ends in stalemate and a Soviet-brokered return to prewar lines. war ●●●

30 July 1965 Creation of Medicare and Medicaid 0 cit. Johnson signs the Medicare and Medicaid amendments to the Social Security Act at the Truman Library, handing the first Medicare card to Harry Truman. The programs give federal health coverage to the elderly and the poor and transform American medicine. economy / society ●●●●

6 August 1965 Voting Rights Act of 1965 0 cit. Passed after the Selma marches, the act bans literacy tests and puts states with histories of discrimination under federal oversight of their election rules. Black voter registration in the South rises dramatically within a few years. politics / society ●●●●

9 September 1965 Founding of HUD 0 cit. Johnson signs the act creating the Department of Housing and Urban Development as part of the Great Society, and it begins operating that November. Robert Weaver becomes its first secretary and the first Black cabinet member. economy / society ●●●

3 October 1965 Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 0 cit. Signed at the Statue of Liberty, the Hart-Celler Act abolishes the national origins quota system that had favored northern Europeans since the 1920s. It opens large-scale immigration from Asia, Latin America, and Africa, reshaping the American population. politics / society ●●●

July 1965 Founding of the Kabbalah Centre 0 cit. Philip Berg founded the organization that became the Kabbalah Centre, aiming to make Kabbalistic teaching available to a broad audience regardless of background. Its universalized approach drew both wide interest and criticism from traditional scholars. culture / religion ●●●

11 November 1965 Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence 0 cit. Rhodesia's white minority government declared independence to avoid handing power to the Black majority. The move led to sanctions and a long guerrilla war before majority rule arrived as Zimbabwe. politics ●●●

c. 1965 The Commonwealth as Successor to Empire 0 cit. The Commonwealth of Nations grew into a voluntary association of dozens of former colonies with a permanent secretariat. It carried forward ties of law, language, and cooperation after the empire itself was gone. culture / politics ●●●

7 March 1965 Selma marches demand voting rights 0 cit. Marchers for voting rights were beaten by police on "Bloody Sunday," and televised images shocked the nation. The protests pushed Congress to pass the Voting Rights Act months later. politics / society ●●

6 August 1965 Voting Rights Act protects the ballot 0 cit. The Voting Rights Act banned literacy tests and other tools used to keep Black Americans from voting, and put many states under federal oversight. It led to a dramatic rise in Black voter registration across the South. politics / society ●●●

21 February 1965 Malcolm X assassinated 0 cit. The influential Black nationalist and human rights leader was shot dead while giving a speech in Harlem. His life and ideas shaped the Black Power movement and debates over how to win Black freedom. politics / society ●●

c. 1965 to c. 1997 Mobutu, Zaire, and lending to a dictator 0 cit. Western governments and lenders channeled billions to Mobutu Sese Seko's Zaire despite well-known looting of the treasury. The case became a leading example of debt incurred by a corrupt ruler that citizens were later expected to repay. economy / politics ●●●

23 March 1965 First crewed Gemini flight 0 cit. Gemini 3 carried two astronauts and began the program that tested the skills needed to reach the Moon. Gemini crews practiced docking, long flights, and working outside the spacecraft. exploration / science / technology ●●●

3 June 1965 Ed White's first American spacewalk 0 cit. During Gemini 4, Ed White floated outside his capsule for about twenty minutes in the first American spacewalk. It proved that astronauts could work in the vacuum of space. exploration / technology ●●●

1965 Scientology introduces the Fair Game policy against enemies 0 cit. Hubbard issued policy declaring that declared enemies of the church could be tricked, sued, lied to or destroyed. The term Fair Game was later canceled on paper while the practices continued. politics ●●●

c. 1965 The disconnection policy formalizes cutting off critics and doubters 0 cit. Scientology adopted disconnection, requiring members to sever ties with anyone labeled a suppressive person, including family. The policy has divided many families of members. religion ●●●

28 April 1965 US intervenes in the Dominican Republic 0 cit. President Johnson sent thousands of troops to the Dominican Republic to block a return to power by the elected leftist Juan Bosch. The intervention ended a popular uprising and installed a friendly government. politics / war ●●●

1 October 1965 to 1966 Indonesian mass killings of 1965 and 1966 0 cit. The Indonesian army and allied militias killed an estimated 500,000 to more than a million suspected communists after a failed coup. Declassified cables show US officials supplied lists of names and backed the purge. politics / society ●●●●●

6 August 1965 US Voting Rights Act enforces the franchise 0 cit. The Voting Rights Act banned practices used to keep Black Americans from voting and put federal power behind enforcement. It made universal suffrage real for millions long denied it. politics / society ●●●●

1965 Britain shifts to comprehensive schools 0 cit. Circular 10/65 asked local authorities to reorganise secondary schooling along comprehensive lines, ending selection by the 11-plus in most areas. It reflected a broader push for equal access. politics / society ●●●

7 June 1965 Griswold v. Connecticut legalizes contraception for married couples 0 cit. The US Supreme Court struck down a Connecticut ban on contraception in Griswold v. Connecticut in 1965, finding a constitutional right to marital privacy. The ruling established the privacy reasoning later used in reproductive rights cases. politics / society ●●●●

1965 Council of the Americas founded by David Rockefeller ai_extracted 1 cit. no story David Rockefeller founded the Council of the Americas in 1965. Wood says it later lobbied for the 1974 Fast Track trade legislation. ●●

1965 Gordon Moore describes Moore's Law ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Intel co-founder Gordon E. Moore described the doubling trend of transistors on integrated circuits in his 1965 paper. Wood notes it is used to extrapolate toward the predicted Singularity. ●●

1965 Gatto marks 1965 as the turning point in schooling ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto argues that in 1965 American schooling changed suddenly and nationwide, a coordinated restructuring he says arrived in all big cities at once without public debate. ●●

1965 Elementary and Secondary Education Act passed, 1965 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto calls the 1965 passage of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act the watershed that funded psychological and psychiatric programs in schools. ●●

1965 Vietcong attack the American base at Pleiku ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A Vietcong raid on the base at Pleiku killed eight Americans. The attackers carried a precise map of the base. ●●

1965 US Marines land at Da Nang ai_extracted 1 cit. no story American marines came ashore at Da Nang in full battle dress, greeted by garlands. It marked the start of large-scale US ground involvement. ●●

1965 McCone resigns warning Vietnam cannot be won ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On his final resignation, McCone warned Johnson that the war would mire the US in a fight it could not win. He predicted mounting pressure to stop the bombing. ●●

1965 Johnson appoints Admiral Red Raborn to run the CIA ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Johnson chose retired admiral Red Raborn, a political ally, as director of central intelligence. Raborn proved ill-suited to the job. ●●

1965 US troops land in the Dominican Republic ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Johnson sent thousands of troops into the Dominican Republic amid a rebellion, claiming a Castro-led threat. It was the largest US force in Latin America since 1928. ●●

1965 Press coins Johnson's 'credibility gap' ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Raborn's unsupported claims about Cuban control of the Dominican revolt helped spawn the phrase 'credibility gap.' It stuck to Johnson's presidency. ●●

1965 Coup and killings convulse Indonesia ai_extracted 1 cit. no story An overnight upheaval left at least five generals dead and a revolutionary council claiming power. The state radio blamed the CIA. ●●

1965 US troop strength in Vietnam reaches 184,000 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By the end of the year the American deployment in Vietnam had swelled dramatically. The war was now in full swing. ●●

1965 Mass killings of suspected communists in Indonesia ai_extracted 1 cit. no story With CIA backing, General Suharto's forces and allied militias slaughtered hundreds of thousands. American officials estimated 300,000 to 500,000 killed. ●●

1965 US embassy hands Indonesian army a list of PKI leaders ai_extracted 1 cit. no story An embassy officer gave a list of sixty-seven Communist Party leaders to Suharto's movement. It was compiled from press clippings during the anti-communist purge. ●●

1965 Frank Wisner takes his own life ai_extracted 1 cit. no story CIA founding officer Frank Wisner, long tormented by mental illness, killed himself with a shotgun at his Maryland estate. He was buried at Arlington. ●●

1965 Radical political doctrines introduced to Kabul rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story During the 1960s in Kabul, radical Marxist and Islamic doctrines were introduced on university campuses and in army barracks, setting the stage for conflict. ●●

1965 Over the next four years the CIA spent $2 million candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Over the next four years the CIA spent $2 million on covert projects aimed at supporting Frei, along with $175,000 in covert aid to twenty-two candida (1965) ●●

1965 We think of the days when gunboats ruled the world rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story We think of the days when gunboats ruled the world, when you landed Marines in somebody’s country: Arbenz in Guatemala in 1954, Dominican Republic in (1965) ●●

1965 It also laid bare the defects of a system of insurance that divided responsibility between rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story It also laid bare the defects of a system of insurance that divided responsibility between private insurance companies, which offered protection against wind damage, and the federal government, which offered protection against flooding, under a scheme that had been introduced after Hurricane Betsy in 1965. ●●

1965 Indonesian political crisis of 1965 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A political crisis in Indonesia in 1965 involved Sukarno, the army, and communist PKI all claiming victory. ●●

1965 Rockefeller Institute renamed Rockefeller University ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The name was officially changed to Rockefeller University in 1965. Its faculty roster became heavily laden with Nobel Prize winners, and by the 1970s it had housed sixteen of them. For the son of an itinerant vendor of dubious nostrums, this was a most implausible feat. ●●

1965 To stimulate change, Donald Blinken rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story To stimulate change, Donald Blinken introduced Eric to a tall, handsome young man named Lionel Pincus in 1965. Pincus’s grandfather had migrated from... ●●

1965 US military intervention in the Dominican Republic ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The United States intervened militarily in the Dominican Republic, replacing Kennedy's failed Alliance for Progress with military support for counterrevolutionary forces. ●●

March 1965 Leonov takes the first spacewalk 0 cit. The Soviet cosmonaut Alexei Leonov leaves his capsule for the first walk in space, another Soviet first. The two superpowers traded milestones as the race toward the Moon accelerated. science / technology ●●

1965 Cosmic microwave background radiation discovered ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Scientists discover universal background radiation, providing crucial evidence for the big bang cosmology. This discovery marks the end of competing steady state theory and establishes the big bang model as the dominant paradigm in cosmology. ●●

1965 In September 1965, the same misunderstanding would occur during the Johnson Administration with resp rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In September 1965, the same misunderstanding would occur during the Johnson Administration with respect to China, when Chinese Defense Minister Lin Piao’s manifesto on “People’s War” spoke grandly of “encircling” the world’s industrial powers by revo ●●