Events, Verisoph

1973 Allende, in a desperate attempt to head off the inevitable rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Allende, in a desperate attempt to head off the inevitable, had begun naming military commanders to his cabinet, and by midsummer of 1973 General Prat (1973) ●●

1973 Military coup overthrows the Afghan monarchy ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Young military officers in Afghanistan staged a coup in 1973, overthrowing the monarchy and establishing a government that accepted aid from both the Soviet Union and the United States. ●●

1973 Nyerere launches Ujamaa villagization in Tanzania ai_extracted 2 cit. In 1973, President Julius Nyerere launched a massive forced resettlement campaign to concentrate Tanzania's population into planned villages. At least 5 million Tanzanians were relocated as part of this development and socialist agenda. ●●

1973 After the 1973 Arab oil embargo, Inco was tantalized by Philadelphi... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Instead of tennis or golf, Greenhill liked solitary sports that tested endurance. Early each morning, he jogged near his Greenwich, Connecticut, home. He was also a motorcycle enthusiast. ●●

1973 CHAPTER THIRTY SHEIKS FOR Morgan Guaranty, too, the recession of 1... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story CHAPTER THIRTY SHEIKS FOR Morgan Guaranty, too, the recession of 1973–74 disclosed a turbulent new world. The Arab oil embargo and consequent jump in world oil prices produced inflation and skidding financial markets. With an end to fixed exchang... ●●

1973 In November 1973, Morgan president Walter Hines Page warned friends... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story CHAPTER THIRTY SHEIKS FOR Morgan Guaranty, too, the recession of 1973–74 disclosed a turbulent new world. The Arab oil embargo and consequent jump in world oil prices produced inflation and skidding financial markets. With an end to fixed exchang... ●●

1973 The explosion of oil prices in late 1973 and early 1974 put too muc... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story News of the SIB deal, secretly crafted by Morgan Guaranty, dealt the coup de grace to the special relationship with Morgan Stanley. These were the waning days of the Paris partnership, and Morgan Stanley, learning the news only shortly before its ... ●●

1973 Aside from Saudi Arabia, most Arab states before 1973 were too impo... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story At Morgan Grenfell, the Arabs would temporarily answer the firm’s problems. With their penchant for secrecy and their appreciation of the confidential style of British merchant banks, the Arabs were naturally drawn to the mysterious maze of the Ci... ●●

1973 The sudden, almost overnight, revolution in their financial status ... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story At Morgan Grenfell, the Arabs would temporarily answer the firm’s problems. With their penchant for secrecy and their appreciation of the confidential style of British merchant banks, the Arabs were naturally drawn to the mysterious maze of the Ci... ●●

1973 Then in 1973, amid a rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Then in 1973, amid a chorus of grumbling at Gresham Street, S. G. ●●

1973 Arab-Israeli War and Kissinger's shuttle diplomacy ai_extracted 2 cit. no story War erupted between Arab states and Israel, following which Kissinger conducted shuttle diplomacy to achieve ceasefire and freeze the Soviet Union out of peace efforts. ●●

1973 OPEC oil embargo triggers global recession ai_extracted 1 cit. no story OPEC nations imposed an oil embargo in response to American support for Israel, causing steep fuel price increases and triggering a global economic recession. ●●

1973 both were arrested in early 1973. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story both were arrested in early 1973. ●●

1973 Bundy was found on December 6, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Bundy was found on December 6, 1973. ●●

1973 On the theory that it might have more to offer to the United States than China, the Kremlin even ima rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On the theory that it might have more to offer to the United States than China, the Kremlin even imagined that it could succeed in maneuvering America into a quasi-alliance against China, which Brezhnev clumsily proposed to Nixon in both 1973 and 197 ●●

1973 These conditions came about after the 1973 Middle East War rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story These conditions came about after the 1973 Middle East War. ●●

1973 Ironically, by 1973, Nixon’s policy had so tranquilized East-West relations that it became safe to c rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Ironically, by 1973, Nixon’s policy had so tranquilized East-West relations that it became safe to challenge it at home. ●●

1973 The President was in the process of being impeached; the wounds of Vietnam were still open; and dist rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The President was in the process of being impeached; the wounds of Vietnam were still open; and distrust of the Administration was so great that, after the Soviets had made an explicit threat to intervene in the war in the Middle East, a respected jo ●●

1973 “Fourth Annual Report to the Congress on United States Foreign Policy,” May 3, 1973, in Public Paper rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “Fourth Annual Report to the Congress on United States Foreign Policy,” May 3, 1973, in Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States, Richard Nixon, 1973 vol. ●●

1973 Second Supplemental Appropriations Bill for FY1973 (HR 9055-PL93–50) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Second Supplemental Appropriations Bill for FY1973 (HR 9055-PL93–50). ●●

1973 1973: When it was completed in March 1973, it featured a graphic, ... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story y was controlled by a keyboard and mouse, as Engelbart had designed. When it was completed in March 1973, it featured a graphic, painted by Kay, of Sesame Street’s Cookie Monster holding the letter “C ●●

1973 1973: ” 40 The final semester of Gates’s senior year, in the spri... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story d. “Tell him it worked last night!” 40 The final semester of Gates’s senior year, in the spring of 1973, he and Allen were recruited by the Bonneville Power Administration, which was on a nationwide h ●●

1973 1973: 10, 1973, Smithsonian Institution; John Mauchly oral history... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 38. This section draws on John Mauchly oral history, conducted by Henry Tropp, Jan. 10, 1973, Smithsonian Institution; John Mauchly oral history, conducted by Nancy Stern, May 6, 1977, American Instit ●●

1973 1973: Howard Aiken (1900–1973) at Harvard in 1945. John Mauchly (1907–80) ci rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Howard Aiken (1900–1973) at Harvard in 1945. John Mauchly (1907–80) circa 1945. J. Presper E ●●

1973 1973: hed networks were not compatible or interoperable. In early 1973 Rober rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story hed networks were not compatible or interoperable. In early 1973 Robert Kahn set out to remedy that. There should be a way, he decided, to allow all t ●●

1973 1973: y a keyboard and mouse, as Engelbart had designed. When it was complet rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story y a keyboard and mouse, as Engelbart had designed. When it was completed in March 1973, it featured a graphic, painted by Kay, of Sesame Street’s Cook ●●

1973 1973: n to get his mother. “Tell him, Mom!” he implored. “Tell him it worked rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story n to get his mother. “Tell him, Mom!” he implored. “Tell him it worked last night!” 40 The final semester of Gates’s senior year, in the spring of 197 ●●

1973 1973: uchly oral history, conducted by Henry Tropp, Jan. 10, 1973, Smithsoni rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story uchly oral history, conducted by Henry Tropp, Jan. 10, 1973, Smithsonian Institution; John Mauchly oral history, conducted by Nancy Stern, May 6, 1977 ●●

1973 In 1973–74, this alignment shifted rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1973–74, this alignment shifted. Convinced that the Soviet Union could supply arms but not diplomatic progress toward recovering the Sinai Peninsula from Israeli occupation (Israel had taken the peninsula during 1967’s Six-Day War), Egyptian Presi ●●

1973 o try to achieve its objectives in Vietnam, demolishing much of Indochina in the process and leaving rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story o try to achieve its objectives in Vietnam, demolishing much of Indochina in the process and leaving a legacy that may never be overcome. Finally, in January 1973, the United States formally accepted a peace treaty that was virtually identical with t ●●

1973 Hanoi has never abandoned its objective of living up to the terms of the Geneva Accords of 1954, now rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Hanoi has never abandoned its objective of living up to the terms of the Geneva Accords of 1954, now explicitly reiterated in the Paris Agreements of January 1973.145 As a dove, he also added that “just as much of the blame goes to President Thieu”—b ●●

1973 too, the agreement was still unacceptable,” the familiar evasion of U.S. responsibility (see “The P rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story too, the agreement was still unacceptable,” the familiar evasion of U.S. responsibility (see “The Paris Peace Agreements,” p. 212). The terms of the January 1973 agreement are given, but with no indication that the U.S. government announced at once ●●

1973 Congress ends U.S. bombing of Cambodia ai_extracted 1 cit. precedented level and a civil war sustained by the United States left the country in utter ruins. Though Congress legislated an end to the bombing in August 1973, U.S. government participation in the ongoing slaughter continued until the Khmer Rouge ●●

1973 o, more than any other U.S. reporter, came to be regarded as the conscience of the media with regard rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story o, more than any other U.S. reporter, came to be regarded as the conscience of the media with regard to Cambodia. Schanberg arrived in Phnom Penh in May 1973, at the height of the intensified bombing, which continued until the mid-August halt. Durin ●●

1973 in Peter Golding, Graham Murdock and Philip Schlesinger, eds., Communicating Politics (New York: Ho rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story in Peter Golding, Graham Murdock and Philip Schlesinger, eds., Communicating Politics (New York: Holmes & Meier, 1986), pp. 182–94. 121. Editorial, March 1, 1973. The Soviets apparently didn’t know that they were shooting down a civilian plane, but ●●

1973 on a complete coverage of the New York Times from 1961 through mid-1965, and an extensive sample of rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story on a complete coverage of the New York Times from 1961 through mid-1965, and an extensive sample of television network news from August 1965 through January 1973. Elterman’s work covers the New York Times and the newsweeklies, contrasting their cove ●●

1973 officials “assert that worldwide criticism of the Soviet handling of t... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story officials “assert that worldwide criticism of the Soviet handling of the crisis has strengthened the United States in its relations with Moscow.” In sharp contrast, the shooting down by Israel of a Li ●●

1973 By 1973, the idea that it was enough merely to help parents plan their families was, according to... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By 1973, the idea that it was enough merely to help parents plan their families was, according to a National Security Council official, a “school of thought about population which has few respectab... ●●

1973 After federally funded family plan- ning programs began, the number of people enrolled grew rapid... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After federally funded family plan- ning programs began, the number of people enrolled grew rapidly, from 450,000 in 1965 to over three million in 1973, more than half with in- comes below the fede... ●●

1973 In 1973, economic plans started to include population targets. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1973, economic plans started to include population targets. ●●

1973 On Singapore, see “Report of the Second Ministerial Conference and Third Official Meeting of the ... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On Singapore, see “Report of the Second Ministerial Conference and Third Official Meeting of the Inter- governmental Coordinating Committee, South East Asia Regional Cooperation in Population and F... ●●

1973 “Note to Episcopal Conferences regarding the World Population Year and Conference,” October 18, 1... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “Note to Episcopal Conferences regarding the World Population Year and Conference,” October 18, 1973, National Conference of Catholic Bishops Papers, USCCBA, box 62, “Pro-Life Activities,” file on ... ●●

1973 Fazzi to Bellerive, March 15, 1973, WHOA, P12/80/3; Director, UN Li- aison Office to Bellerive, A... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Fazzi to Bellerive, March 15, 1973, WHOA, P12/80/3; Director, UN Li- aison Office to Bellerive, April 12, 1973, WHOA, P13/86/2(B); “Note to Episco- pal Conferences,” October 18, 1973; Cadbury, “Spe... ●●

1973 “Third Population Conference: Summary and Projections,” May 12, 1973, FFA, report no. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “Third Population Conference: Summary and Projections,” May 12, 1973, FFA, report no. ●●

1973 On food riots and cartels, see Claxton to Members of Inter-Agency Com- mittee for the World Popul... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On food riots and cartels, see Claxton to Members of Inter-Agency Com- mittee for the World Population Conference, December 5, 1973, USNA, Nixon Papers, NSC Institutional Files, Study Memorandums, ... ●●

1973 290 f a t a l m i s c o n c e p t i o n Throwing Money at the Problem $0 $20,000,000 $40,000,000 ... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 290 f a t a l m i s c o n c e p t i o n Throwing Money at the Problem $0 $20,000,000 $40,000,000 $60,000,000 $80,000,000 $100,000,000 $120,000,000 $140,000,000 $160,000,000 1971 109,567,000 7,446,0... ●●

1973 Ravenholt ordered 10,000 more for distribution at a Menstrual Regulation Conference in Hawaii in ... candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Ravenholt ordered 10,000 more for distribution at a Menstrual Regulation Conference in Hawaii in December 1973. ●●

1973 At the 1973 meeting the president of the International Development Research Center, David Hopper,... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story At the 1973 meeting the president of the International Development Research Center, David Hopper, asserted, “We’re dealing with a species response . ●●

1973 , Building States and Nations (Beverly Hills, CA: Sage, 1973), pp rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story , Building States and Nations (Beverly Hills, CA: Sage, 1973), pp. ●●

1973 Founded in 1973 by Frank Nugan, an Australian, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Founded in 1973 by Frank Nugan, an Australian, and Michael Hand, an American formerly with the Green Berets in Vietnam a ●●

1973 OPEC launches oil boycott and price increases ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1973, when OPEC, led by Saudi Arabia,used substantial price increases and an oil boycott in an attempt to force Washi ●●

1973 b) “Comment: The Korean War”, The China Quarterly, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story b) “Comment: The Korean War”, The China Quarterly, April/June 1973, No ●●

1973 - One of the publications closed down was rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story - One of the publications closed down was Punto Final, a magazine put out by the left wing of Allende’s own Socialist Pa ●●

1973 War or conflict rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story See: David Rees, Harry Dexter White: A Study in Paradox (New York: Coward, McCann & Geoghegan, 1973); Whittaker Chambers, Witness (New York: Random Ho ●●

1973 , “The Dynamics of Oligopoly in the Meat Packing Industry, an Historical Analysi... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story , “The Dynamics of Oligopoly in the Meat Packing Industry, an Historical Analysis,” Johns Hopkins University, 1973, provides most of the information used here ●●

1973 Jack Sarfatti develops contacts with scientists at Stanford Research Institute rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Jack Sarfatti begins developing contacts with like-minded scientists through the Stanford Research Institute, which would culminate in a business venture involving Harold Chipman in the 1980s ●●

1973 SLA murders Marcus Foster ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Levenda asserts that the SLA claimed responsibility for the murder of Dr. Marcus Foster, Superintendent of the Oakland school system, in 1973 by two white men who used makeup to look black. ●●

c. May 1973 CIA compiles the Family Jewels report 0 cit. CIA director James Schlesinger orders senior staff to compile a report of all agency activities that may have violated its charter, later known as the Family Jewels. The roughly 700-page document catalogs domestic spying on journalists and activists, assassination plots, and drug testing on unwitting subjects. It remained classified until the CIA released most of it in 2007. politics ●●

30 June 1973 US Selective Service inducts its last draftee 0 cit. The United States inducted its last conscript under the draft and moved to an all-volunteer force, ending a system of compulsory military service that, with gaps, had run since the Civil War and continuously since 1948. The shift followed intense controversy over draft fairness and deferments during the Vietnam War. Registration for a possible future draft continued, but active conscription ended. politics / war ●●

1973 Xerox Alto is completed ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Alto, Kay's 'interim Dynabook,' was finished with a bitmapped display and mouse-driven interface. ●●

1973 Community Memory terminal opens in Berkeley ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A public-access computer terminal linked to a shared mainframe opened at a Berkeley record store. ●●

1973 Gates and Allen program the Bonneville Power grid ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The two spent Gates's final semester of high school programming the agency's electrical grid management system. ●●

11 September 1973 Chile's coup and the arrival of the Chicago Boys 0 cit. General Augusto Pinochet seizes power in Chile in a military coup that overthrows the elected government of Salvador Allende. Pinochet's regime soon turns to a group of Chilean economists trained at the University of Chicago, known as the Chicago Boys, to redesign economic policy. Critics have long argued that the free-market reforms which followed were imposed under an authoritarian government that suppressed opposition through repression, a context the Chicago School's defenders and critics both acknowledge shaped how the experiment is judged. economy / politics ●●●

1973 Federal judge invalidates the ENIAC patent ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Judge Earl Larson rules that Eckert and Mauchly derived their computer patent from Atanasoff's earlier work, invalidating the ENIAC patent. ●●

1973 Kahn sets out to interconnect packet networks ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Robert Kahn, having moved from BBN to ARPA, begins work on a way to connect the ARPANET with other incompatible packet networks. ●●

1973 Cerf sketches the internetworking gateway design ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Vint Cerf sketches the gateway architecture, connecting separate packet networks, that becomes the basis for the Internet Protocol. ●●

July 1973 Founding of the Trilateral Commission contested 0 cit. David Rockefeller and Zbigniew Brzezinski founded the Trilateral Commission to foster cooperation between North America, Western Europe, and Japan among leaders in government, business, and academia. It is a documented, publicly acknowledged organization that publishes reports and member lists; claims that it secretly directs world governments go beyond what the public record supports and remain a contested conspiracy theory. diplomacy / politics ●●

c. 1973 France and francophone Africa hold the first Franco-African summit 0 cit. France began hosting regular Franco-African summits bringing together French presidents and the heads of state of former French colonies, formalizing an annual venue for coordinating aid, trade, and political support outside normal multilateral bodies like the UN or African Union. The summits, continuing for decades, are frequently cited as an institutional backbone of Françafrique, giving France a standing forum to influence its former colonies as a bloc. diplomacy ●

1 July 1973 United States Ends the Military Draft 0 cit. The United States moved to an all-volunteer military force, ending the conscription that had supplied much of its manpower since World War II and through the Vietnam War. The shift followed years of public opposition to the draft and a 1970 commission, chaired by Thomas Gates, that recommended reliance on paid volunteers instead. It marked a broader trend among developed states toward smaller, professional standing forces rather than mass conscript armies. politics / war ●●●

11 September 1973 Pinochet Coup in Chile 0 cit. General Augusto Pinochet led the Chilean armed forces in overthrowing the elected government of President Salvador Allende, installing a military junta that ruled Chile for the next seventeen years. It is one of the most documented twentieth-century cases of praetorianism, a military establishment removing a civilian government by force and replacing it with direct military rule. The coup became a central case study in later scholarship on military coups and civil-military relations in Latin America. politics / war ●●●

c. November 1973 Robert Mark's Dimbleby Lecture 0 cit. In the televised Richard Dimbleby Lecture, Commissioner Robert Mark criticizes failures in the criminal justice system and the corrosive effect of cliques and unaccountable networks of influence on policing. The lecture is widely remembered as part of his broader public campaign against entrenched corruption, of which Masonic lodge ties were one strand among several he and others raised at the time. politics ●

c. October 1973 T. Dan Smith Arrested 0 cit. T. Dan Smith, the former leader of Newcastle City Council and a dominant figure in North East regeneration politics, was arrested on corruption charges tied to the Poulson bankruptcy disclosures. Smith had steered major contracts, including tower block housing, toward Poulson's firm while running a public relations company that Poulson paid. He had already been forced from public office after an earlier, unsuccessful prosecution in 1971. politics ●●●

27 February 1973 Occupation of Wounded Knee 0 cit. AIM activists and Oglala Lakota traditionalists occupied the town of Wounded Knee on the Pine Ridge Reservation, the site of the 1890 massacre, to protest tribal government corruption and demand renewed federal enforcement of treaty rights. The occupation led to a 71-day standoff with federal marshals and FBI agents; two Native occupiers, Frank Clearwater and Buddy Lamont, were killed by gunfire before the siege ended in May 1973. The event drew international media attention to Native American grievances. politics / society ●●●

22 December 1973 Menominee Restoration Act 0 cit. Congress restored federal recognition to the Menominee Nation, reversing its 1961 termination after years of organizing led by activist Ada Deer and the group DRUMS (Determination of Rights and Unity for Menominee Shareholders). It was the first successful reversal of a termination-era decision and became a model for other tribes seeking restoration. politics ●●

14 June 1973 Relf Sisters Sterilized in Alabama 0 cit. Minnie Lee Relf, age 14, and her sister Mary Alice, age 12, both Black girls from a low-income family, were surgically sterilized at a federally funded clinic in Montgomery, Alabama, after their illiterate mother was misled into signing a consent form with an X she believed authorized birth control shots. The case became a national symbol of coercive sterilization of poor Black women and girls under federally funded family planning programs. politics / society ●●●

c. 1 July 1973 Relf v. Weinberger Filed 0 cit. The Southern Poverty Law Center sued the federal Department of Health, Education, and Welfare on behalf of the Relf sisters and other sterilization victims. The resulting case, Relf v. Weinberger, produced findings that an estimated 100,000 to 150,000 poor people had been sterilized annually under federally funded programs, and led a federal judge to order new consent safeguards and a temporary halt to sterilizations of minors and incompetent adults using federal funds. politics / society ●●

9 December 1973 Sunningdale Agreement 0 cit. The British and Irish governments, together with moderate Unionist, nationalist, and cross-community parties, agreed a settlement establishing a power-sharing executive for Northern Ireland and a Council of Ireland with an all-island dimension. It was the first attempt at power-sharing government in Northern Ireland. It collapsed within months in the face of Unionist opposition and a general strike. diplomacy / politics ●●

1 July 1973 Drug Enforcement Administration created 0 cit. President Richard Nixon created the DEA by executive reorganization, merging the Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs with several other federal drug-enforcement offices into a single agency under the Justice Department. Its creation followed Nixon's 1971 declaration of a "war on drugs," and the DEA became the lead federal agency for enforcing controlled-substances law both domestically and, increasingly, overseas. politics ●●●

c. 1973 Rhodesia's British South Africa Police and Selous Scouts 0 cit. White-ruled Rhodesia policed its majority-Black population through the British South Africa Police, a paramilitary force dating from the colony's founding, alongside military counter-insurgency units. The Selous Scouts, formed in 1973, were a mixed-race special unit that ran covert operations against the liberation movements during the bush war. These forces are a standard example of a settler state using militarized police and irregular units for internal control. politics / society / war ●●

24 September 1973 Amilcar Cabral and the liberation of Guinea-Bissau 0 cit. The PAIGC, founded by the theorist and organizer Amilcar Cabral, declared Guinea-Bissau independent after a successful guerrilla war against Portugal. Cabral was assassinated months before the declaration, in January 1973. His writing on culture and liberation influenced anti-colonial movements well beyond West Africa. politics / war ●●

November 1973 Zairianization seizes foreign businesses 0 cit. Mobutu nationalized foreign-owned farms, plantations, and businesses and handed them to loyalists and relatives, a policy called Zairianization. Many new owners lacked the skills or interest to run the enterprises, and production collapsed. The seizures deepened the economic decline and entrenched patronage. economy / politics ●●

1 January 1973 First enlargement of the European Communities 0 cit. The United Kingdom, Ireland, and Denmark joined the European Communities, expanding the founding six to nine members. Norway had negotiated entry too but its voters rejected membership in a referendum. diplomacy / economy / politics ●●●

10 May 1973 The Polisario Front and the fight for Western Sahara 0 cit. The Polisario Front formed to fight Spanish colonial rule in Western Sahara, and later Moroccan and Mauritanian control. It declared the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic in 1976, recognized by some states and not by others. The territory's status remains disputed and largely unresolved. politics / war ●

11 September 1973 The coup against Allende brings Pinochet to power contested 0 cit. The Chilean military overthrows the elected socialist president Salvador Allende, who dies in the presidential palace as it is bombed. General Augusto Pinochet takes charge of a junta that ruled for seventeen years. Declassified US documents show years of covert action to undermine Allende and Washington's quick embrace of the new regime, though whether the US organized the coup itself is contested. politics / war ●●●

June 1973 Uruguay's military rule 0 cit. The armed forces dissolved parliament and ran Uruguay until 1985, jailing so many that the country gained one of the highest political prisoner rates in the world. The regime took part in Operation Condor and received US military training and aid during the crackdown on the Tupamaro left. Washington treated it as part of the anti-communist front in the Southern Cone. politics / war ●●

July 1973 Habyarimana seizes power 0 cit. Defense chief Juvénal Habyarimana overthrew Kayibanda in a coup and set up a one-party state under his MRND. His long rule kept the Hutu-majority order and quotas that limited Tutsi in schools and jobs, while barring the return of Tutsi refugees on the grounds that the country was too full. That closed door pushed the exile community toward armed return. politics ●●

17 October 1973 The Arab oil embargo 0 cit. Arab members of OPEC cut production and embargo states that backed Israel in the Yom Kippur War, and the price of oil roughly quadruples. Gas lines and recession followed in the West, showing the world how much power the producers now held. diplomacy / economy / war ●●●

1973 GAAP is set by an independent standards board 0 cit. The Financial Accounting Standards Board was created to write US Generally Accepted Accounting Principles, taking rule-making out of the hands of the profession's own trade body. Standardized rules meant investors could compare one company's accounts against another, though critics note that detailed rules also give clever accountants a map of exactly where the lines are. economy / politics ●●

1 January 1973 Ireland joins the European Community 0 cit. Ireland joined the European Economic Community, later the European Union, alongside Britain and Denmark. Membership brought farm subsidies, structural funds and access to a large market. It gradually loosened Ireland's economic dependence on Britain and helped modernise the country. diplomacy / economy ●●

1973 The Rockefeller Drug Laws 0 cit. New York's Rockefeller Drug Laws imposed harsh mandatory minimum sentences for drug possession and sale. They became a model for the mandatory-minimum approach that filled American prisons and fell hardest on poor and minority communities. politics / society ●●

c. 1973 GPS grows out of Pentagon navigation research 0 cit. The Global Positioning System was built by the US Department of Defense, approved in 1973 and drawing on earlier military satellite navigation work. Meant to guide missiles, ships, and troops, it was later opened to civilians and became the invisible utility behind maps, ride-hailing, and much of the digital economy. science / technology / war ●●

c. 1973 Currencies move to floating exchange rates 0 cit. An attempt to patch the fixed-rate system with the Smithsonian Agreement of December 1971 failed within two years, and the major currencies began to float freely against the dollar. The change confirmed the end of the postwar monetary order and gave the United States, as issuer of the dominant currency, unusual freedom in managing its economy. diplomacy / economy ●●

11 September 1973 Chile's Salvador Allende is overthrown in a military coup 0 cit. The elected socialist president Salvador Allende was overthrown by the armed forces under General Augusto Pinochet and died during the assault on the presidential palace, ruled a suicide by later investigations. The 1975 Church Committee documented that the United States had run covert operations to destabilize Chile, including efforts to block Allende's 1970 inauguration and to, in one official's words, make the economy scream. The direct American role in the 1973 coup itself remains debated, and that distinction is kept here. economy / politics ●●●

11 September 1973 Augusto Pinochet's junta takes power in Chile 0 cit. After the coup against Allende, a military junta led by General Augusto Pinochet took control of Chile. The regime detained, tortured, and killed thousands of political opponents while adopting free-market economic policies advised by foreign-trained economists. Pinochet held power until 1990, remaining a Cold War ally of the West. economy / politics ●●●

March 1973 Major currencies move to floating exchange rates 0 cit. After renewed pressure on the dollar, the main industrial economies abandon fixed rates and let their currencies float against each other. The postwar system of pegged exchange rates was over, and the dollar's price would now be set day to day in currency markets. diplomacy / economy ●●●

17 October 1973 The 1973 oil shock and OPEC's price power 0 cit. Arab oil producers cut output and embargo states seen as backing Israel in the Yom Kippur War, and the price of crude roughly quadruples within months. The shock showed OPEC's power over the price of the world's most traded commodity and sent enormous sums flowing to oil exporters. Because oil was priced and paid for in dollars, every importing country needed dollars to buy it. diplomacy / economy / war ●●●

May 1973 SWIFT builds the plumbing of global payments 0 cit. Banks from Europe and North America found SWIFT, a cooperative to carry standardized payment messages between institutions worldwide. Over time it became the backbone of cross-border transfers. Because so much of that traffic clears in dollars through US-linked banks, control over access to this network would later become a tool of American policy. economy / technology ●●

11 September 1973 The overthrow of Salvador Allende in Chile 0 cit. Chile's elected president Salvador Allende, a Marxist who nationalized industry, was overthrown in a military coup led by General Pinochet after years of American efforts to undermine his government. Allende was genuinely a socialist, so his case is not one of a false label. It stands instead as an example of a great power moving against an elected left-wing leader in the name of anti-communism, documented in later United States records. economy / politics ●●●

c. 1973 Puritanical social codes 0 cit. Banda enforces a strict moral code on Malawian life. Women are barred from wearing trousers or short skirts, men with long hair are turned away at the border, and many foreign films, songs, and books are banned by the censors. The rules mix Victorian propriety with tight political control. society ●●

1973 Fraternal orders drop whites-only membership rules 0 cit. Under legal and social pressure, the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks voted to remove the word "white" from its membership requirements, and other orders and clubs revised similar rules over the following years. The reforms ended formal racial bars that had stood for generations. They came alongside the later opening of the service clubs to women. politics / society ●