Events, Verisoph

1974 Sir Eric Roll, who became rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Sir Eric Roll, who became chairman in 1974, wrote that to know what was happening in the office, “the quickest and surest way was to telephone... ●●

1974 Watergate scandal and Nixon's resignation ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Watergate scandal forced President Nixon to resign in August 1974, severely damaging American credibility and government trust during critical geopolitical tensions. ●●

1974 The petrodollar ties the world's oil to the dollar 0 cit. After the gold link ended, the United States arranges for oil to be priced in dollars, creating a permanent world demand for the currency. The petrodollar turned the dollar into the indispensable money of the planet and a lever of American power. diplomacy / economy / pillar ●●●

1974 In June 1974, Senator Henry Jackson circulated to his Subcommittee on Arms Control a critique of det candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In June 1974, Senator Henry Jackson circulated to his Subcommittee on Arms Control a critique of detente prepared by a group of eminent scholars that maintained: ●●

1974 Kissinger memo details Project AZORIAN cover story ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A May 1974 memo to Secretary of State Henry Kissinger explained the cover story for Project AZORIAN, the CIA submarine recovery operation using the Hughes Glomar Explorer. ●●

1974 Henry Kissinger and Shah of Iran oil pricing meeting candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story According to later accounts, when Saudi oil representative Sheik Ahmed Yamani was sent by King Faisal to the Shah of Iran in 1974, the Shah said Henry Kissinger wanted a higher price for oil. ●●

1974 1974: Alan Kay (1940– ) at Xerox PARC in 1974. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Alan Kay (1940– ) at Xerox PARC in 1974. Kay’s 1972 sketch for a Dynabook. Lee Felsenstein (1945– ). The first issue, October 1972. ●●

1974 1974: When the Intel 8080 microprocessor was about to come out in ... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story puter centers of the East Coast. When the Intel 8080 microprocessor was about to come out in April 1974, Ed Roberts was able to score some handwritten data sheets describing it. A burly entrepreneur w ●●

1974 1974: ” 3 What Gates and Allen embarked on that December day in 1... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story admitted, “was not our area of expertise.” 3 What Gates and Allen embarked on that December day in 1974 when they first saw the Popular Electronics cover would lead to the creation of software for per ●●

1974 1974: 50 As Gates was preparing to begin his sophomore year in th... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story aper coauthored with Gates. 50 As Gates was preparing to begin his sophomore year in the summer of 1974, he convinced Allen to move to the Boston area and take a job with Honeywell similar to one that ●●

1974 1974: ” 54 Gates’s haphazard life at Harvard was suddenly upended... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story t to be super-good friends.” 54 Gates’s haphazard life at Harvard was suddenly upended in December 1974, halfway through his sophomore year, when Allen arrived at his Currier House room with the new i ●●

1974 1974: When he returned in the fall of 1974, he went to work at Ata... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story and then seeking spiritual enlightenment on a pilgrimage to India. When he returned in the fall of 1974, he went to work at Atari under Nolan Bushnell and Al Alcorn. Atari, flush with its success with ●●

1974 1974: Justin Hall (1974– ) and Howard Rheingold (1947– ) in 1995. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Tim Berners-Lee (1955– ). Marc Andreessen (1971– ). Justin Hall (1974– ) and Howard Rheingold (1947– ) in 1995. ●●

1974 1974: 15, 1974, from file in Time magazine archives. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story NOTES INTRODUCTION 1. Henry Kissinger, background briefing for reporters, Jan. 15, 1974, from file in Time magazine archives. 2. Steven Shapin, The Scientific Revolution (University of Chicago Press, ●●

1974 1974: In 1974 there was no personal computer industry, much less a... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story s both in a general way more than six years later, around the time of the release of the IBM PC. In 1974 there was no personal computer industry, much less a personal computer software industry.” 5. I ●●

1974 1974: Vannevar Bush (1890–1974), with his Differential Analyzer at MIT. Alan rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Vannevar Bush (1890–1974), with his Differential Analyzer at MIT. Alan Turing (1912–54), at the Sherborne School i ●●

1974 1974: hat could be owned and operated by ordinary folks. “I can’t see any re rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story hat could be owned and operated by ordinary folks. “I can’t see any reason that anyone would want a computer of his own,” DEC president Ken Olsen decl ●●

1974 1974: Alan Kay (1940– ) at Xerox PARC in 1974. Kay’s 1972 sketch for a Dynab rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Alan Kay (1940– ) at Xerox PARC in 1974. Kay’s 1972 sketch for a Dynabook. Lee Felsenste ●●

1974 1974: Valley and the computer centers of the East Coast. When the Intel 8080 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Valley and the computer centers of the East Coast. When the Intel 8080 microprocessor was about to come out in April 1974, Ed Roberts was able to scor ●●

1974 1974: are,” he admitted, “was not our area of expertise.” 3 What Gates and A rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story are,” he admitted, “was not our area of expertise.” 3 What Gates and Allen embarked on that December day in 1974 when they first saw the Popular Elect ●●

1974 1974: lution in a scholarly paper coauthored with Gates. 50 As Gates was pre rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story lution in a scholarly paper coauthored with Gates. 50 As Gates was preparing to begin his sophomore year in the summer of 1974, he convinced Allen to ●●

1974 1974: Gates. “And then we got to be super-good friends.” 54 Gates’s haphazar rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gates. “And then we got to be super-good friends.” 54 Gates’s haphazard life at Harvard was suddenly upended in December 1974, halfway through his sop ●●

1974 1974: spiritual enlightenment on a pilgrimage to India. When he returned in rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story spiritual enlightenment on a pilgrimage to India. When he returned in the fall of 1974, he went to work at Atari under Nolan Bushnell and Al Alcorn. A ●●

1974 1974: m Berners-Lee (1955– ). Marc Andreessen (1971– ). Justin Hall (1974– ) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story m Berners-Lee (1955– ). Marc Andreessen (1971– ). Justin Hall (1974– ) and Howard Rheingold (1947– ) in 1995. ●●

1974 1974: Kissinger, background briefing for reporters, Jan. 15, 1974, from file rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Kissinger, background briefing for reporters, Jan. 15, 1974, from file in Time magazine archives. 2. Steven Shapin, The Scientific Revolution (Uni ●●

1974 1974: ter, around the time of the release of the IBM PC. In 1974 there was n rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ter, around the time of the release of the IBM PC. In 1974 there was no personal computer industry, much less a personal computer software industry.” ●●

1974 Event of 1974 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story o two disengagement agreements between Egypt and Israel and a peace agreement with Israel in 1979. Egypt was expelled from the Arab League. Sadat was vilified and ultimately assassinated. Yet his courageous actions found imitators willing to reach co ●●

1974 Information history in 1974 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Hulton Archive/Getty Images 8. 3 Alfred Eisenstaedt/Time & Life Pictures/Getty Images 9. ●●

1974 , Japan in Crisis: Essays on Taishō Democracy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1974). rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story , Japan in Crisis: Essays on Taishō Democracy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1974). ●●

1974 and The Population Bomb, 162, 165; and Population Council, 169, 329–330; relationship with Dunlop... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story and The Population Bomb, 162, 165; and Population Council, 169, 329–330; relationship with Dunlop, 308, 315, 316; relationship with Frederick Osborn, 156, 159; and Rockefeller Foundation mission to... ●●

1974 Wade, 269, 351, 352 Rogers, Lester Cushing, 208 Rogers, William, 254 Romania: Bucharest conferenc... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Wade, 269, 351, 352 Rogers, Lester Cushing, 208 Rogers, William, 254 Romania: Bucharest conference of 1974, 278, 299–300, 304, 310–316, 317, 318, 327, 328, 339; Ceausescu, 310; pro-natalism in, 310... ●●

1974 World Population Conference convenes in Bucharest ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As Cadbury had anticipated, the first time population control proponents managed to assemble political leaders from almost every country—the 1974 World Population Conference in Bucha- rest—the proc... ●●

1974 He urged him to appoint his predecessor, U Thant, as his personal representative in organizing bo... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story He urged him to appoint his predecessor, U Thant, as his personal representative in organizing both the World Popu- lation Conference in Bucharest in 1974 and the other activities that would mark W... ●●

1974 “Note to Episcopal Conferences regarding the World Population Year and Conference,” October 18, 1... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “Note to Episcopal Conferences regarding the World Population Year and Conference,” October 18, 1973, National Conference of Catholic Bishops Papers, USCCBA, box 62, “Pro-Life Activities,” file on ... ●●

1974 Fazzi to Bellerive, March 15, 1973, WHOA, P12/80/3; Director, UN Li- aison Office to Bellerive, A... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Fazzi to Bellerive, March 15, 1973, WHOA, P12/80/3; Director, UN Li- aison Office to Bellerive, April 12, 1973, WHOA, P13/86/2(B); “Note to Episco- pal Conferences,” October 18, 1973; Cadbury, “Spe... ●●

1974 Unless otherwise noted, the following account of the conference is based on these sources: daily ... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Unless otherwise noted, the following account of the conference is based on these sources: daily reports of Planet, the conferences’ unofficial newspaper pub- lished by the IPPF, available in FFA, ... ●●

1974 On the World Bank, see “President’s Council Meeting,” September 16, 1974, WBGA, 03–04, Office of ... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On the World Bank, see “President’s Council Meeting,” September 16, 1974, WBGA, 03–04, Office of the President, Records of President McNamara, series 02, President’s Council Minutes, box 1; n o t e... ●●

1974 On food riots and cartels, see Claxton to Members of Inter-Agency Com- mittee for the World Popul... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On food riots and cartels, see Claxton to Members of Inter-Agency Com- mittee for the World Population Conference, December 5, 1973, USNA, Nixon Papers, NSC Institutional Files, Study Memorandums, ... ●●

1974 Teitelbaum, “Status of Women at the World Population Conference,” October 4, 1974, FFA, Populatio... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Teitelbaum, “Status of Women at the World Population Conference,” October 4, 1974, FFA, Population Office Files, box 6992, “World Population Year, Bucharest, 1974.” 470 n o t e s t o p a g e s 3 1 ... ●●

1974 290 f a t a l m i s c o n c e p t i o n Throwing Money at the Problem $0 $20,000,000 $40,000,000 ... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 290 f a t a l m i s c o n c e p t i o n Throwing Money at the Problem $0 $20,000,000 $40,000,000 $60,000,000 $80,000,000 $100,000,000 $120,000,000 $140,000,000 $160,000,000 1971 109,567,000 7,446,0... ●●

1974 Villot orders bishops to prepare for Bucharest conference ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The secretary of state, Cardinal Jean-Marie Villot, ordered the national episcopal conferences to begin preparing for the World Population Conference in 1974, ensuring that the Church view was repr... ●●

1974 By the time conference participants gathered in August 1974, an epidemic of botched abortions had... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By the time conference participants gathered in August 1974, an epidemic of botched abortions had caused maternal mortality to soar.89 More than a thousand official delegates representing 133 count... ●●

1974 The World Population Conference of 1974 thus witnessed an epic bat- tle between starkly different... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The World Population Conference of 1974 thus witnessed an epic bat- tle between starkly different visions of history and the future: one premised on the preservation of order, if necessary by radic... ●●

1974 9 R E P R O D U C I N G R I G H T S , R E P R O D U C I N G H E A LT H The 1974 World Population ... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 9 R E P R O D U C I N G R I G H T S , R E P R O D U C I N G H E A LT H The 1974 World Population Conference, followed by India’s repudiation of Indira Gandhi three years later, exposed for all to s... ●●

1974 “Discussion on Additional General Grant Support,” November 2, 1976, IPPFA, 1.4.1.1.1, “IPPF Gover... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “Discussion on Additional General Grant Support,” November 2, 1976, IPPFA, 1.4.1.1.1, “IPPF Governing Body, 14th Meeting (Special Meeting) 5th– 7th November.” On cuts at the Council, see “Minutes o... ●●

1974 Congressional Budget Office established ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The nonpartisan Congressional Budget Office was established in 1974 to provide Congress with greater technocratic support in drawing up budgets, but in the end the making of an American budget is a highly decentralized and nonstrategic process in com ●●

1974 Before April 1974, when a coup in Portugal rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Before April 1974, when a coup in Portugal ousted the dictatorship, the aid given to the Angolan resistance movements by ●●

1974 The story of Operation Splinter Factor comes from rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The story of Operation Splinter Factor comes from the book of the same name by Stewart Steven published in London in 197 ●●

1974 ) released 18 December 1974 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ) released 18 December 1974 ●●

1974 William Jorden, US Ambassador to Panama 1974-78, has rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story William Jorden, US Ambassador to Panama 1974-78, has written that he’s almost certain that US intelligence agents gave t ●●

1974 Patty Hearst kidnapped by the SLA ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Levenda asserts that on February 4, 1974, publishing heiress Patty Hearst was kidnapped by the Symbionese Liberation Army and subjected to brainwashing. ●●

1974 SLA shootout with Los Angeles police ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Levenda describes the May 17, 1974 SWAT team attack on an SLA house that resulted in deaths including Donald DeFreeze, the group's leader, but Patty Hearst escaped. ●●

1974 MITS decides to build a computer on the Intel 8080 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After studying the Intel 8080's instruction set, Ed Roberts concluded MITS could build an affordable do-it-yourself computer kit. ●●

1974 Gates and Allen see the Altair on Popular Electronics ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Paul Allen bought the January 1975 issue in December 1974 and rushed it to Bill Gates, launching their eight-week coding sprint. ●●

1974 Steve Jobs takes a job at Atari ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After returning from a pilgrimage to India, Jobs went to work for Nolan Bushnell and Al Alcorn at Atari. ●●

1974 Hayek awarded the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences 1 cit. Friedrich Hayek shares the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences with Gunnar Myrdal for their work on money, economic fluctuations, and the interdependence of economic, social, and institutional phenomena. The award gave fresh international visibility to Austrian School and free-market economics after decades in which Keynesian economics had dominated the mainstream. economy / science ●●●

1974 DEC's Ken Olsen dismisses the idea of personal computers candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story DEC president Ken Olsen tells his operations committee he sees no reason anyone would want a computer of his own, as debate over a smaller PDP-8 stalls. ●●

1974 Immanuel Wallerstein publishes The Modern World-System 0 cit. Sociologist Immanuel Wallerstein published the first volume of The Modern World-System, proposing that the global economy since the 1500s has operated as a single system divided into a wealthy "core," a struggling "periphery," and an intermediate "semi-periphery," with former colonies structurally assigned to peripheral roles supplying raw materials and cheap labor. Wallerstein's world-systems theory extended Prebisch and Frank's dependency arguments into a longer historical framework and remains influential, though contested, in explaining persistent global inequality after decolonization. economy ●●

10 September 1974 Guinea-Bissau and Cape Verde gain independence from Portugal 0 cit. Portugal recognized Guinea-Bissau's independence after a long armed liberation struggle, part of the broader collapse of Portugal's African empire following the 1974 Carnation Revolution. Cape Verde followed in 1975; both countries inherited weak, undiversified colonial-era economies built around a handful of export crops, with little industrial base left by departing Portuguese administrators, leaving them heavily reliant on foreign aid in the following decades. politics ●

May 1974 FIFA expands the World Cup and its commercial reach under João Havelange 0 cit. João Havelange becomes FIFA president and expands the World Cup field, brings in major sponsors like Coca-Cola and Adidas, and grows FIFA into a global commercial power. His three-decade tenure is documented as the period when FIFA became enormously wealthy, and also when practices later exposed as systemic bribery took root. culture / economy ●●●

15 October 1974 The Federal Election Campaign Act creates modern US campaign finance rules 0 cit. Amendments to the Federal Election Campaign Act, passed after the Watergate scandal, set contribution limits, require disclosure, and create the Federal Election Commission to enforce campaign finance law. The law becomes the main battlefield on which later court rulings, including Citizens United, are fought. politics ●●

11 February 1974 Poulson and Pottinger Convicted at Leeds 0 cit. After a 52-day trial, John Poulson and William George Pottinger, a senior Scottish Office civil servant, were found guilty of fraud and corruption at Leeds Crown Court. They were sentenced on 15 March 1974: five years each for the main charges, with Poulson receiving a further seven years on separate counts and Pottinger's term later reduced to four years on appeal. The trial documented systematic bribery of officials in exchange for architectural commissions. politics ●●●

c. April 1974 T. Dan Smith Sentenced 0 cit. T. Dan Smith pleaded guilty to corruption at Leeds Crown Court and was sentenced to six years in prison for accepting payments from Poulson over several years, funnelled through his public relations firm. Andrew Cunningham, leader of Durham County Council and a senior trade union figure, was convicted in the same wave of Poulson-related trials. The convictions marked the effective end of Smith's political career and became the defining symbol of 1970s council corruption in Britain. politics ●●●

c. 1974 Redcliffe-Maud Report on Conduct in Local Government 0 cit. A government committee chaired by Lord Redcliffe-Maud, set up in direct response to the Poulson affair, reported on standards of conduct for councillors and officials. It recommended clearer rules on declaring financial interests, tighter controls on councillors with outside business links to council contracts, and a statutory code of conduct. Its recommendations shaped local government conduct rules for the following two decades, though implementation was gradual and uneven. politics ●●

c. 1 January 1974 North Carolina's Eugenics Board Ends Sterilizations 0 cit. North Carolina's Eugenics Board approved its last sterilization case around 1974, as tightened federal consent rules following Relf v. Weinberger and mounting public criticism ended the program's active use. The board itself was not formally abolished until 1977, when the state legislature repealed the eugenics statute that had authorized it since 1933. politics / society ●●

8 March 1974 Federal Sterilization Consent Regulations Tightened 0 cit. Following the Relf v. Weinberger ruling, federal judge Gerhard Gesell ordered the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare to issue stricter regulations requiring informed, written consent before federally funded sterilizations, a mandatory waiting period, and a ban on sterilizing minors or coercing consent by threatening to withhold welfare benefits. The new rules, finalized in 1978, curbed but did not entirely stop coercive sterilization practices reported into the 1980s. politics / society ●●

15 May 1974 Ulster Workers' Council strike 0 cit. A general strike organised by loyalist workers and paramilitaries, backed by intimidation and paramilitary enforcement of power cuts and roadblocks, brought Northern Ireland to a standstill for a fortnight. The strike was intended to bring down the Sunningdale power-sharing executive, and it succeeded: the executive collapsed on 28 May 1974 and direct rule resumed. Power-sharing would not be attempted again until the Good Friday Agreement almost a quarter of a century later. economy / politics ●●

17 May 1974 Dublin and Monaghan bombings 0 cit. Loyalist car bombs exploded without warning in Dublin and Monaghan, killing 33 people and an unborn child, the highest death toll of any single day of the Troubles. The UVF admitted responsibility in 1993. The Irish government's Barron Report (2003) and a subsequent parliamentary inquiry found evidence, though not conclusive proof, suggestive of collusion by British security force personnel in the planning or execution of the attacks; no one has ever been charged. politics / war ●●●

5 October 1974 Guildford pub bombings 0 cit. The IRA bombed two pubs in Guildford frequented by British soldiers, killing five people and injuring dozens more. Four people wrongly convicted of the bombings, who became known as the Guildford Four, were arrested and prosecuted the following year based on confessions later shown to have been coerced. The real perpetrators were never convicted for the attack. war ●●

17 May 1974 LAPD SWAT shootout with the Symbionese Liberation Army 0 cit. LAPD SWAT officers surrounded a house in South Central Los Angeles sheltering members of the Symbionese Liberation Army, the group that had kidnapped Patricia Hearst, and a lengthy gun battle and fire that followed killed six SLA members. The confrontation was broadcast live on national television and is widely cited as the event that established SWAT tactics and heavy weaponry as a visible, normalized part of American policing. politics / society ●●●

25 April 1974 The Carnation Revolution triggers Portuguese decolonization 0 cit. A near-bloodless military coup in Lisbon overthrew Portugal's long dictatorship, driven in part by exhaustion from its colonial wars. The new government moved quickly to grant independence to Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and other territories. It ended the last major European colonial empire in Africa. politics / war ●●●

1974 Wallerstein's world-systems theory: core and periphery 0 cit. Immanuel Wallerstein publishes the first volume of The Modern World-System, arguing that since the sixteenth century there has been a single capitalist world economy split into a wealthy core, a dependent periphery, and a middle semi-periphery. In this view a country's fate is set less by its own policies than by its place in the whole system. The framework reshaped how sociologists and historians study global inequality. economy / politics ●●●

c. 1974 Samir Amin on unequal development and delinking 0 cit. The Egyptian economist Samir Amin, working in Dakar, argues that the world economy is built to keep the periphery specialized in exports that serve the center. He calls for 'delinking', a partial break from the world market so poor countries can develop on their own terms. His work built on the theory of unequal exchange and remained a reference point for critics of globalization. economy / politics ●●

c. 1974 Petrodollar recycling floods the South with loans 0 cit. After the 1973 oil-price jump, oil exporters deposit huge surpluses in Western banks, which lend the money on to developing countries at low, floating interest rates. Governments across Latin America and Africa borrowed heavily, often for projects that never paid off. The easy credit of the 1970s set up the debt crisis of the 1980s when rates rose. economy / politics ●●

May 1974 The call for a New International Economic Order 0 cit. At a special UN session, developing countries win a declaration calling for a New International Economic Order: fairer commodity prices, control over their own resources, technology transfer, and a bigger say in global finance. Buoyed by OPEC's recent show of strength, the South pressed for structural change rather than aid. The rich countries resisted, and the debt crisis soon shifted the balance of power against the reformers. diplomacy / economy ●●●

13 November 1974 Karen Silkwood challenges a nuclear plant 0 cit. Karen Silkwood, a technician at a Kerr-McGee plutonium plant, gathered evidence of safety and contamination problems and was herself contaminated. She died in a car crash while driving to meet a reporter, and the documents she was said to be carrying were never found. Her family later won a civil case over the contamination, and questions about the crash remain unresolved. science / society ●●●

1974 Watergate sharpens the transparency laws 0 cit. In the wake of Watergate, Congress strengthened the Freedom of Information Act with tighter deadlines and real teeth, overriding President Ford's veto. The scandal had shown how secrecy protected abuse of power at the very top. The distrust of hidden government fed a broad wave of openness reforms in the mid-1970s. politics / society ●●

1974 The petrodollar ties oil to the US dollar 0 cit. In the wake of the embargo, the United States and Saudi Arabia reach understandings that keep oil priced in dollars and recycle Saudi earnings into US assets. The petrodollar system underpinned American financial power and gave Washington a lasting stake in Gulf stability. diplomacy / economy ●●●

1974 The UN sets up a watchdog for transnational corporations 0 cit. Spurred partly by revelations about ITT in Chile, the United Nations created machinery to study and monitor transnational corporations, leading to the UN Centre on Transnational Corporations. Its work included a long, ultimately stalled effort to draft a binding code of conduct for multinationals. The episode marked the first serious attempt at global governance aimed squarely at corporate power across borders. economy / politics ●●

25 June 1974 Singapore creates the state holding company Temasek 0 cit. The government incorporated Temasek Holdings to own and manage its stakes in companies such as the national airline, bank, and shipping and telecom firms. The state acted as an active shareholder running a commercial portfolio. It is a defining piece of the idea that Singapore is governed like a corporation. economy / politics ●●

17 May 1974 SWAT shootout with the Symbionese Liberation Army 0 cit. LAPD SWAT surrounded a South Central house holding members of the Symbionese Liberation Army, the group that had kidnapped heiress Patty Hearst. A prolonged gun battle, broadcast live on television, ended when the house caught fire and six SLA members died inside. The dramatic footage put SWAT before a national audience and helped turn the tactical team into a fixture that other departments wanted to copy. politics / society ●●●

12 September 1974 Revolution overthrows Haile Selassie 0 cit. A wave of strikes, army mutinies, and protests, sharpened by a hidden famine and by soldiers' pay grievances, brought down the ageing emperor. A committee of junior officers known as the Derg deposed Haile Selassie and ended the Solomonic monarchy that traced itself back to 1270. The revolution swung the country sharply toward Marxism and military rule. politics / war ●●●

June 1974 Sixth Pan-African Congress meets in Dar es Salaam 0 cit. The sixth congress was the first to be held on the African continent, hosted by Tanzania under Julius Nyerere. It focused on the remaining liberation struggles in southern Africa and on debates over class, socialism, and the direction of independent states. The meeting exposed tensions between governments in power and the radical, diaspora-based tradition of earlier congresses. diplomacy / politics / society ●

c. 1974 The petrodollar keeps the dollar central without gold 0 cit. After the 1973 oil shock, the United States and Saudi Arabia reached understandings under which oil continued to be priced and sold in dollars, and oil-exporting states recycled their surpluses into American assets. This arrangement kept the world demanding dollars for trade and reserves even after the link to gold was gone, entrenching American financial power on a new basis. diplomacy / economy / politics ●●●

9 August 1974 Nixon's Divided Legacy: Achievements and Watergate 0 cit. Richard Nixon resigned in 1974 facing certain impeachment after his own White House tapes proved he had directed the Watergate cover-up, documented wrongdoing that dominates his memory. The same presidency, however, produced a large domestic and diplomatic record that is often forgotten: the creation of the Environmental Protection Agency, the Clean Air Act, OSHA, and Title IX, the opening to China in 1972, detente and the SALT I arms deal with the Soviet Union, and the end of the draft. Historians increasingly weigh the genuine achievements against the genuine crimes, treating his reputation as an incomplete memory rather than a media invention. politics ●●●●

8 June 1974 The US-Saudi Joint Commission on Economic Cooperation 0 cit. Henry Kissinger and Saudi leaders sign an agreement creating a joint commission to tie the two countries together through trade, technology, and military cooperation. It framed a lasting bargain in which the United States offered security and goods and Saudi Arabia became a stable, dollar-friendly oil supplier. diplomacy / economy / politics ●●●

July 1974 Saudi Arabia agrees to buy US Treasuries contested 0 cit. Treasury Secretary William Simon negotiates an arrangement for Saudi Arabia to invest its oil surpluses in US government debt, with Saudi purchases handled outside normal Treasury auctions and kept confidential for decades. Records declassified in 2016 confirmed the deal to recycle petrodollars into Treasuries. The broader popular story of a single sweeping secret pact tying oil, arms, and the dollar into one document is contested; what is documented is dollar pricing, Treasury purchases, and a close security relationship. diplomacy / economy / politics ●●●

c. 1974 Petrodollar recycling funds developing-world lending 0 cit. Western banks take in the flood of oil-producer deposits and lend them on to governments across Latin America, Africa, and Asia. This recycling of petrodollars fueled a lending boom through the 1970s. Much of that debt was priced in dollars at floating interest rates, setting up the crises that followed when rates rose. economy ●●

c. 1974 Nobel laureates among staff and alumni 0 cit. People connected to the LSE have won a large share of Nobel Prizes, especially in economics and peace. Friedrich Hayek shared the economics prize in 1974, and the LSE-trained economist Arthur Lewis won it in 1979. The School counts more than a dozen Nobel laureates among its staff and former students. economy / science ●●

c. 1974 BATUK established as a permanent presence at Nanyuki 3 cit. The British Army Training Unit Kenya (BATUK) became a standing garrison based at Nanyuki, supporting infantry battalions and other units that rotate through Kenya each year. It uses ranges across the Laikipia plateau and surrounding conservancies for live-fire and jungle training. Decades after independence, a permanent British military footprint remained on Kenyan soil. politics / war ●●

1974 Kenya's auto sector assembles kits rather than manufactures 0 cit. Plants such as Kenya Vehicle Manufacturers in Thika and Associated Vehicle Assemblers in Mombasa put together vehicles from imported completely-knocked-down kits. This is assembly, not full manufacturing: the engines, bodies, and major parts are made abroad and shipped in. Kenya has no domestic mass-production of cars, so most vehicles on its roads are either imported whole or assembled from foreign kits. economy / society ●●

1974 Antony Sutton advances his Wall Street thesis 0 cit. Antony Sutton, an economist who had worked at the Hoover Institution, published Wall Street and the Bolshevik Revolution. In it he argues that a circle of Western financiers deliberately helped the Bolsheviks to power for their own ends. This is Sutton's interpretation, built on real contacts and funding but going well beyond what most historians accept. economy / politics / society ●●●

c. 1974 The Philippines builds a state system to train nurses for export 0 cit. Under President Ferdinand Marcos the Philippines set up state machinery, later the Philippine Overseas Employment Administration, to send workers abroad and earn foreign currency. Nursing schools geared toward overseas jobs, and the country became the largest single source of migrant nurses, supplying roughly a quarter of the world's overseas nurses. Remittances now fund a large share of the national economy. economy / politics / society ●●●

25 April 1974 The Carnation Revolution ends the colonial wars 0 cit. Army officers worn down by years of colonial war overthrew the Estado Novo dictatorship in a near-bloodless coup in Lisbon, named for the carnations placed in soldiers' rifles. The new government moved quickly to end the fighting in Africa and grant independence. The refusal to decolonize had helped bring down the regime that clung to the empire. politics / war ●●●

1974 Amboseli is fenced off and the Maasai lose the swamps 0 cit. The Amboseli basin, long used by Maasai herders for dry-season water and grazing, was gazetted as a national park in 1974. Herders were pushed out of the central swamps and springs that had kept their cattle alive in drought. Promised benefits and water schemes were slow and partial, and the Maasai lost reliable access to a key refuge. economy / environment ●●●

1974 Amboseli made a national park and the Maasai removed 0 cit. Amboseli, a key Maasai dry-season refuge around its swamps, was gazetted as a national park by presidential decree. The Maasai were barred from grazing cattle in the central basin they had relied on for generations. It became a textbook example of how a herding landscape was turned into a fenced tourist attraction, with the herders left outside. economy / environment / society ●●

c. 1974 J.M. Kariuki attacks Kenya's growing inequality 0 cit. Josiah Mwangi Kariuki, a wealthy but populist backbench MP, drew crowds by attacking the gap between rich and poor. He warned that Kenya risked becoming a nation of ten millionaires and ten million beggars, a line aimed squarely at the ruling elite. His popularity and his willingness to name the problem made him a growing irritant to people close to power. economy / politics ●●