Events, Verisoph

9 August 1999 Putin named prime minister of Russia 0 cit. Yeltsin appointed the little-known Putin as prime minister, his fourth in eighteen months, and named him as his preferred successor. Boris Berezovsky and other members of Yeltsin's inner circle, known as 'the Family', are widely reported to have backed Putin's elevation, believing he would protect their interests. politics ●●●

4 September 1999 Apartment bombings in Russian cities 0 cit. A series of bomb attacks on apartment buildings in Buynaksk, Moscow, and Volgodonsk killed nearly 300 people over several weeks. The Russian government blamed Chechen separatists and used the attacks to justify launching the Second Chechen War, but journalist Alexander Litvinenko and other critics have alleged, without conclusive proof, that the FSB itself was involved in a false-flag operation; the claim remains disputed and has never been substantiated by an independent investigation. politics / war ●●●

23 September 1999 Second Chechen War begins 0 cit. Russian forces launched a large-scale military campaign in Chechnya following an incursion by Chechen and Dagestani militants into Dagestan and the apartment bombings blamed on Chechen separatists. Putin's uncompromising handling of the war as prime minister sharply boosted his public approval ahead of the presidential succession. war ●●●

31 December 1999 Yeltsin resigns, Putin becomes acting president 0 cit. Boris Yeltsin resigned unexpectedly in a New Year's Eve television address, handing power to Prime Minister Putin as acting president. Putin's first act was to sign a decree granting Yeltsin and his family immunity from criminal prosecution. politics ●●●

c. 1999 Jubilee 2000 campaign pressures G7 on debt cancellation 0 cit. The international Jubilee 2000 campaign, drawing on the biblical concept of periodic debt forgiveness, pressured G7 leaders meeting in Cologne to expand debt relief for the poorest countries, arguing much of the debt was odious, having been contracted by unaccountable or dictatorial regimes with little benefit to ordinary citizens. The campaign helped push the G7 to expand the HIPC framework later that year, though full cancellation the campaign sought was not achieved. diplomacy / economy ●

December 1999 The IOC adopts reform after Salt Lake City 0 cit. Following the Salt Lake City bribery revelations, the IOC adopts a package of reforms including term limits, age limits, bans on member visits to bid cities, and an ethics commission. The reforms were real but critics noted the IOC still polices itself, since no outside body has authority over its conduct. politics ●●

c. March 1999 Home Affairs Committee Reports on Freemasonry in Public Life 0 cit. The Home Affairs Committee's Second Report, 'Freemasonry in Public Life', extended its inquiry to local government, examining whether councillors should also be required to declare Masonic membership. The committee highlighted Pembrokeshire County Council, where about 41 percent of the council's independent members were found to be current or former Freemasons, as an example of concentration that could raise legitimate concern about undue influence, while stressing this was not itself proof of wrongdoing. The committee recommended councils adopt disclosure rules, but unlike the police and judiciary requirement, this recommendation was never made compulsory for local government. politics ●●●

27 May 1999 Pembrokeshire Freemasonry Disclosure Debate Reported 0 cit. Following the Home Affairs Committee's findings on Pembrokeshire County Council, the Local Government Chronicle reported on renewed calls for councils to extend Masonic disclosure rules to elected members. The concentration of Masonic membership among the council's independent group was cited by campaigners as evidence that local government needed the same scrutiny already applied to police and judges, though no wrongdoing on the council was established by the committee. politics ●

19 August 1999 Akiwumi Commission submits report on ethnic clashes 0 cit. The Akiwumi Commission submitted its report to President Moi, finding that senior ruling-party politicians had incited and fuelled ethnic clashes since 1991 and recommending that several former cabinet ministers and officials be investigated and prosecuted. The government kept the report secret; it was only released by the Attorney General on 18 October 2002, more than three years after it was submitted. politics / society ●●●

24 February 1999 Macpherson Report on the murder of Stephen Lawrence 0 cit. Sir William Macpherson's inquiry into the Metropolitan Police's failed investigation of Stephen Lawrence's murder concluded that the force was 'institutionally racist', defining the term as the collective failure of an organisation to provide an appropriate service to people because of their race. The report made 70 recommendations covering police training, recruitment, stop-and-search and the definition of a racist incident. It became a defining document in British debates on policing and race. politics / society ●●●

9 August 1999 Putin becomes prime minister 0 cit. Yeltsin named Putin acting prime minister and publicly signalled him as his preferred successor. Parliament confirmed the appointment days later. Putin was still largely unknown to the public, but his handling of the renewed war in Chechnya over the following months sharply raised his standing. Within five months he would be acting president. politics ●●●

31 December 1999 Yeltsin resigns and Putin becomes acting president 0 cit. On the last day of 1999 Yeltsin resigned and handed the presidency to Putin as acting head of state. One of Putin's first acts was a decree granting Yeltsin and his family immunity from prosecution. The handover gave Putin the advantages of incumbency ahead of the election. It marked the arrival of a former intelligence officer at the top of the Russian state. politics ●●●

9 September 1999 The Russian apartment bombings unproven 0 cit. In September 1999 a series of bombings destroyed apartment blocks in Buynaksk, Moscow, and Volgodonsk, killing around 300 people and spreading fear across Russia. The official investigation blamed militants linked to the war in the North Caucasus, and several people were later convicted. The bombings helped rally public support for a new war in Chechnya and for Putin, then prime minister. Critics and some former officials have alleged FSB involvement in staging the attacks; these allegations are disputed, denied by the Russian authorities, and have never been proven. politics / society / war ●●●

22 September 1999 The Ryazan incident 0 cit. Days after the apartment bombings, residents of Ryazan reported men planting sacks in the basement of their building, and local police said field tests indicated the explosive hexogen. The FSB later stated the sacks contained sugar and that the episode had been a training exercise to test public vigilance. Sceptics, including some journalists and opposition figures, treat the incident as evidence for the disputed claim that the security services were behind the bombings. The competing accounts remain contested and unresolved. politics / society ●●

October 1999 Musharraf's Pakistan in the war on terror 0 cit. General Pervez Musharraf seized power in a coup and, after the 2001 attacks, became a key US partner in the war on terror. Washington lifted sanctions and gave billions in aid in return for cooperation against al-Qaeda and the Taliban, despite doubts about Pakistan's double game. Musharraf's rule shows the pattern renewed in a new era. politics / war ●●

c. 1999 Africa's World War splits the continent 0 cit. At its height the conflict drew in the armies of some nine African states and a shifting web of militias, earning the names Africa's World War and the Great War of Africa. Kabila's coalition of Angola, Zimbabwe, Namibia, Chad, and Sudan faced Rwanda, Uganda, Burundi, and their proxy rebels. It became the widest interstate war in modern African history. politics / war ●●●

c. 1999 Proxy militias fracture the east 0 cit. The war splintered into a mosaic of proxy forces: the RCD divided into a Rwandan-backed and a Ugandan-backed wing, Jean-Pierre Bemba's MLC fought in the north with Ugandan help, and local Mai-Mai militias resisted the foreign occupiers. Front lines froze while armed groups carved out fiefdoms and preyed on civilians. Control of territory increasingly tracked control of mines and trade routes. politics / war ●●

c. 1999 The Ituri conflict erupts between Hema and Lendu 0 cit. In the gold-rich Ituri district, long-standing tension between Hema and Lendu communities exploded into massacres, inflamed and armed by the Ugandan occupation and rival commanders. Tens of thousands were killed and hundreds of thousands displaced over several years. The violence later produced some of the first cases at the International Criminal Court. society / war ●●

10 July 1999 The Lusaka Ceasefire Agreement 0 cit. The six warring states signed a ceasefire in Lusaka calling for a halt to fighting, the withdrawal of foreign troops, and a Congolese national dialogue. The rebel movements signed weeks later, but the ceasefire was violated almost at once. It nonetheless set the framework for later peace talks and a UN deployment. diplomacy / politics ●●

30 November 1999 The UN deploys MONUC 0 cit. The Security Council created the United Nations mission in Congo, known by its French acronym MONUC, to observe the Lusaka ceasefire. It grew into one of the largest and most expensive peacekeeping operations in the world. For years it struggled to protect civilians across a country the size of Western Europe with few roads. diplomacy / politics ●●

c. 1999 The armies turn to systematic plunder 0 cit. Once the front lines stalled, the occupying armies and their proxies financed themselves by stripping the territories they held of coltan, gold, diamonds, and timber. Soldiers ran mines, taxed traders, and shipped minerals out through Rwanda, Uganda, and Zimbabwe. Extraction became a reason to keep fighting rather than merely a means to fund it. economy / war ●●●

1999 The CIA launches In-Q-Tel, a spy agency's venture fund 0 cit. The CIA set up In-Q-Tel, a nonprofit venture-capital firm meant to invest in Silicon Valley startups whose technology the agency wanted. It marked a new, open relationship in which the intelligence community funded and shaped commercial tech companies. economy / politics / technology ●●

1 January 1999 The euro is launched 0 cit. Eleven European nations adopt the euro as a shared currency, managed by a new European Central Bank. It created the first serious rival to the dollar as a reserve and trade currency. The euro took a solid second place in global reserves but did not displace the dollar from the top. economy / politics ●●●

1 January 1999 The CFA peg moves from the franc to the euro 0 cit. When France joins the euro, the CFA franc is pegged to the new currency at a fixed rate of about 656 CFA to one euro. The French Treasury continues to guarantee convertibility, so the anchor changes but the underlying arrangement does not. African members gain no vote in the eurozone that now backs their money. diplomacy / economy ●●

1999 Carothers weighs democracy aid in 'Aiding Democracy Abroad' 0 cit. In 1999 scholar Thomas Carothers published Aiding Democracy Abroad, a detailed study of US democracy promotion. He judged the work often sincere but frequently naive and shallow in effect, neither the noble crusade its backers claimed nor the pure cover story its critics alleged. The book became a standard reference for the measured middle of the debate. politics / society ●

13 May 1999 Kenya accedes to the UPOV Convention 0 cit. Kenya became a member of the International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants, adopting plant breeders' rights into its own law. Membership committed Kenya to protecting registered commercial varieties and shaped later seed legislation. Food-sovereignty advocates trace the squeeze on informal seed systems in part to obligations that arrived through UPOV membership. economy / politics / society ●

1999 Chabal and Daloz argue disorder is a political instrument 0 cit. In 'Africa Works: Disorder as Political Instrument', Patrick Chabal and Jean-Pascal Daloz argue that some African elites profit from weak institutions and use disorder deliberately rather than being victims of it. The thesis is theirs and it is sharply contested, with critics charging that it treats a whole continent as uniform and downplays outside forces. It remains a reference point in debates about state weakness. politics / society ●●●

January 1999 The Karura Forest protests against land grabbing 1 cit. When parts of Karura Forest were handed to politically connected developers, Maathai and the Green Belt Movement marched in to plant trees and block the grab. In January 1999 hired guards and police attacked the protesters, and Maathai was beaten and left bloodied. Student protests and public anger followed, and the government eventually halted the allocations. environment / politics / society ●●●

c. 1999 Peatrik reads Mbwaa as a charter of initiation contested 1 cit. Anne-Marie Peatrik argues the Mbwaa story is not a record of migration but a work of political philosophy that encodes the logic of initiation and generational succession. She reads the impossible tasks as a world turned backward toward primordial indistinction, Aita's lengthwise cutting as a figure of circumcision that establishes patrilineal dominance, and the parting of the waters as the release of suspended time so that ages and colours can separate again. On this reading the myth restates the central Meru problem: each generation must reopen the passage and rebuild the social order. culture / religion / society ●●●

1999 The El Molo language falls silent 5 cit. Linguists date the death of the El Molo language to about 1999, when its last fluent speaker, Kaayo, died, leaving only a few people who remember fragments. The tongue is now classed as dormant or extinct, replaced by Samburu. Efforts to record surviving words aim to keep some of it alive. culture / science / society ●●●

c. 1999 Iten in the Keiyo highlands becomes a home of champion runners 0 cit. Iten, a town on the Keiyo highlands above the Kerio Valley, grew into one of the world's leading centres for distance running. Its high altitude, hills and running camps, including a training centre opened by athlete Lornah Kiplagat around 1999, have drawn Kenyan and foreign runners for decades. Signposted as the Home of Champions, it turned the Keiyo escarpment into a symbol of Kenyan athletic success. culture / society ●●

1999 Moi appoints Uhuru to the Kenya Tourism Board 2 cit. In 1999 President Daniel arap Moi appointed Uhuru Kenyatta to chair the Kenya Tourism Board. The office introduced him to national-level power brokers and made the former presidents son a visible public manager before he had won an elective seat. It was part of Moi grooming a succession figure who could carry KANU beyond Moi. economy / politics ●●●

12 December 2000 Algiers Agreement (2000) wikidata 0 cit. no story peace agreement signed in 2000 between Eritrea and Ethiopia ●●●

2000 Hayami tightens monetary policy as the economy recovers ai_extracted 1 cit. In May 2000 Governor Hayami argued that a recovery might weaken pressure for structural reform, which the author cites as his justification for tightening monetary policy again in 2000. ●●●

28 September 2000 to 8 February 2005 Second Intifada 0 cit. A Palestinian uprising against Israeli occupation turns into five years of suicide bombings and Israeli military operations. Around 1,000 Israelis and 3,000 Palestinians die, and the peace process collapses. politics / war ●●●

2000 Founding of BNP Paribas 0 cit. Banque Nationale de Paris merges with investment bank Paribas to form the eurozone's largest bank. Its roots reach back to the Comptoir National d'Escompte de Paris, founded in the revolutionary year of 1848. economy ●●●

January 2000 Founding of Baidu 0 cit. Robin Li and Eric Xu found Baidu in Beijing. It becomes China's dominant search engine and later a major investor in autonomous driving and artificial intelligence. economy / technology ●●

26 June 2000 Human genome draft announced 0 cit. Scientists announce the first draft sequence of the human genome. Reading humanity's genetic code opens the era of genomic medicine and biotechnology. science ●●●●

c. 2000 China's Great Firewall 0 cit. Around 2000 China built out the Golden Shield Project, the internet censorship and surveillance system known as the Great Firewall. It became the leading example of a state controlling the online information environment. politics / technology ●●●

19 August 2000 Reconstruction of the Cathedral of Christ the Saviour 0 cit. The Moscow cathedral demolished under Stalin was rebuilt and consecrated, a symbol of the post-Soviet revival of the Russian Orthodox Church. The church regained a prominent public role after decades of repression. culture / religion / society ●●●

26 March 2000 Putin Becomes President 0 cit. Vladimir Putin, who had become acting president when Yeltsin resigned at the end of 1999, won election in his own right. He moved to strengthen central control over regions, media, and business. politics ●●●●●

July 2000 The Camp David Summit 0 cit. US-hosted talks in 2000 between Israel and the Palestinians failed to reach a final agreement. Each side blamed the other for the collapse. politics ●●

May 2000 Israeli Withdrawal from South Lebanon 0 cit. Israel withdrew its forces from a buffer zone in southern Lebanon in 2000 after 18 years. Hezbollah claimed the withdrawal as a victory. politics / war ●●

2000 The OECD launches the PISA tests 0 cit. The OECD ran its first PISA assessment in 2000 to compare how well fifteen-year-olds in many countries read and do math and science. The rankings shaped education debates and policy worldwide. politics / society ●●

c. 2000 The democratic deficit critique contested 0 cit. Critics argue that unelected institutions dominated by rich countries set policies that override the choices of borrowing governments. Defenders counter that conditions are the price of loans no private lender would offer. economy / politics ●●●

March 2000 The Meltzer Commission report 0 cit. A US congressional commission led by economist Allan Meltzer issued a bipartisan report criticizing the IMF and World Bank for ineffective lending and mission creep. It recommended a narrower role for both institutions. economy / politics ●●●

c. September 2000 Blue Origin founded 0 cit. Jeff Bezos quietly founded the rocket company Blue Origin to lower the cost of reaching space. It later flew a reusable suborbital rocket and carried paying passengers. economy / technology ●●●

2 November 2000 First crew arrives at the space station 0 cit. The Expedition 1 crew moved into the International Space Station, beginning a continuous human presence in orbit. People have lived aboard the station without a break ever since. exploration / society / technology ●●●●

2000 Pandora music is named for Pandora's box of Greek myth 0 cit. The music-streaming service, launched in 2000, is named after Pandora's box of Greek myth, opening to reveal a tailored world of songs. economy / religion / technology ●●

1 March 2000 The concept of blowback enters public debate 0 cit. Scholar Chalmers Johnson popularized the term blowback, the CIA's own word for the unintended consequences of covert operations that come back to harm the country that launched them. His book argued US interventions were breeding future retaliation. politics / society ●●●●

c. 2000 Hybrid and competitive authoritarian regimes 0 cit. Many modern governments hold elections and allow some opposition but tilt the playing field so heavily that real change is nearly impossible. Scholars call these hybrid or competitive authoritarian systems. politics / society ●●●●

c. 2000 China drives a national education arms race 0 cit. Rapid growth fueled heavy family investment in tutoring and exam prep as students competed for top universities. Shanghai's chart-topping PISA scores drew world attention to Chinese schooling. economy / society ●●●

c. 2000 England opens academies outside council control 0 cit. England launched state-funded academies run independently of local authorities, later expanding the program to most secondary schools. The reform reshaped who controlled schools and echoed the US charter idea. politics / society ●●

2000 The Millennium Goals target universal primary schooling 0 cit. The UN's Millennium Development Goals set a target of primary school for every child by 2015. The goal channeled aid and political attention toward mass enrolment across the developing world. politics / society ●●●●

2000 The Dakar Framework renews Education for All 0 cit. The World Education Forum in Dakar reaffirmed the Education for All goals and pledged that no serious plan would fail for lack of funds. It linked national systems to a shared global agenda. politics / society ●●●

c. 2000 North Korea runs a closed national intranet 0 cit. North Korea operates a walled intranet called Kwangmyong instead of the open internet, with global access limited to a small elite. It is among the most tightly controlled information environments in the world. politics / technology ●●●

c. 2000 to c. 2020 The term enters the mainstream culture war 0 cit. Through the 2000s and 2010s cultural Marxism spreads from the fringe into mainstream conservative commentary and then into the broader fight over political correctness and, later, wokeness. It becomes a catch-all label for progressive cultural change rather than a description of any actual Marxist program. culture / society ●●

2000 Earth Charter completed and published ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Earth Charter, called for at the 1992 Rio conference by Secretary General Boutros-Ghali, was completed and published on June 29, 2000. ●●

2000 Gatto's estimate of the cost of a schooled child in 2000 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto estimates that in the year 2000 the cost of producing a well-schooled child in New York State was $200,000 per body once lost interest is counted. ●●

2000 Ohio state motto ruled unconstitutional ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 2000 the 6th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals ruled Ohio's state motto 'With God, all things are possible' unconstitutional. Gatto lists it among decisions removing religious expression from public life. ●●

2000 First Predator flight over Afghanistan ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The pilotless Predator, equipped with cameras and sensors, was declared ready for use over Afghanistan and made its first flight. The agency and the air force later worked out how to arm it with missiles. ●●

2000 Bombing of the USS Cole ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Two men in a speedboat blew a huge hole in the American warship USS Cole in the harbor of Aden, Yemen, killing seventeen sailors. Al Qaeda was the obvious suspect. ●●

2000 Year 2000: In 2000, a copy was leaked to the New York Times. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 2000, a copy was leaked to the New York Times. It confirmed much of what was known about the coup and added many new details. ●●

2000 Year 2000: Wilber and referred to here as “Service History.” rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Wilber and referred to here as “Service History.” A summary of this history was published in the New York Times on April 16, 2000, and the full document is available at www.nytimes... ●●

2000 22, 2000,” copy in author’s rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 22, 2000,” copy in author’s collection. ●●

2000 CIA obtains Khalid al-Mihdhar's US visa copy ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By January 5, 2000, the CIA obtains a copy of Khalid al-Mihdhar's passport showing a valid US B1/B2 visa issued in Jeddah that would not expire until April 6, 2000. ●●

2000 Richard Clarke's White House counterterrorism group frustrated with bin Laden intelligence rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By late spring 2000, President Clinton's counterterrorism advisor Richard Clarke and his White House team had grown frustrated by the fragmentary nature of intelligence on Osama bin Laden's whereabouts. ●●

2000 USS Cole attacked by al Qaeda suicide bombers in Aden, Yemen ai_extracted 2 cit. On October 12, 2000, a small boat packed with explosives attacked the USS Cole, an American guided-missile destroyer docked in Aden, Yemen. The explosion killed 17 American sailors and wounded 30 more. ●●

2000 Clinton approves Predator missions over Afghanistan ai_extracted 1 cit. no story President Clinton approved a limited proof-of-concept mission in September 2000 to launch Predator drones. ●●

2000 Terrorism barely registers as campaign issue in U.S. presidential race rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story During the 2000 U.S. presidential campaign, terrorism and bin Laden received almost no attention. ●●

2000 2000: There were many suggestions, such as Crossroads and Quantum ... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Now they needed to come up with a name. There were many suggestions, such as Crossroads and Quantum 2000, but they all sounded like religious retreats or mutual funds. Case came up with America Online ●●

2000 2000: Apple, 362 –63 Internet and, 4 Jobs’s idea for, 352 –53 K... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story , 484 , 487 Pyra Labs, 429 , 430 QDOS, 358 –59 Q-Link, 398 Qualcomm, 473 Quantum, 398 Quantum 2000, 399 quantum physics, 42 , 45 , 134 –35 queuing theory, 243 QuickWeb, 434 radar, 72 , 273 radio, 39 t ●●

2000 2000: Donald Davies (1924–2000). Paul Baran (1926–2011). Leonard Kleinrock ( rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Donald Davies (1924–2000). Paul Baran (1926–2011). Leonard Kleinrock (1934 ●●

2000 2000: latforms. Now they needed to come up with a name. There were many sugg rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story latforms. Now they needed to come up with a name. There were many suggestions, such as Crossroads and Quantum 2000, but they all sounded like religiou ●●

2000 2000: 304 Gates’s belief in future of, 329 –30 IBM vs. Apple, 362 –63 Intern rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 304 Gates’s belief in future of, 329 –30 IBM vs. Apple, 362 –63 Internet and, 4 Jobs’s idea for, 352 –53 Kay’s prediction of, 284 –85, 286 , 287 –88 s ●●

2000 Information history in 2000 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story (The Return of Meaning) It was inevitable that meaning would force its way back in. —Jean-Pierre Dupuy (2000)♦ THE EXHAUSTION, the surfeit, the pressure of information have all been seen before. ●●

2000 asting Sells; (Out?),” The Nation, December 1, 1997. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story asting Sells; (Out?),” The Nation, December 1, 1997. 10. Ibid. 11. Stephanie Strom, “Japanese Sites for Women Aim for Empowerment,” New York Times, December 25, 2000. 12. Mark Fineman, “Military Can’t Outflank Rebels in War of Words,” Los Angeles ●●

2000 Development of Impact Mitigation Strategies Related to the Use of Agent Orange Herbicide in the Aluo rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Development of Impact Mitigation Strategies Related to the Use of Agent Orange Herbicide in the Aluoi Valley, Viet Nam, vol. 1 (West Vancouver, B.C., April 2000). 64. Buckingham, Operation Ranch Hand, p. 127. 65. Cited in Seymour Hersh, Chemical an ●●

2000 Gerald Baker, “Is This Great, Or What?” Financial Times, March 31, 1998; Richard Stevenson, “The Wi rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gerald Baker, “Is This Great, Or What?” Financial Times, March 31, 1998; Richard Stevenson, “The Wisdom to Let the Good Times Roll,” New York Times, December 25, 2000. There were, however, occasional cautionary notes, as in Anne Adams Lang, “Behind ●●

2000 5, 2000. There were, however, occasional cautionary notes, as in Anne Adams Lang, “Behind the Prospe rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 5, 2000. There were, however, occasional cautionary notes, as in Anne Adams Lang, “Behind the Prosperity, Working People in Trouble,” New York Times, November 20, 2000. 129. Rachel Carson, Silent Spring (Greenwich, Conn.: Fawcett, 1962), p. 183. 13 ●●

2000 Hun Sen a veneer of legitimacy.”42 In reporting on the Yugoslavian ele... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Hun Sen a veneer of legitimacy.”42 In reporting on the Yugoslavian election of September 2000, in which U.S. ●●

2000 intervention was justified by the fact of “communism on the march” (ed... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story intervention was justified by the fact of “communism on the march” (editorial, Washington Post, April 30, 2000). ●●

2000 We might ask how we would characterize the Soviet media if the harshes... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story We might ask how we would characterize the Soviet media if the harshest condemnation of the war in Afghanistan that could be expressed in the year 2000 is that Soviet support for the democratic regime ●●

2000 Yahoo Recognizes Potential of Behavioral Data rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Yahoo! recognized the potential of mining behavioral data from user interactions but did not pursue the idea. ●●

2000 rance world, however, argue that their industry cannot rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story rance world, however, argue that their industry cannot survive without such information, and the resulting coverage restrictions, exclusions and denials that would protect company liquidity.13 A June 2000 American Academy of Actuaries industry-only monograph entitled “Genetic Information and Medical ●●

2000 Tonga sells its gene pool to Autogen ai_extracted 1 cit. no story anies that want to find disease genes common to most Europeans.”33 The tiny Polynesian nation of Tonga sold the information on its unique gene pool to Autogen, an Australian genetic research firm, in 2000. Tonga’s 170 islands host a group of some 108,000 natives isolated for more than three millenni ●●

2000 His book praised not just existing Communist regimes for their ability to expand political participa rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story His book praised not just existing Communist regimes for their ability to expand political participation and force the pace of economic growth; he also wrote approvingly of systems like the one created by Mexico’s Institutional Revolutionary Party (Partido Revolucionario Institutional, or PRI), which ruled the country from the 1940s up until 2000, and returned to power in 2013. ●●

2000 Argentina abandons dollar peg amid economic crisis ai_extracted 1 cit. no story But then Argentina succumbed to a major economic crisis in 2000–2001 as the dollar peg was abandoned, and the country fell into a huge depression. ●●

2000 Kaplan, The Coming Anarchy: Shattering the Dreams of the Post Cold War (New York: Random House, 2000 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Kaplan, The Coming Anarchy: Shattering the Dreams of the Post Cold War (New York: Random House, 2000), pp. ●●

2000 But whereas some in the pro-life community really do see their struggle as otherworldly, this way... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story But whereas some in the pro-life community really do see their struggle as otherworldly, this way of thinking is debilitating for people who are genuinely committed 376 f a t a l m i s c o n c e p ... ●●

2000 Political scientist Minxin Pei puts the number at over forty million officials in the year 2000, tho rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Political scientist Minxin Pei puts the number at over forty million officials in the year 2000, though he notes that accurate statistics are hard to come by. ●●

2000 These SOEs during the 2000s gained in relative power over their private-sector rivals and foreign in rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story These SOEs during the 2000s gained in relative power over their private-sector rivals and foreign investors, and have been able to use their political clout to avoid competitive threats to their positions. ●●

2000 The only such country in the western hemisphere is Cuba, though there has been significant backslidi rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The only such country in the western hemisphere is Cuba, though there has been significant backsliding on democracy in the 2000s in Venezuela, Ecuador, Nicaragua, and other countries. ●●

2000 Australia succeeded in eliminating almost all of its external debt, even prior to the huge resource rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Australia succeeded in eliminating almost all of its external debt, even prior to the huge resource boom of the 2000s. ●●

2000 Jack Goody, Technology, Tradition, and the State in Africa (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1971); rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Jack Goody, Technology, Tradition, and the State in Africa (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1971); Jeffrey Herbst, States and Power in Africa (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000), pp. ●●

2000 Abernethy, The Dynamics of Global Dominance: European Overseas Empires, 1415–1980 (New Haven: Yale U rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Abernethy, The Dynamics of Global Dominance: European Overseas Empires, 1415–1980 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2000), pp. ●●

2000 B4 See William Blum, “Rogue State: A Guide rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story B4 See William Blum, “Rogue State: A Guide to the World’s Only Superpower” (Common Courage Press, Maine, 2000) for brief ●●

2000 Nupedia publishes its first article ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Nupedia, the free encyclopedia project that preceded Wikipedia, published its first peer-reviewed article. ●●

March 2000 Fowler Report details sanctions-busting diamond networks 0 cit. A UN Security Council panel chaired by Canadian ambassador Robert Fowler published a report naming specific governments, arms dealers, and diamond buyers involved in evading sanctions to keep UNITA supplied with weapons in exchange for diamonds. The report increased international pressure for an industry-wide certification system for rough diamonds. diplomacy ●●

May 2000 Kimberley Process talks begin in South Africa 0 cit. Southern African diamond-producing states, industry representatives, and NGOs met in Kimberley to negotiate a certification scheme that would keep conflict diamonds out of the legitimate trade. The talks, named after the town, led to a series of negotiations completed over the following two years. diplomacy / economy ●●