Events, Verisoph

800 Charlemagne crowned Emperor ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Charlemagne was crowned Emperor by the Pope during a period of chronic silver shortage in Western Europe. ●●

832 Abbasid 'inquisition' over the ulema ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 832 the Abbasid caliphate attempted to take control of the religious scholars, the ulema. The effort, known as the 'inquisition', failed. ●●

August 843 Treaty of Verdun wikidata 0 cit. no story 843 treaty dividing the Frankish Empire between the grandsons of Charlemagne ●●●

c. August 843 Formation of France 0 cit. no story The Treaty of Verdun divides the Carolingian Empire and creates West Francia, the kingdom from which modern France developed. politics ●●●●

12 August 870 Treaty of Meerssen wikidata 0 cit. no story treaty ●●●

874 to 884 Huang Chao Rebellion 0 cit. no story A huge rebel army under Huang Chao sacks both Tang capitals and massacres the merchant city of Guangzhou. The devastation fatally weakens the Tang dynasty. society / war ●●●

960 Song Dynasty comes to power in China ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Song Dynasty came to power in 960, establishing centralized rule and ending the dominance of aristocratic families that had characterized the Tang Dynasty. ●●

c. 965 Unification of Denmark 0 cit. no story Harald Bluetooth unifies the Danish kingdom and converts it to Christianity, an event recorded on the Jelling stones. politics / religion ●●●

c. 25 December 1000 Foundation of the Kingdom of Hungary 0 cit. no story Stephen I is crowned as the first King of Hungary, founding a Christian kingdom that anchored the Hungarian state. politics / religion ●●●

1003 Pope John XIX institutes the Festival of the Dead ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Pope John XIX establishes the Festival of the Dead to be celebrated on November 2nd, adopting a Roman pagan rite previously established for the second month ●●

1025 Buddhism introduced into Tibet via Kashmir ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Buddhism was introduced into Tibet from India via Kashmir in 1025 AD ●●

c. 1048 to c. 1308 Byzantine-Seljuk Wars 0 cit. no story Seljuk Turks defeat Byzantium at Manzikert in 1071 and settle Anatolia, which gradually turns Turkish and Muslim. The Byzantine appeal for help against them triggers the Crusades. war ●●●

1054 Battle of Mortemer wikidata 0 cit. no story 1054 battle ●●

1054 Great Schism splits Eastern and Western churches ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Levenda describes the split between Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic churches on July 16, 1054, when the Patriarch of Constantinople rejected the Pope's claim to universal leadership. ●●

1055 Seljuk Turks capture Baghdad ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Migrations of pastoralists into Anatolia intensified after one group ofTurkic-speakers, the Seljuks, captured Baghdad in 1055 and other groups moved on. Ambitious tribal leaders ha... ●●

22 March 1057 Battle of Varaville wikidata 0 cit. no story 1057 battle ●●

September 1066 to 1071 Norman Conquest of England 0 cit. no story William of Normandy defeats King Harold at Hastings and subdues England over the following years. The conquest replaces the English ruling class and ties England to continental Europe. politics / war ●●●●

August 1096 to July 1099 First Crusade 0 cit. no story Western European armies answer the papal call to take Jerusalem, capturing it in 1099 amid great slaughter. The victory founds the Crusader states and opens two centuries of holy war in the Levant. religion / war ●●●●

1108 Treaty of Devol wikidata 0 cit. no story 1108 treaty following the First Crusade ●●●

c. 1125 to c. 1234 Jin-Song Wars 0 cit. no story The Jurchen Jin dynasty conquers northern China from the Song, who hold the south for another century. The long division ends only when the Mongols destroy the Jin. war ●●●

c. 5 October 1143 Independence of Portugal 0 cit. no story The Treaty of Zamora recognizes Afonso Henriques as King of Portugal, establishing the independent Portuguese kingdom. politics ●●●

1147 to 1150 Second Crusade 0 cit. no story Launched after the fall of Edessa, the crusade of the French and German kings fails disastrously outside Damascus. The failure emboldens Muslim reunification under Nur ad-Din. religion / war ●●●

c. 1147 to c. 1290 Northern Crusades 0 cit. no story German and Scandinavian crusaders conquer and Christianize the pagan peoples of the Baltic. The campaigns create the Teutonic Order's state in Prussia and Livonia. religion / war ●●●

1150 Rise of Hasidism in medieval Germany ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Emergence of Hasidic mystical movement in German Jewish communities with ascetic and devotional practices ●●

1170 Valdes founds the Waldensian movement in Lyons ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Wealthy man Valdes founds the Waldensian movement in Lyons, dedicated to poverty and Christian ministry. ●●

1179 Third Lateran Council excommunicates usurers ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Church formally excommunicated usurers who charged interest on loans, establishing a powerful religious taboo against Christian involvement in commercial lending. ●●

1180 to April 1185 Genpei War 0 cit. no story The Minamoto and Taira clans fight a civil war that ends with the Taira destroyed at the naval battle of Dan-no-ura. The victory establishes the Kamakura shogunate and seven centuries of samurai rule. politics / war ●●●

1184 Papal decree condemns Waldensians and Cathars ai_extracted 1 cit. no story From 1184, papal pronouncement condemns both Waldensians and Cathars, marginalizing dissenters who valued poverty. ●●

1187 Muslims recapture Jerusalem from Latin Christians ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Muslims recapture Jerusalem from Latin Christians, prompting Carmelite hermits on Mount Carmel to become refugees. ●●

1189 to September 1192 Third Crusade 0 cit. no story Richard the Lionheart, Philip of France, and Frederick Barbarossa march against Saladin after his capture of Jerusalem. The crusade retakes the coast but not Jerusalem, ending in a negotiated truce. religion / war ●●●●

1202 to April 1204 Fourth Crusade 0 cit. no story A crusade bound for Egypt is diverted and sacks Christian Constantinople in 1204. The blow permanently weakens Byzantium and deepens the split between the Latin and Greek churches. religion / war ●●●●

1202 Fibonacci publishes the Liber Abaci ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Leonardo of Pisa published his revolutionary mathematical treatise introducing Hindu-Arabic numerals to Europe, with concepts crucial for commerce including present value and interest calculation. ●●

1204 Crusaders sack Constantinople ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Second, when Constantinople be gan to falter-sacked by crusaders in 1204-Kiev's economy based on con necting nodes of commerce shrank. ●●

1204 Crusaders sack Constantinople ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The sacking by crusaders of Constantinople in 1204 and the displacement for some decades of the Byzantine emperor into Anatolia created long-lasting bitterness. Crusades establishe... ●●

c. 1206 to c. 1368 Mongol Invasions and Conquests 0 cit. no story Genghis Khan and his successors conquer the largest contiguous land empire in history, from China to Eastern Europe. The conquests kill tens of millions and reconnect the Eurasian trade routes. war ●●●●●

1206 Franciscan order founded ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Franciscans were founded as one of the major religious orders that particularly detested usurers and enforced Church prohibition on interest-bearing loans. ●●

1206 Mongols dominate the Eurasian heartland ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Genghis Khan and his successors established centralized control over the Eurasian heartland. Their empire ranged from the China Sea to Anatolia in Asia Minor and to Central Europe. ●●

1208 Juliana of Mont-Cornillon's Corpus Christi vision ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Augustinian nun Juliana experiences vision of Christ urging establishment of feast of Corpus Christi. ●●

1209 to 1229 Albigensian Crusade 0 cit. no story A crusade against the Cathar heresy devastates Languedoc over twenty years. It destroys Cathar society and brings southern France under the French crown. religion / war ●●●

1209 Chinggis Khan campaigns against the Tangut empire ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Chinggis then set out in 1209 against the Tangut empire located between the Mongol core and Chinese lands. The Tangut leader surrendered in 12rn, and sent a huge tribute to seal th... ●●

1215 Dominic gains permission to preach against Cathars ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Dominic receives official permission from a bishop to start a preaching campaign with apostolic poverty to counter Cathar heresy. ●●

1219 Francis of Assisi travels to Egypt ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Francis travels to Egypt during Fifth Crusade, attempting to convert the Ayyubid sultan but with no results. ●●

1226 Francis dictates his Testament before death ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In his final weeks, Francis dictates Testament expressing fears about poverty being sidelined as Franciscans institutionalize. ●●

1240 Mongols besiege and conquer Kiev ai_extracted 1 cit. no story One by one the principalities were defeated; Kiev was besieged and conquered in 1240. ●●

1241 Mongols overrun Poland, Hungary, and Kievan Rus ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By 1241 , Mongol troops had devastated Kiev, defeated Poland, conquered Hungary, and, under the fearsome Khan Batu, were advancing on Vienna. Thirty-five years later, Chinggis's gr... ●●

1244 Battle of Embūte wikidata 0 cit. no story 1244 battle ●●

1247 Carmelites formalized as order of friars ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Carmelites are officially transformed into order of friars, completing their integration into mendicant movement. ●●

11 July 1253 Battle of Westkapelle wikidata 0 cit. no story 1253 conflict ●●

1260 Death of Guillaume de Lorris ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Guillaume de Lorris, author of Roman de la Rose, dies five years before Dante's birth; work left incomplete and later finished by Chopinel ●●

1260 Gerardo Segarelli founds Order of Apostles in Parma ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gerardo Segarelli founds Order of Apostles in Parma, promoting apostolic poverty similar to Franciscans. ●●

1260 Flagellant movement appears in Europe ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Flagellant movement first appears in Europe, crowds performing communal ritual beatings as penitence. ●●

1261 Chora church restored in Constantinople ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Church of the Holy Redeemer in Chora lovingly restored from ruin after expulsion of Latins in Constantinople. ●●

1263 First debtors' prisons in England ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Prisons exclusively for debtors appeared in England only after 1263, though the imprisonment of debtors had a longer history. ●●

1264 Pope Urban IV establishes the Corpus Christi feast ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Pope Urban IV issues papal decree establishing feast of Corpus Christi throughout the Church, following lobbying by Dominicans. ●●

1264 Aquinas writes the Pange lingua hymn ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Thomas Aquinas writes eucharistic hymn Pange lingua for new feast of Corpus Christi at request of Pope Urban IV. ●●

c. 1265 to c. May 1453 Byzantine-Ottoman Wars 0 cit. no story The rising Ottoman state gradually absorbs Byzantine territory over two centuries, ending with the fall of Constantinople in 1453. The conquest ends the Roman imperial line and establishes Ottoman power in Europe. war ●●●●

1265 Birth of Dante Alighieri ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Dante Alighieri, the Ghibellin poet, is born. According to Pike, he would later become a Rose-Croix adept expressing esoteric doctrine through his Divine Comedy ●●

1270 Khubilai invests Phags-pa as preceptor in Tibet ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1270, Khubilai invested Phags-pa as imperial preceptor in Tibet, support ing his client's religious authority in return for political subordination... ●●

1270 Abraham Abulafia develops prophetic Kabbalah ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Abraham Abulafia develops prophetic Kabbalah through letter-combination techniques and ecstatic mysticism ●●

1270 Nicholas Gallicus writes first Carmelite defense ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Carmelite Prior-General Nicholas Gallicus writes first defense of the order, eloquently describing contemplative solitude. ●●

November 1274 to August 1281 Mongol Invasions of Japan 0 cit. no story Kublai Khan twice sends invasion fleets against Japan, and both are wrecked by storms the Japanese call kamikaze. The failures mark the limit of Mongol expansion in the east. war ●●●

1275 Moses de Leon composes Midrash Ha-Neelam ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Earliest component of Zohar compiled by Moses de Leon in Spain, representing earliest Zoharic mystical teachings ●●

c. 8 September 1278 Formation of Andorra 0 cit. no story The Pareage of 1278 establishes Andorra as a co-principality shared between the Bishop of Urgell and the Count of Foix. politics ●●

1279 Kublai Khan conquers Song southern China ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The campaign to conquer southern China under the Song dynasty presented the greatest challenge, but after extensive preparation aided by Chinese ad visors, Chinggis's grandson Khub... ●●

1281 Moses de Leon composes the Zohar ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Moses de Leon composes main body of the Zohar, synthesizing mystical theology and esoteric biblical interpretation ●●

March 1282 to 1302 War of the Sicilian Vespers 0 cit. no story A Sicilian uprising against Angevin French rule draws Aragon into a twenty-year Mediterranean war. The peace splits the old Kingdom of Sicily between Naples and Aragonese Sicily. politics / war ●●

1290 Pope condemns the Order of Apostles ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Members of the Order of Apostles are collectively condemned by the Pope for resisting suppression. ●●

c. 1 August 1291 Formation of Switzerland 0 cit. no story The cantons of Uri, Schwyz and Unterwalden swear the Federal Charter, the traditional founding of the Swiss Confederation. politics ●●●

1294 Paper money experiment fails in Basra ai_extracted 1 cit. no story An attempt to introduce Chinese-style paper money in Basra in 1294 collapsed. No one would accept currency backed only by state trust. ●●

1296 to 1357 Scottish Wars of Independence 0 cit. no story Scotland fights off English attempts at conquest in two long wars, with Robert the Bruce's victory at Bannockburn the turning point. Scotland preserves its independence for another three and a half centuries. politics / war ●●●

c. 8 January 1297 Formation of Monaco 0 cit. no story Francesco Grimaldi seizes the fortress of Monaco, beginning the Grimaldi dynasty's rule over the principality. politics ●●

1300 Raya Mehemna and Tikkunim completed ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Supplementary Zoharic texts completed, expanding mystical interpretations and theurgical practices ●●

1300 Gerardo Segarelli burned as a heretic ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gerardo Segarelli is burned as heretic by Dominican inquisitor despite having support from Italian bishops. ●●

1301 Osman defeats Byzantines in Asia Minor ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Ottoman Turks under Osman achieve significant victory against Byzantine forces attempting to dislodge them from Asia Minor. ●●

1307 Knights Templar suppressed ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Levenda speculates that the Knights Templar were suppressed in 1307 and may have gone underground, potentially influencing later secret societies. ●●

1311 Council of Vienne condemns usury advocacy ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Church authorities condemned even arguing that usury was not a sin as heresy, strengthening medieval Christian prohibition on interest-bearing loans. ●●

1314 Execution of Jacques de Molay and Templar leaders ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Jacques de Molai and fellow Templar leaders are executed by burning; Pike claims before execution Molai created four Metropolitan Lodges founding Hermetic Masonry ●●

1318 Pope John XXII condemns the Spiritual Franciscans ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Pope John XXII condemns Spiritual Franciscans as heretical, resulting in burnings at Marseilles. ●●

4 July 1336 Battle of Minatogawa wikidata 0 cit. no story battle in Japan on July 4, 1336 ●●

May 1337 to October 1453 Hundred Years' War 0 cit. no story England and France fight a dynastic war lasting over a century, spanning Crecy, Agincourt, and Joan of Arc. France finally expels the English and both kingdoms emerge as stronger centralized states. politics / war ●●●●●

1340s to 1880s Second plague pandemic wikidata 0 cit. no story major series of epidemics, 14th, 19th centuries ●●●

1343 First Medici convicted of a capital crime ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A Medici family member was sentenced to death for a capital crime, part of a period when the Medici were known more for violence than finance. ●●

1346 to 1352 Black Death wikidata 0 cit. no story 1346-1353 pandemic in Eurasia and North Africa ●●●

1351 to 1368 Red Turban Rebellion 0 cit. no story Popular revolts against Mongol Yuan rule spread across China until rebel leader Zhu Yuanzhang takes Beijing. The victory founds the Ming dynasty. politics / war ●●●

1368 Ming dynasty reunites China and defeats the Mongols ai_extracted 1 cit. no story But China had a habit of changing its conquerors much more than it was changed by them, and when the Ming dynasty emerged in 1368 to reunite the empire and finally defeat the Mongols, much of the old ●●

1370 to 1405 Conquests of Timur 0 cit. no story Timur builds an empire from Delhi to Damascus through campaigns of extraordinary brutality, killing millions. His victories break the Ottoman sultan and the Golden Horde but his empire fragments after his death. war ●●●●

1380 Moscow's princes eject the Mongols, 1380 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The princes of Moscow led the successful revolt in 1380 that ejected the Mongol overlords, though tribute and judicial power continued to flow to Moscow. ●●

1380 Muscovy wins the Battle of Kulikovo ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Muscovy achieves battle victory at Kulikovo against Tatar overlord, later magnified in chronicles. ●●

1384 John Wyclif dies ai_extracted 1 cit. no story John Wyclif dies, later Church authorities dig up and burn his bones for heresy. ●●

1392 Sergius of Radonezh dies ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Sergei dies and pilgrimage cult begins shortly after, establishing reverence for the monk saint. ●●

1405 Admiral Cheng Ho leads seven overseas voyages ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The most famous of the official overseas expeditions were the seven long-distance cruises undertaken by the admiral Cheng Ho between 1405 and 1433. Consisting on occasions of hundreds of ships and ten ●●

1412 Jan Hus is excommunicated ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Jan Hus is excommunicated by one of three papal claimants and appeals to coming general council. ●●

1414 Hussites restore communion in both kinds ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Hussites begin offering consecrated wine to laity for first time in centuries, restoration of communion in both kinds. ●●

1416 Borkluje Mustafa leads Anatolian dervish rebellion ai_extracted 1 cit. no story But this syncretic religious culture was put to a difficult test in 1416 when ecumenical sentiments were expressed by the Anatolian der vish Borkluj e Mustafa during a maj or rebel... ●●

1419 to 1434 Hussite Wars 0 cit. no story Followers of the executed reformer Jan Hus defeat five crusades sent against Bohemia, pioneering war-wagon tactics and handheld firearms. The wars foreshadow the Reformation a century later. religion / war ●●●

1420 Cosimo de' Medici takes over the family bank ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Giovanni di Bicci transferred control of the Medici bank to his son Cosimo, who had already established branches across Europe. ●●

1423 Mount Athos monks choose Ottoman overlordship ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Mount Athos monks prefer Muslim overlordship of sultan to rule by Venetians, given choice in 1423. ●●

1429 Death of Giovanni di Bicci de' Medici ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The founder of the Medici banking dynasty died, leaving his heirs instructions to maintain his standards of financial acumen. ●●

1437 All Souls College endowed by Henry Chichele ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley describes All Souls as a peculiar Oxford college with no undergraduates. Its endowment was set up in 1437 by Henry Chichele, later Archbishop of Canterbury, from suppressed priories. ●●

1445 Ye Zongliu's miners' uprising in Ming China ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Between 1445 and 1449 silver miners led by Ye Zongliu joined with tenant farmers and the urban poor in Fujian and Shaxian. Their uprising spread across provinces and seized several cities. ●●