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  1. 1286 Information history in 1286 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ith cu then looke toward the end of that letter. And so of all the rest. ●●
  2. 1290 Expulsion of the Jews from England rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. The Jews of England were finally expelled in 1290. Their property passed to others, including a lending firm from Cahors. ●●
  3. 1291 Bahya ben Asher (1291) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story s a matter of fact, Bahya ben Asher (1291) defines 41> sorcery, asn? 0°p19n O95 13h nt (in his comme ●●
  4. 1300 1300) celibacy; clerical ; see also homosexuality; marriage; monks; nuns Celsus (c rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 1300) celibacy; clerical ; see also homosexuality; marriage; monks; nuns Celsus (c ●●
  5. 1300 celona (1300) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story h ben Shalom of Bar- celona (1300), maintain that in every transformation of reality, in every chang ●●
  6. 1300 Menahem of Recanati (1300) rejected ai_extracted 2 cit. no story of certain sins by Menahem of Recanati (1300) who quotes several details about it from the “modern K ●●
  7. 1312 Knights Templar at peak of wealth rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Templars possess in Europe alone more than nine thousand seignories at the height of their power before their collapse ●●
  8. 1335 1335–1410) stipulates that the insurers agree to assume the risks ‘of God, of the sea, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 1335–1410) stipulates that the insurers agree to assume the risks ‘of God, of the sea, of men of war, of fire, of jettison, of detainment by princes, by cities, or by any other person, of reprisals, of arrest, of whatever loss, peril, misfortune, impediment or sinister that might occur, with the exception of packing and customs’ until the insured goods are safely unloaded at their destination. ●●
  9. 1378 Williman, ‘Schism within the Church: The Twin Papal Elections of 1378’, JEH, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Williman, ‘Schism within the Church: The Twin Papal Elections of 1378’, JEH, 59 (2008), 29-47 ●●
  10. 1378 Christian Rosenkreutz Born rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Levenda cites the Confessio Fraternitatis asserting that Christian Rosenkreutz was born in 1378, making him 106 years old at his death. ●●
  11. 1379 McNeill and Battles, Institutes, II, 1379-1403 [Institutes IV rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story McNeill and Battles, Institutes, II, 1379-1403 [Institutes IV ●●
  12. 1386 Event from 1386 AD rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Historical event from 1386 AD ●●
  13. 1386 Event from 1386 AD rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Historical event from 1386 AD ●●
  14. 1400 Revolution (1400) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story C., ed. The Economic Decline of Empires. London, 1970. ______. The Fontana Economic History of Europe, 6 vols. London, 1972-76. ______. Before the Industrial Revolution: European ●●
  15. 1400 Andrei Rublev icons flourish rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Monk Andrei Rublev becomes greatest exponent of Russian religious art in fresco and icon-painting tradition. ●●
  16. 1403 McNeill and Battles, Institutes, II, 1379-1403 [Institutes IV rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story McNeill and Battles, Institutes, II, 1379-1403 [Institutes IV ●●
  17. 1405 Death rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Tamerlane set out to conquer China, but died on the way in 1405 . Tamerlane took care to link himself to Chinggis's memory, evoking a difficult and deprived youth, retreats from ne... ●●
  18. 1410 1335–1410) stipulates that the insurers agree to assume the risks ‘of God, of the sea, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 1335–1410) stipulates that the insurers agree to assume the risks ‘of God, of the sea, of men of war, of fire, of jettison, of detainment by princes, by cities, or by any other person, of reprisals, of arrest, of whatever loss, peril, misfortune, impediment or sinister that might occur, with the exception of packing and customs’ until the insured goods are safely unloaded at their destination. ●●
  19. 1415 War (1415) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Paramilitary Politics in Weimar Germany. Bloomington, Ind., 1977. Dietz, F.C. English Public Finance 1485-1641, 2 vols. London, 1964 edn. ______, “The Exchequer in Elizabeth’s R ●●
  20. 1415 Economic (1415) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story er, R.A.C., “Great Britain, France and the Ethiopian Crisis 1935-1936,” English Historical Review 89 (1974). Parodi, M. L’économie et la société française de 1945 a 1970. Paris, 1 ●●
  21. 1415 1415-1642 (Oxford, 1987), 305-31 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 1415-1642 (Oxford, 1987), 305-31 ●●
  22. 1420 Ming China Of all the civilizations of premodern rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1420, the Ming navy was recorded as possessing 1,350 combat vessels, including 400 large floating fortresses and 250 ships designed for long-range cruising. Such a force eclipsed, but did not inclu ●●
  23. 1420 Duby, The Age of the Cathedrals: Art and Society 980-1420 (London, 1981), rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Duby, The Age of the Cathedrals: Art and Society 980-1420 (London, 1981), and see Doig, 169-96 ●●
  24. 1434 Event rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The west African expeditions began in 1434 and reached Cape Verde (in today's Senegal) in 1444. African spices were an early focus, only later overshadowed by the Asian spice trade... ●●
  25. 1441 Event of 1441 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ein “ultimately ceased all cooperation with UNSCOM [the UN Special Commission charged with weapons inspections] and the IAEA [International Atomic Energy Agency] in 1998,” expelling the UN inspectors the cease-fire had obliged him to accept. In Novem ●●
  26. 1450 The “European Miracle”15 Why was it among the rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story It was, as noted above, in this broad period from 1450 to 1600 that “gunpowder empires” were established elsewhere. Muscovy, Tokugawa Japan, and Mogul India provide excellent examples of how great sta ●●
  27. 1450 War, Money, and the Nation-State Let us now rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The post-1450 waging of war was intimately connected with “the birth of the nation-state.”88 Between the late fifteenth and the late seventeenth centuries, most European countries witnessed a centrali ●●
  28. 1450 Reform (1450) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 62. On English economic history in this period, see Cipolla, Before the Industrial Revolution, pp. 276–96; D. C. Coleman, The Economy of England 1450–1750 (Oxford, 1977); B. Murphy ●●
  29. 1450 War (1450) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story don, 1973), pt. 1, ch. 4; C. Hill, Reformation to Industrial Revolution (Harmondsworth, Mddsx. 1969); R. Davis, English Overseas Trade 1500–1700 (London, 1973). Among the more prom ●●
  30. 1450 Hastings, The Church in Africa 1450-1950 (Oxford, 1994), which is unfair competition rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Hastings, The Church in Africa 1450-1950 (Oxford, 1994), which is unfair competition for a wise and informative longer survey also principally authored by a European who made Africa his life, B ●●
  31. 1451 Death rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story When Mehmet II's father, Murad II, died in 1451 , he left two sons from two different mothers. Immediately upon becoming sultan, Mehmet II ordered the execution of the other son, a... ●●
  32. 1453 Reign rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story For the Ottomans, conquest of Constantinople-the second Rome-in 1453 and Suleiman's extensions of the realm seemed to fulfill a destiny going back to Alexander the Great. For the H... ●●
  33. 1453 1The Rise of the Western World In the rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Over much of the western world there still hung the shock of the fall of Constantinople in 1453, an event which seemed the more pregnant because it by no means marked the limits of the Ottoman Turks’ ●●
  34. 1453 A fuller discussion of that specific Habsburg attempt rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gigantic wrought-iron tubes that fired a stone ball and made an immense noise obviously looked impressive and at times had results; it was that type which was used by the Turks to bombard the walls of ●●
  35. 1453 War (1453) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story cal Reliability in the Eastern European Warsaw Pact Armies,” Armed Forces and Society 6 (1980). Herwig, H.H. Politics of Frustration: The United States in German Naval Planning, 1 ●●
  36. 1467 20 BCE-50 CE) philosophes Philosophy; Byzantine; and Christianity; Greek ; Jewish 66; rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 20 BCE-50 CE) philosophes Philosophy; Byzantine; and Christianity; Greek ; Jewish 66; Latin; Western; see also Aristotle; Neoplatonism; Plato physicality in worship physis Pietà: see Mary: sufferings Pietism Pilgrim Fathers pilgrimage; attacked; to C ●●
  37. 1469 War (1469) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story dling, Europe and the Decline of Spain: A Study of the Spanish System, 1580–1720 (London/Boston, 1981), p. 44. 5. For example, Gattinara’s declaration to Charles V that “God has s ●●
  38. 1470 Tables & Charts TABLES 1 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Increase in Military Manpower, 1470–1660 2. British Wartime Expenditure and Revenue, 1688–1815 3. Populations of the Powers, 1700–1800 4. ●●
  39. 1470 International Comparisons Yet this Habsburg failure, it is rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Increase in Military Manpower, 1470–166052 Omitted from this brief survey is one of the most persistent and threatening foes of the Habsburgs, the Ottoman Empire, chiefly because its strengths and wea ●●
  40. 1475 ; see also Coptic Church; Ethiopia; Monophysite Controversy; Syriac Orthodox Church Michelangelo rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ; see also Coptic Church; Ethiopia; Monophysite Controversy; Syriac Orthodox Church Michelangelo Buonarroti (1475-1564) Middle East Map 5 (177), see also Arabia; Holy Land; Iraq; Israel; Judaea; Lebanon; Mesopotamia; Palestine; Parthian Empire; Persi ●●
  41. 1479 He had a far more positive experience at the Evangelisches... (1479) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story He had a far more positive experience at the Evangelisches Seminar in Urach, where he was the first Jewish student to be admitted since its 1479 founding. ●●
  42. 1480 War (1480) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story y Years War.” For the later struggle, see the important article by J. I. Israel, “A Conflict of Empires: Spain and the Netherlands, 1618–1648,” Past and Present, no. 76 (1977), pp. ●●
  43. 1480 Event of 1480 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story niquely “Eurasian” power, sprawling across two continents but never entirely at home in either. The most profound disjunction had come with the Mongol invasions of the thirteenth century, which subdued a politically divided Russia and razed Kiev. Two ●●
  44. 1480 Marshall, Reformation England 1480- 1642 (London, 2003) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Marshall, Reformation England 1480- 1642 (London, 2003) ●●
  45. 1485 War (1485) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story litical surveys are G. R. Elton, England Under the Tudors (London, 1955); D. M. Loades, Politics and the Nation 1450–1660 (London, 1974), pp. 118ff; and P. Williams, The Tudor Regi ●●
  46. 1492 In 1492 there were about two million people rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1492 there were about two million people living east of the Missis sippi. ●●
  47. 1492 Franco’s regime reasserted the Spain of the 1492 expulsion, against all that rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Franco’s regime reasserted the Spain of the 1492 expulsion, against all that had happened in the peninsula over the last hundred years: Spain was conceived of as racially pure, deferential to paternalistic authority, corporatist, uniformly Catholic ●●
  48. 1492 2; and ancient Greeks; in Babylon; conversion in Last Days; deicide; and rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 2; and ancient Greeks; in Babylon; conversion in Last Days; deicide; and early Christians; in England; and Enlightenment; eschew infanticide; expulsion from Spain (1492); first called; and Mass; in medieval Europe; in Middle East; and Nazism (Holocau ●●
  49. 1492 Last Days calculation in 1492 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Muscovite educated circles calculate Last Days due in year 1492-1493, Church fails to prepare calendars. ●●
  50. 1493 The Meaning and Chronology of the Struggle Although rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story One such move, by Maximilian I of Austria (1493–1519, and Holy Roman emperor 1508–1519), had brought in the rich hereditary lands of Burgundy and, with them, the Netherlands in 1477. Another, conseque ●●
  51. 1493 War (1493) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 84. Postan, M.M. An Economic History of Western Europe, 1945-1964. London, 1967. Potichny, P.T., ed. The Ukraine in the Seventies. Oakville, Ont., 1982. Potter, E.B., ed. Sea Po ●●
  52. 1494 Event rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1494 the pope declared Ferdinand and Isabella to be "Catholic kings;' melding the principles of dynastic power with Christianity. Along with victory came a drive to rid the poli... ●●
  53. 1494 The “European Miracle”15 Why was it among the rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story To take one specific and obvious instance, it was inconceivable in the fractured political circumstances of Reformation Europe that everyone would acknowledge the pope’s 1494 division of the overseas ●●
  54. 1494 A fuller discussion of that specific Habsburg attempt rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story All of this enhanced to an enormous degree the power and the mobility of artillery and gave the owner of such weapons the means to reduce the strongest fortresses—as the Italian city-states found to t ●●
  55. 1494 War (1494) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 8–1789 (Manchester, 1982). On navies, see Reynolds, Command of the Sea, chs. 6–9; Kennedy, Rise and Fall of British Naval Mastery, chs. 3–5; Padfield, Tide of Empires, vol. 2. 3. ●●
  56. 1494 Economic (1494) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story rope, vol. 3 (1976), pp. 22–76; NCMH, vol. 8, p. 714; B. R. Mitchell, European Historical Statistics, 1750–1970 (London, 1975), pt. A; W. Woodruff, Impact of Western Man: A Study o ●●
  57. 1495 Series of Italian military campaigns over twenty years rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Major Italian battles occurred in sequence: Il Taro (1495), Alessandria (1499), Capua (1501), Genoa (1507), Vaila (1509), Bologna (1511), Mestri (1513). ●●
  58. 1497 Event rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama sailed in 1497 around Af rica to India. There he encountered the Indian Ocean merchant networks run by Gujaratis, Arabs, Malays, Chinese, and ... ●●
  59. 1498 Event of 1498 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Ceylon, China, and Indonesia, and Hindu art and statecraft influenced Thailand, Indochina, and beyond. When divided—as it often was—into competing kingdoms, India was a lure for invaders, traders, and spiritual seekers (some fulfilling multiple roles ●●
  60. 1500 Total imports of people to the Americas from rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Total imports of people to the Americas from Africa had been below l,ooo per year in 1500, but passed rn,ooo per year in 1600 and stayed over 60,000 f... ●●
  61. 1500 1The Rise of the Western World In the rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 1The Rise of the Western World In the year 1500, the date chosen by numerous scholars to mark the divide between modern and premodern times,1 it was by no means obvious to the inhabitants of Europe th ●●
  62. 1500 A fuller discussion of that specific Habsburg attempt rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After all, would not the forces possessed by the new monarchies in 1500 have seemed puny if they had been deployed against the enormous armies of the sultan and the massed troops of the Ming Empire? T ●●
  63. 1500 The Meaning and Chronology of the Struggle Although rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The second reason for the much more widespread and interlinked pattern of warfare after 1500 was the creation of a dynastic combination, that of the Habsburgs, to form a network of territories which s ●●
  64. 1500 Introduction This is a book about national and rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story It also concerns itself with tracing the changes which have occurred in the global economic balances since 1500; and yet it is not, at least directly, a work of economic history. What it concentrates ●●
  65. 1500 The Muslim World Even the first of the rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Not only were the Ottoman Turks pushing westward, but the Safavid dynasty in Persia was also enjoying a resurgence of power, prosperity, and high culture, especially in the reigns of Ismail I (1500–15 ●●
  66. 1500 But perhaps the most important act of “rationalization” rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story What historians refer to as the “Vasco da Gama epoch” and the “Columbian era”—that is, the three or four centuries of European hegemony after 1500—was a very gradual process. Portuguese explorers migh ●●
  67. 1500 2The Habsburg Bid for Mastery, 1519–1659 By the rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story For about a century and a half after 1500, a continent-wide combination of kingdoms, duchies, and provinces ruled by the Spanish and Austrian members of the Habsburg family threatened to become the pr ●●
  68. 1500 It was these spiraling costs of war which rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The general inflation, which saw food prices rise fivefold and industrial prices threefold between 1500 and 1630, was a heavy enough blow to government finances; but this was compounded by the doublin ●●
  69. 1500 Reform (1500) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story polla, Before the Industrial Revolution, pp. 276–96; D. C. Coleman, The Economy of England 1450–1750 (Oxford, 1977); B. Murphy, A History of the British Economy (London, 1973), pt. ●●
  70. 1500 Revolution (1500) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story nce française, passim; and Hatton (ed.), Louis XIV and Europe, passim. 45. L. Andre, Michel Le Tellier et Louvois (Paris, 1943 edn.); C. Jones, “The Military Revolution and the Pr ●●
  71. 1500 War (1500) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story .F.R. Crafts, “Industrial Revolution in England and France: Some Thoughts on the Question: ‘Why was England First?’ ” Economic History Review, 2nd series, vol. 30 (1977), pp. 429–4 ●●
  72. 1500 Information history in 1500 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story tablets and stone, descend from the same original ancestor, which arose near the eastern littoral of the Mediterranean Sea, sometime not much before 1500 BCE, in a region that became a politically uns ●●
  73. 1501 War (1501) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Soviet Foreign Policy After Stalin. Philadelphia, 1961. Daniels, R.V. Russia, The Roots of Confrontation. Cambridge, Mass., 1985. Darby, H.C., “The Face of Europe on the Eve of t ●●
  74. 1501 Event of 1501 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ER 2: THE EUROPEAN BALANCE-OF-POWER SYSTEM AND ITS END “A monstrous compound of the petty refinements”: Marquis de Custine, Empire of the Czar: A Journey Through Eternal Russia (1843; New York: Anchor Books, 1990), 69. “the sole Emperor of all the Ch ●●
  75. 1502 Event rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Muslims of Granada were initially allowed to keep their faith, but after 1502 they were ordered to convert or leave the region. Occasional rebellions and endemic warfare with t... ●●
  76. 1509 War (1509) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story r Regime (Oxford, 1979), espec. chs. 2 and 9. On the crown’s finances, see the older work F. C. Dietz, English Public Finance 1485–1641, vol. 1, English Government Finance 1485–155 ●●
  77. 1513 But political and fiscal stability did not necessarily rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story However, this backwardness did not keep his successor, Henry VIII, from campaigning against the Scots or even deter his interventions of 1513 and 1522–1523 against France, since the English king could ●●
  78. 1515 150) taxes; to Church; discriminatory; see also tithe teetotalism: see temperance television rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 150) taxes; to Church; discriminatory; see also tithe teetotalism: see temperance television and televangelists temperance and teetotalism; see also Prohibition Templars (Knights Templar) temples; Chinese; Greek; Japanese; Roman; see also Jerusalem T ●●
  79. 1516 War (1516) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story hree relevant volumes of Fontana History of Europe: G. R. Elton, Reformation Europe 1517–1559 (London, 1963); J. H. Elliott, Europe Divided 1559–1598 (London, 1968); and G. Parker, ●●
  80. 1517 Reform (1517) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 1970. ______. Richelieu and Olivares. Cambridge, 1984. ______. The Count-Duke of Olivares. New Haven, Conn., 1986. Elton, G.R., ed. The New Cambridge Modern History, vol. ii, T ●●
  81. 1517 War (1517) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story WOThe Habsburg Bid for Mastery, 1519–1659 1. C. Oman, A History of the Art of War in the Sixteenth Century (London, 1937), p. 3. For the earlier wars, see idem, A History of the A ●●
  82. 1517 17: A House Divided (1517-1660) 1 Scholarly argument (and, for what it rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 17: A House Divided (1517-1660) 1 Scholarly argument (and, for what it is worth, my own opinion) sways on the fascinating but ultimately trivial question of whether the theses were actually nailed up on the door; Philipp Melanchthon asserted in 1546 ●●
  83. 1519 2The Habsburg Bid for Mastery, 1519–1659 By the rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 2The Habsburg Bid for Mastery, 1519–1659 By the sixteenth century, then, the power struggles within Europe were also helping it to rise, economically and militarily, above the other regions of the glo ●●
  84. 1519 Contents Cover Title Page Copyright Dedication Acknowledgmen rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Habsburg Bid for Mastery, 1519–1659 The Meaning and Chronology of the Struggle Strengths and Weaknesses of the Habsburg Bloc International Comparisons War, Money, and the Nation-State Chapter 3. F ●●
  85. 1519 3Finance, Geography, and the Winning of Wars, 1660–1815 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Nevertheless, the chief characteristic of the 1519–1659 era—that is, an Austro-Spanish axis of Habsburg powers fighting a coalition of Protestant states, plus France—now disappeared, and was replaced ●●
  86. 1519 Revolution (1519) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ______. The Campaigns of Napoleon. New York, 1966. Chaunu, P. European Expansion in the Later Middle Ages. Amsterdam, 1979. Childs, J. Armies and Warfare in Europe 1648-1789. Man ●●
  87. 1519 War (1519) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story d cf. A. G. Frank, World Accumulation 1492–1789 (New York/London, 1978), pp. 137ff. 36. See again Mendelsohn, Science and Western Domination, which stresses the importance of scie ●●
  88. 1519 Event of 1519 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ule; except for a widely noted taste for spiced food, he was generally perceived to be without vices and immune to distraction. He inherited the crown of the Netherlands as a child and that of Spain—with its vast and expanding array of colonies in As ●●
  89. 1520 Reform (1520) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story t, J.H. Europe Divided 1559-1598. London, 1968. ______. Imperial Spain 1469-1716. Harmondsworth, Mddsx., 1970. ______. Richelieu and Olivares. Cambridge, 1984. ______. The Count ●●
  90. 1521 Event of 1521 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story grise, a label ever thereafter applied to shadowy figures of influence in the history of diplomacy. Aldous Huxley, Grey Eminence: A Study in Religion and Politics (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1941). Machiavelli’s treatises on statesmanship: See, f ●●
  91. 1522 But political and fiscal stability did not necessarily rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story However, this backwardness did not keep his successor, Henry VIII, from campaigning against the Scots or even deter his interventions of 1513 and 1522–1523 against France, since the English king could ●●
  92. 1523 But political and fiscal stability did not necessarily rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story However, this backwardness did not keep his successor, Henry VIII, from campaigning against the Scots or even deter his interventions of 1513 and 1522–1523 against France, since the English king could ●●
  93. 1524 The Muslim World Even the first of the rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Not only were the Ottoman Turks pushing westward, but the Safavid dynasty in Persia was also enjoying a resurgence of power, prosperity, and high culture, especially in the reigns of Ismail I (1500–15 ●●
  94. 1526 Revolution (1526) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story mhaber, Merchants Make History (London, 1963), ch. 8; and see the broad recent survey by G. Parker, “The Emergence of Modern Finance in Europe 1500–1730,” in Cipolla (ed.), Fontana ●●
  95. 1526 War (1526) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story of Germany (Hamden, Conn., 1975), passim; Dupuy, Genius for War, chs. 4–6; NCMH, vol. 10, The Zenith of European Power 1830–70, chs. 12 and 19; L. H. Addington, The Patterns of Wa ●●
  96. 1526 Event of 1526 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story of privilege by a magnanimous Sultan. When the Ottomans had reached the limits of their military capabilities, both sides occasionally found themselves drawn into alignments with each other for tactical advantage. Strategic and commercial interests o ●●
  97. 1526 Engel, The Realm of St Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895-1526 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Engel, The Realm of St Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895-1526 (London and New York, 2001), 101-3 ●●
  98. 1529 Given the imbalance in forces between France and rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Much the most formidable of these were the Turks, who not only had expanded across the Hungarian plain in the 1520s (and were besieging Vienna in 1529), but also posed a naval threat against Italy and ●●
  99. 1529 Strengths and Weaknesses of the Habsburg Bloc Why rejected unproven ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As its historian notes, “there is no evidence that any one state fielded more than 30,000 effectives” in the Franco-Spanish struggle for Italy before 1529; but: In 1536–7 the Emperor Charles V mobiliz ●●
  100. 1529 War (1529) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ec. chs. 2 and 7. 70. R. Ashton, The English Civil War: Conservatism and Revolution 1603–1649 (London, 1979); C. Hill, The Century of Revolution 1603–1714 (Edinburgh, 1961), pt. 1 ●●