Events, Verisoph

1782 The Latin mottoes on the seal come from classical poetry 0 cit. Annuit Coeptis and Novus Ordo Seclorum were adapted from lines by the Roman poet Virgil and mean roughly favor to our undertakings and a new order of the ages. Both refer to the birth of the republic, not to any secret society. culture / religion ●

1782 MYTH: Novus Ordo Seclorum means a sinister New World Order contested 0 cit. The motto adapts a line from Virgil and means a new order of the ages, referring to the founding of the republic. Reading it as a plot for a global New World Order is a modern mistranslation used in conspiracy theories. culture / politics ●●

1782 MYTH: the number thirteen on the seal is a Masonic code 0 cit. The recurring thirteens on the Great Seal, from stars and stripes to the pyramid's courses, stand for the thirteen original states. Reading them as Masonic numerology mistakes plain patriotic symbolism for a hidden cipher. culture / society ●

1782 'Ammonia' comes from the Egyptian god Amun 0 cit. The salt sal ammoniac was gathered near the temple of Amun (Ammon) in Egypt, and the gas later distilled from it was named ammonia. A common chemical carries the name of an Egyptian god. religion / science ●●●

1782 ; see also Coptic Church; Ethiopia; Monophysite Controversy; Syriac Orthodox Church Michelangelo rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ; see also Coptic Church; Ethiopia; Monophysite Controversy; Syriac Orthodox Church Michelangelo Buonarroti (1475-1564) Middle East Map 5 (177), see also Arabia; Holy Land; Iraq; Israel; Judaea; Lebanon; Mesopotamia; Palestine; Parthian Empire; Persi ●●

20 June 1782 Great Seal of the United States adopted 0 cit. Congress adopted the Great Seal of the United States, whose reverse features an unfinished pyramid topped by the 'Eye of Providence.' The design was largely the work of artist Pierre Eugène du Simitière and heraldic consultant William Barton, neither of whom is documented as a Freemason. The popular claim that the eye and pyramid are secret Masonic symbols smuggled into the seal is a widespread modern myth, not an established historical fact. politics / society ●●

20 June 1782 Congress adopts the Eye of Providence on the Great Seal of the United States 0 cit. The Continental Congress approves the reverse of the Great Seal of the United States, designed with input from Pierre Eugene du Simitiere, showing an unfinished pyramid topped by an eye in a triangle, taken from the established Christian iconography of divine providence. Contemporary committee records describe it explicitly as a symbol of providence watching over the young nation, not a Masonic or Illuminati emblem; the design committee included no documented Freemasons among its key contributors. politics / religion ●●●

1782 Congress of Wilhelmsbad debates Masonic reform 0 cit. Freemasons from across Europe met at a congress in Wilhelmsbad to debate the direction and legitimacy of various Masonic rites, and Illuminati members used the gathering to spread their ideas among the attendees. The meeting shows real, documented overlap between Illuminati recruiters and mainstream Freemasonry, though it did not amount to Illuminati control of Freemasonry as an institution. society ●●

1782 Duke of Cumberland becomes Grand Master of the Moderns 0 cit. Prince Henry Frederick, Duke of Cumberland, brother of George III, became Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of England (the 'Moderns'). His tenure cemented the practice of a senior royal duke sitting at the head of English Freemasonry. He served until his death in 1790. society ●●

3 September 1783 Treaty of Paris (1783) 0 cit. Peace treaty in which Britain recognized the independence of the United States and its boundaries to the Mississippi River. It ended the American Revolutionary War. diplomacy / politics / war ●●●●

3 September 1783 The Treaty of Paris Recognizes American Independence 0 cit. Britain formally acknowledged the independence of the United States. The loss shifted the empire's focus eastward toward India, Asia, and the Pacific. politics ●●●●●

April 1783 Russian Annexation of Crimea 0 cit. Catherine the Great annexed the Crimean Khanate, ending Ottoman influence there and opening the northern Black Sea to Russian settlement. The port of Sevastopol was founded soon after as a naval base. politics / war ●●●

1783 Gregson v Gilbert, the Zong insurance case 0 cit. The English courts heard the Zong case not as murder but as a dispute over an insurance claim for lost cargo. The proceedings shocked the public and galvanized the early abolition movement. economy / politics ●●●

1783 The best illustration of this relative French weakness rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In both countries, servicing the debt consumed half the state’s annual expenditures, but after 1783 the British immediately embarked upon a series of measures (the Sinking Fund, a consolidated revenue ●●

1783 Joseph II's Gypsy Regulation 0 cit. Emperor Joseph II issued a detailed Gypsy Regulation that tightened his mother's assimilation program. It controlled where Roma could live and work, pressed them into settled trades and military service, and continued to suppress their language and customs. The decrees framed all of this as civilizing the Roma, a word that masked the erasure of a people's way of life. politics / society ●●

c. 1783 The Haskalah champions reason and enlightenment 0 cit. Moses Mendelssohn and the Haskalah, the Jewish Enlightenment, urged Jews to embrace reason, secular learning, and civic integration. Its thinkers prized the philosophical and ethical side of Judaism and tended to dismiss Kabbalah as superstition, deepening the modern rift between reason and mysticism. culture / religion ●●●

29 September 1784 Charter of African Lodge No. 459 0 cit. The Grand Lodge of England issued a warrant in 1784 for African Lodge No. 459, led by Prince Hall, giving Black Freemasons formal standing. The charter arrived in Boston in 1787. politics / religion / society ●●●

1784 Cort patents the puddling and rolling process 0 cit. Henry Cort developed puddling to make wrought iron with coal, and grooved rollers to shape it. The methods raised the quality and quantity of British iron. economy / technology ●●●●●

1784 to 1785 Bavarian Government Bans the Illuminati 0 cit. Duke Karl Theodor of Bavaria issued edicts banning secret societies, and the Illuminati were suppressed by 1785. Seized documents were published, and leaders were dismissed or exiled. politics / society ●●●●

1784 Prince Hall and African Lodge founded 0 cit. Prince Hall and fourteen other free Black men, initiated in a British military lodge in 1775, received a charter from the Grand Lodge of England in 1784 for African Lodge in Boston. This began Prince Hall Freemasonry, the enduring tradition of Black American lodges. politics / society ●●●●

1784 Boston merchants move to abolish town meetings ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto reports that as early as 1784 the Boston business community, led by merchant Joseph Barrell, tried to replace town meetings with a professionally managed corporation. ●●

1784 Alexander Hamilton founds the Bank of New York ai_extracted 1 cit. no story If Main Street hoped that Black Monday would throw a cautionary fear into Wall Street, it was dead wrong. It only prodded the Street into more assertive, reckless behavior. Securities firms had already lost many safe, reliable businesses. ●●

1784 It was he who in a short essay of 1784 gave the rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story It was he who in a short essay of 1784 gave the most celebrated answer to a question about this new movement posed by one of his Berlin contemporaries, ‘What is Enlightenment ●●

1784 Gras, The Massachusetts First National Bank of Boston, 1784–1934 (Cambridge, Mas rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gras, The Massachusetts First National Bank of Boston, 1784–1934 (Cambridge, Mass ●●

29 September 1784 African Lodge receives an official warrant 0 cit. The Grand Lodge of England granted Prince Hall's African Lodge an official charter, formally recognizing it as African Lodge No. 459. This gave Black Freemasonry independent, chartered standing at a time when white American lodges refused to admit Black members. Prince Hall Freemasonry grew from this single Boston lodge into a nationwide network of Black Masonic institutions. politics / society ●●

June 1784 Bavaria bans secret societies 0 cit. Duke Karl Theodor of Bavaria issued an edict banning all secret societies not authorized by law, alarmed by reports of the Illuminati's activities and aims. This was the opening move in the government crackdown that would soon target the Illuminati specifically. politics ●●

14 December 1784 Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart is admitted to a Vienna Masonic lodge 0 cit. Mozart was admitted as an apprentice to the Viennese lodge "Zur Wohltatigkeit" (Beneficence) on December 14, 1784, and advanced to Fellow Craft the following month. His Masonic membership shaped several of his compositions, including the Maurerische Trauermusik, and is thoroughly documented in Austrian Masonic and musicological scholarship. culture / society ●●

29 September 1784 African Lodge chartered by Grand Lodge of England 0 cit. The Grand Lodge of England issued a warrant chartering African Lodge No. 1 as African Lodge No. 459, making it the first officially chartered lodge of Black Freemasons in America. Prince Hall had petitioned for the charter in March 1784 because white American Grand Lodges would not recognize the lodge; the document itself did not reach Boston until 1787. culture / society ●●●

1784 Prince Hall and the African Lodge charter 0 cit. Prince Hall, a free Black Bostonian initiated in 1775 into an Irish military lodge, secured a charter from the Grand Lodge of England for African Lodge No. 459. Barred from white American lodges, Black Americans built their own tradition, known as Prince Hall Freemasonry. It became a lasting institution of Black civic and community leadership. politics / society ●●

1785 Cartwright patents the power loom 0 cit. Edmund Cartwright patented a loom driven by power rather than by hand. Early versions worked poorly, but improved power looms later displaced handloom weavers. economy / technology ●●●●

c. 1785 The Historical Illuminati Disbanded contested 0 cit. By the mid-1780s the original Bavarian Illuminati had ceased to function as an organization. Modern claims of a continuous, world-controlling Illuminati are conspiracy theory, with no documented link to Weishaupt's defunct order. politics / society ●●●●

1785 MYTH: the Bavarian Illuminati steered the American founding contested 0 cit. The Bavarian Illuminati was a short-lived European society suppressed and disbanded by 1785, with no documented role in the American Revolution or Constitution. Claims linking it to the founding are a recurring conspiracy theory, not history. politics / society ●●

1785 conquest of the southern steppes brought them land rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The conquest of the southern steppes brought them land and serfs; expanded military control cut down on runaways; and the empress--sensitive to the ci... ●●

March 1785 Bavaria outlaws the Illuminati by name 0 cit. A follow-up edict from the Bavarian government specifically named and banned the Order of the Illuminati, along with the Freemasons. Members were arrested or fled, Weishaupt lost his university position and left Bavaria, and the order's lodges were shut down. As a formal organization, the Bavarian Illuminati effectively ceased to exist within a few years of this ban. politics / society ●●●

1786 Sir William Jones links Sanskrit and English, 1786 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto describes Sir William Jones's 1786 speech to the Bengal-Oriental Society proposing a common source for Sanskrit, Latin, Greek, and English. ●●

1786 Bavaria publishes seized Illuminati documents 0 cit. Bavarian authorities published seized internal Illuminati papers, including letters by Weishaupt, under titles such as Einige Originalschriften, to justify the crackdown and warn other states. These documents are the main primary source historians use to reconstruct the order's real membership, aims, and internal disputes, as opposed to later legend. politics ●●

24 August 1787 to 9 January 1792 Seventh Russo-Turkish War wikidata 0 cit. no story Russian-Turkish conflict from 1787-1792 ●●●●

25 May 1787 to 1787 Constitutional Convention 0 cit. Delegates from twelve states meet in Philadelphia to revise the Articles of Confederation and instead draft an entirely new Constitution, signed on September 17, 1787. The document creates the presidency, Congress, and federal courts that still govern the country. politics ●●●●●

22 May 1787 Society for the Abolition of the Slave Trade founded 0 cit. Abolitionists led by Quakers and Thomas Clarkson formed a committee to campaign against the trade. Their petitions, pamphlets and boycotts built the first mass human rights movement. politics / society ●●●●

17 September 1787 United States Constitution is drafted 0 cit. Delegates wrote a constitution creating a federal republic with a president, a two-house congress, and courts that check each other. It became the first lasting written national constitution based on separation of powers. politics ●●●●●

1787 John Jay writes to Jefferson on American enterprise ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto quotes a 1787 letter from John Jay to Jefferson describing the enterprise of the young country as inconceivable to Europeans accustomed to controlling common people. ●●

1787 Church of England men at the 1787 Constitutional Convention ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto cites Russell Kirk's estimate that 29 of the 55 delegates to the 1787 Constitutional Convention were still communicants of the Church of England. ●●

1787 founding legislators hit upon a formula that permitted rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The founding legislators hit upon a formula that permitted growth of the polity in an incremental and peaceful fashion: new states could be added to t... ●●

1787 Event of 1787 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story . AMERICA ON THE WORLD STAGE Setting out to affirm its independence, the United States defined itself as a new kind of power. The Declaration of Independence put forth its principles and assumed as its audience “the opinions of mankind.” In the openi ●●

1787 Information history in 1787 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story that can be as easily attracted, and are, at the same time, easily visible. ”♦ That was too many wires to be practicable. ●●

1787 Though most Americans assume democracy arrived with the adoption of the Constitution in the late eig rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Though most Americans assume democracy arrived with the adoption of the Constitution in the late eighteenth century, the franchise was severely limited in 1787 and was progressively opened up to white men without property, African Americans, and wome ●●

1787 Oliver Evans builds automated flour mill on Brandywine ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Flour mills had used continuous-process machinery since Oliver Evans built his mill on Brandywine Creek near Wilmington, Delaware, in 1787 ●●

1787 Constitutional Convention Debate on Fiat Money candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Griffin describes the delegates to the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia in 1787 being adamantly opposed to fiat money, with angry mobs in streets threatening legislators, bankruptcy widespread. ●●

21 June 1788 Ratification of the Constitution 0 cit. New Hampshire becomes the ninth state to ratify, putting the Constitution into effect for the ratifying states. The Federalist Papers and hard-fought state conventions, especially in Virginia and New York, secure the new frame of government. politics ●●●●●

26 January 1788 The First Fleet and the Penal Colony of New South Wales 0 cit. A fleet carrying convicts and marines established a settlement at Sydney Cove. It began British colonization of Australia and the dispossession of its Aboriginal peoples. society ●●●●

28 April 1788 Washington chartered as Master of Alexandria Lodge No. 22 0 cit. Washington was named the first Worshipful Master of the newly chartered Alexandria Lodge under the Grand Lodge of Virginia. He held the title while serving as president but rarely took an active role in lodge affairs. politics / society ●

26 January 1788 First Fleet founds a penal colony in Australia 0 cit. The First Fleet landed convicts and marines at Sydney Cove to establish a British penal settlement. It began the colonization of Australia and the dispossession and decline of its Aboriginal population. politics / society ●●●●

c. 1788 to c. 1934 Australian frontier wars 0 cit. Aboriginal peoples resisted the taking of their land in a long series of frontier conflicts, raids and massacres. Colonists, disease and violence caused a catastrophic collapse of the Aboriginal population. society / war ●●●

1788 The Federalist Papers defend the new republic 0 cit. Hamilton, Madison, and Jay wrote essays arguing for the Constitution and explaining how a large federal republic could protect liberty. They remain a key source on federalism and checks and balances. culture / politics ●●●●

1788 Founding of the Societe des Amis des Noirs ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1788, leading Enlightenment figures founded the Societe des Amis des N oirs to plead the cause of slaves in the French empire. ●●

1788 1788: –52), painted by Margaret Sarah Carpenter in 1836. Lord Byron (1788–18 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story –52), painted by Margaret Sarah Carpenter in 1836. Lord Byron (1788–1824), Ada’s father, in Albanian dress, painted by Thomas Phillips in 1835. Charle ●●

1788 ‘I am bound in conscience,’ the old man said bravely in 1788, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ‘I am bound in conscience,’ the old man said bravely in 1788, ‘to take shame to myself by a public confession, which, however sincere, comes too late to prevent or repair the misery and mischief to which I have, formally been an accessory ●●

26 January 1788 First Fleet establishes penal colony in Australia 0 cit. Eleven British ships carrying convicts landed at Sydney Cove to establish the first European settlement in Australia. Britain used transportation to Australia to relieve overcrowded prisons after losing its American colonies. The settlement dispossessed Aboriginal Australians of their land, with violent conflict and disease following in its wake. politics / society ●●

26 January 1788 First Fleet establishes British penal colony in Australia 0 cit. Eleven British ships carrying over 700 convicts and their guards landed at Sydney Cove, founding the colony of New South Wales as a place to send prisoners after Britain lost access to its American colonies. The arrival began sustained British settlement of a continent already home to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples for tens of thousands of years. Settlement brought disease, violent dispossession, and massacres that devastated Aboriginal populations. politics / society ●●●

24 October 1789 to 3 December 1790 Brabant Revolution wikidata 0 cit. no story armed insurrection that occurred in the Austrian Netherlands ●●●

14 July 1789 Storming of the Bastille 0 cit. A Paris crowd storms the Bastille fortress, the symbol of royal power. The French Revolution accelerates from this moment, spreading ideas of popular sovereignty, nationalism, and rights across Europe and beyond. politics / society ●●●●●

4 March 1789 First Federal Government Takes Office 0 cit. The First Congress convenes at Federal Hall in New York City, and George Washington is sworn in as the first president on April 30. The machinery of the constitutional government begins operating. politics ●●●●

27 July 1789 Founding of the Department of State 0 cit. Congress creates the Department of Foreign Affairs, renamed the Department of State weeks later, as the first executive department. Thomas Jefferson becomes the first Secretary of State, responsible for diplomacy and, at first, many domestic duties. politics ●●●●

7 August 1789 Founding of the War Department 0 cit. Congress establishes the Department of War under Secretary Henry Knox to run the tiny postwar army. It manages the nation's land forces for 158 years until it is folded into the new defense establishment in 1947. politics / war ●●●●

2 September 1789 Founding of the Department of the Treasury 0 cit. Congress creates the Treasury to manage federal revenue and debt, with Alexander Hamilton as the first secretary. Hamilton's funding system, customs service, and financial reports set the foundations of American public finance. economy / politics ●●●●

24 September 1789 Judiciary Act of 1789 0 cit. The First Congress builds the federal court system, setting the Supreme Court at six justices and creating district and circuit courts plus the offices of Attorney General and federal marshals. It is the structural blueprint for the third branch of government. politics ●●●●

30 April 1789 Washington's Masonic inauguration 0 cit. George Washington took the first presidential oath of office in 1789 on a Bible borrowed from a New York masonic lodge. He was a member of a Virginia lodge and later laid the Capitol cornerstone in a masonic ceremony. politics / religion / society ●●

c. 1789 to c. 1799 Freemasons in the French Revolution 2 cit. A number of revolutionary figures were Freemasons, and lodges such as the Nine Sisters gathered Enlightenment thinkers. Historians reject the later conspiracy claim that Freemasonry planned or caused the Revolution. politics / religion / society ●●●

1789 to 1796 Assignats of the French Revolution 0 cit. Revolutionary France issued paper notes called assignats, backed by confiscated church land. Heavy overprinting drove severe inflation until the notes became nearly worthless. economy / politics ●●●

30 April 1789 George Washington sworn in on a Masonic lodge Bible 0 cit. At his first inauguration at Federal Hall, no Bible had been provided, so the master of St. John's Lodge No. 1 fetched the lodge's 1767 Bible for the oath. The book has since been used at several later presidential inaugurations. politics / religion ●●

c. 1789 MYTH: America was founded as a Masonic project 0 cit. Some founders were Masons and some Masonic customs appeared at public ceremonies, but the founding documents and debates show no Masonic program, and many key founders were not members. The idea of a coordinated Masonic project is not backed by the historical record. religion / society ●●

1789 Olaudah Equiano publishes his narrative 0 cit. The formerly enslaved Olaudah Equiano published a bestselling account of his capture, the Middle Passage and his path to freedom. His voice gave the abolition campaign a powerful firsthand testimony. culture / society ●●●

26 August 1789 France declares the free communication of ideas a right 0 cit. The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen names the free communication of ideas and opinions one of the most precious rights of man. It puts free expression at the center of the modern rights tradition. culture / politics ●●●●

1789 Franco-Haitian Revolution Almost all of the immense body rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Franco-Haitian Revolution Almost all of the immense body of scholarship on the French revolution is so focused on a national France that the revol... ●●

1789 Russia sets up an official Islamic institution ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The govern- Empires across C ontinents 279 ment responded by printing and distributing the Quran to Muslims and setting up in 1789 an institution to... ●●

1789 Wilberforce denounces the slave trade in Parliament ai_extracted 1 cit. no story When William Wilberforce denounced the slave trade before Parliament in 1789, not long after the American revolution and the scandal over the British... ●●

1789 Sultan Selim III launches military reforms ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Sultan Selim III (ruled 1789-1 8 07) opened military schools and began French-inspired reforms of weaponry and tactics . ●●

1789 Thus, the cotton industry benefited from the Continental Sys rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Thus, the cotton industry benefited from the Continental System to the extent that it was protected from superior British competition (not to mention the competition from neutral or satellite states, ●●

1789 Even Marseilles, with alternative trading partners in the hi rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Even Marseilles, with alternative trading partners in the hinterland and northern Italy, saw its industrial output fall to one-quarter between 1789 and 1813. By contrast, regions in the north and east ●●

1789 For all the talk about a European “Pentarchy,” however, it i rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story For all the talk about a European “Pentarchy,” however, it is important to recall that the five Great Powers were not in the same relationship to one another as they had been in 1750 or even in 1789. ●●

1789 The best illustration of this relative French weakness rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story It was, after all, Calonne’s proposed tax reforms, leading to the Assembly of Notables, the moves against the parlements, the suspension of payments by the treasury, and then (for the first since 1614 ●●

1789 Event of 1789 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story stic structures: On the evolution and appeal of different models, see John Micklethwait and Adrian Wooldridge, The Fourth Revolution: The Global Race to Reinvent the State (New York: Penguin Press, 2014). “to acquiesce in some qualified plan”: Edmund ●●

1789 Thomas Jefferson incorporated Locke’s ideas of natural rights into the American Declaration of Indep rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Thomas Jefferson incorporated Locke’s ideas of natural rights into the American Declaration of Independence, and the idea of popular sovereignty would become the basis of the Constitution that was ratified in 1789. ●●

1789 46 Perhaps the most famous was New York’s Tammany Hall, established in 1789 as a charitable organiza rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 46 Perhaps the most famous was New York’s Tammany Hall, established in 1789 as a charitable organization formally known as the Society of Saint Tammany. ●●

1789 On the level of development in Europe in the early nineteenth century, see Eric Hobsbawm, The Age of rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On the level of development in Europe in the early nineteenth century, see Eric Hobsbawm, The Age of Revolution, 1789–1848 (New York: Vintage Books, 1996), pp. ●●

1789 When the chance came in 1789 to change the world, many looked rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story When the chance came in 1789 to change the world, many looked to a future where love would dissolve traditional corruption and constraints on human potential ●●

1789 From 1789 events moved so quickly that, already in the 1790s, the rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story From 1789 events moved so quickly that, already in the 1790s, the French were talking about the ‘ancien régime’, the former state of things, looking back to this society so confusingly tangled between medieval survival and Enlightenment, and seeing s ●●

1789 People who cared about the restructuring of Europe in the wake of rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story People who cared about the restructuring of Europe in the wake of events from 1789 to 1815 respected the rationalism of the Enlightenment less than a new expression of emotion and a search for individual fulfilment ●●

1789 Given this ongoing home-grown crisis, the memories of 1789 which so agitated rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Given this ongoing home-grown crisis, the memories of 1789 which so agitated the Western Church were only one competitor for Orthodox attention ●●

1789 When in 1940 the French army fell to a devastating German attack, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story When in 1940 the French army fell to a devastating German attack, the Third French Republic was swiftly dismantled and its secularist appeal to the values of 1789 was cast into discredit ●●

1789 Jefferson Warns Against Permanent National Debt rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Griffin cites Thomas Jefferson expressing his desire for a constitutional amendment to prevent the federal government from borrowing, saying permanent debt would ruin the nation. ●●

c. 1789 The fasces is adopted as a civic emblem in the United States 0 cit. Early American civic design, including the reverse of the Mercury dime (1916) and the fasces flanking the Lincoln Memorial and the rostrum of the US House of Representatives, adopts the Roman fasces as a neoclassical symbol of republican strength through unity, well before the term took on its 20th-century political meaning. culture / politics ●

12 May 1789 Society of St. Tammany founded 0 cit. William Mooney and other veterans founded the Society of St. Tammany in New York City as a fraternal and patriotic club, named for a legendary Delaware chief. It began as a social and charitable organization with no formal political role, but its lodge structure and networks of local ward captains made it a natural vehicle for organizing voters. politics / society ●●

24 September 1789 US Marshals Service established 0 cit. The Judiciary Act of 1789, signed by President George Washington, created the office of United States Marshal in each federal judicial district, making the Marshals Service the country's oldest federal law enforcement agency. Marshals originally served court orders, made arrests, and carried out other duties for the federal courts, later expanding into fugitive apprehension, prisoner transport, and witness protection. politics ●●

1789 Lavoisier and the chemical revolution 0 cit. Lavoisier named oxygen, discredited the old phlogiston theory of burning, and showed that matter is conserved in chemical reactions. He built much of his work on careful weighing, and on results from others such as Priestley whom he did not always credit. His wife Marie-Anne was a real collaborator, translating and illustrating the work. He was executed in the Terror in 1794. science ●●●

c. 1790 to c. 1840 Second Great Awakening 0 cit. Camp meetings and revivals spread evangelical Christianity across the young United States, fueling Methodist and Baptist expansion. The awakening also spawns reform movements and new denominations, including the restorationist churches. religion / society ●●●

2 February 1790 First Session of the Supreme Court 0 cit. The Supreme Court achieves its first quorum at the Royal Exchange building in New York City under Chief Justice John Jay. The Court hears no cases in its first terms and its authority grows only gradually. politics ●●●●

16 July 1790 Residence Act and the Founding of Washington, D.C. 0 cit. Congress fixes the permanent national capital on the Potomac River, the product of a bargain between Hamilton, Jefferson, and Madison over federal assumption of state debts. The government moves from Philadelphia to the new city of Washington in 1800. politics ●●●

2 August 1790 First United States Census 0 cit. Federal marshals begin the first constitutionally required count of the population, recording about 3.9 million people. The decennial census becomes the basis for apportioning the House of Representatives and a core civic ritual. politics / society ●●●

4 August 1790 Founding of the Revenue-Marine, Origin of the Coast Guard 0 cit. At Hamilton's urging, Congress funds ten armed cutters to enforce customs laws, creating the Revenue-Marine, later the Revenue Cutter Service. In 1915 it merges with the Life-Saving Service to form the United States Coast Guard. economy / war ●●●