Events, Verisoph

1805 Unitarian takeover of Harvard ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto traces the energy behind American schooling to the collapse of New England Calvinism. He marks the 1805 Unitarian takeover of Harvard as the point where orthodox Calvinism reached the end of its road. ●●

1805 Austerlitz saves the infant Banque de France ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1805, after Trafalgar and amid war with Austria and Russia, a Paris panic caused a run that nearly liquidated the young Banque de France. News of Napoleon's victory at Austerlitz restored confidence. ●●

c. 1805 Napoleon organizes the corps system 0 cit. Napoleon reorganized the Grande Armée into self-sufficient army corps, each combining infantry, cavalry, and artillery under a single marshal and capable of operating independently before concentrating for battle. This let French armies move faster and more flexibly than the single massed columns typical of earlier 18th-century warfare. The corps system was widely copied by other European armies over the following decades. war ●●

27 April 1805 Marines raid the shores of Tripoli 0 cit. A small force of U.S. Marines under Lieutenant Presley O'Bannon marched across the Libyan desert with mercenaries and captured the city of Derna from Barbary forces during the First Barbary War. It was the first time the American flag was raised in victory on foreign soil. The action is commemorated in the opening line of the Marines' Hymn, 'to the shores of Tripoli'. diplomacy / war ●

c. 1805 Simon Bolivar is initiated a Freemason 0 cit. Simon Bolivar was initiated into Freemasonry in the mid-1800s, with historical accounts differing on whether this occurred at the Lodge Lautaro in Cadiz or in a Scottish Rite lodge in Paris; his degree progression is generally placed between 1804 and 1807. The exact year is disputed among Masonic historians, so it is marked approximate here, but his membership itself is well documented and cited by multiple national Grand Lodges in Latin America. politics / society ●●

c. 1805 Bolivar and Freemasonry contested 0 cit. Simon Bolivar was reportedly initiated into Freemasonry in Europe and associated with Masonic and Lautaro-style lodges during the independence wars. His later attitude toward the lodges was cool, and he restricted secret societies once in power. The claim that Masonry engineered Latin American independence is a contested reading; the documented point is that some liberators moved through lodge networks. politics / society ●

6 August 1806 End of the Holy Roman Empire 0 cit. On 6 August 1806 Francis II abdicated the imperial crown under pressure from Napoleon, dissolving the Holy Roman Empire. The thousand-year framework of German states came to an end. politics / war ●●●●

12 July 1806 Confederation of the Rhine 0 cit. On 12 July 1806 Napoleon organized a bloc of German states allied to France, reshaping the political map of central Europe. politics ●●●●

6 August 1806 Dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire 0 cit. On 6 August 1806 Francis II dissolved the Holy Roman Empire under French pressure, ending a political structure that had lasted roughly a thousand years. politics ●●●●

1806 to 1807 War of the Fourth Coalition 0 cit. From 1806 to 1807 Prussia and Russia fought France, a war marked by the rapid collapse of Prussia and hard-fought battles in Poland and East Prussia. politics / war ●●●

14 October 1806 Battle of Jena-Auerstedt 0 cit. In twin battles on 14 October 1806 French forces shattered the Prussian army, leading to the swift occupation of Prussia. war ●●●●

21 November 1806 Continental System 0 cit. The Berlin Decree of 21 November 1806 launched Napoleon's blockade of British trade across Europe, an economic strategy that strained France's allies and neutrals. economy / politics ●●●●

1806 Napoleon ends the Holy Roman Empire ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Universal Catholic Church survived the medieval split of the imperial idea, but the Holy Roman Empire was ended by Napoleon in 1806, a thousand years after Charlemagne. ●●

1806 First Lancaster school opens in New York City ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto reports that the first Lancaster monitorial school opened in New York City in 1806 and that by 1829 the model had spread as far as Texas. ●●

1806 Napoleon defeats Prussia at the Battle of Jena ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto dates the seed of modern American schooling to 1806, when Napoleon's soldiers beat the Prussian army at Jena. He argues the defeat prompted Prussia to build a new system of universal conditioning through schooling. ●●

1806 William Fraser describes the blind Shah Alam ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The newly arrived William Fraser, an early graduate of Fort William College, wrote to his father about accompanying the aged, blind Mughal emperor to the mosque. He described the dignity of the last of the line of Timur. ●●

1806 Godfrey Rockefeller marries Lucy Avery in Great Barrington rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Godfrey Rockefeller marries Lucy Avery, a Puritan descendant, despite her family's opposition to the match. This union produces William Avery Rockefeller, father of John D. Rockefeller. ●●

1806 Clausewitz captured at the Battle of Auerstadt ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Clausewitz was captured after the battle of Auerstadt and spent the next year imprisoned in France and Switzerland. ●●

1806 1806, the vestigial Holy Roman Empire was abolishe... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1806, the vestigial Holy Roman Empire was abolished. ●●

1806 Event of 1806 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story d equated enlightenment with the power of reason, which implied a diffusion of authority from the Church to secular elites. Now these aspirations had been distilled further and concentrated on one leader as the expression of global power. An illustra ●●

1806 Prussia's defeat by Napoleon triggers Stein-Hardenberg reforms ai_extracted 1 cit. Prussia’s defeat by Napoleon in 1806 forced the opening of the bureaucracy to the middle classes under the Stein-Hardenberg reforms. ●●

8 January 1806 British forces seize the Cape Colony 0 cit. British troops defeated Dutch and Batavian Republic forces at the Battle of Blaauwberg, taking control of the Cape Colony during the Napoleonic Wars. Britain formally acquired the Cape at the 1814 Congress of Vienna settlement, paying the Netherlands compensation. British rule brought English law, language policy, and administrative changes that unsettled the Dutch-speaking farming population. politics / war ●●●

6 August 1806 Francis II abolishes the Holy Roman Empire 0 cit. Under pressure from Napoleon, who had pulled German states into a French-backed Confederation of the Rhine, Francis II laid down the imperial crown and declared the empire dissolved. He released all its members from their obligations. A political body that traced its roots back a thousand years ended with a single decree. diplomacy / politics / war ●●●

7 July 1807 Treaties of Tilsit 0 cit. Peace treaties between Napoleon and Russia, then Prussia, concluded on a raft on the Neman River. Secret articles divided Europe into French and Russian spheres and stripped Prussia of half its territory. diplomacy / politics / war ●●●

27 October 1807 Treaty of Fontainebleau (1807) 0 cit. Secret treaty between France and Spain to invade and partition Portugal, Britain's ally. The French troops it let into Spain soon seized the country itself, starting the Peninsular War. diplomacy / politics / war ●●

25 March 1807 Abolition of the British slave trade 0 cit. Parliament passes the Slave Trade Act, outlawing the Atlantic slave trade across the British Empire. The Royal Navy begins suppressing the traffic, a turning point in the long fight against slavery. politics / society ●●●●

25 March 1807 Abolition of the Slave Trade 0 cit. Parliament outlawed the buying and selling of enslaved people across the British Empire. The Royal Navy then began patrolling to suppress the Atlantic slave trade, though slavery itself continued. politics / society ●●●●●

25 March 1807 Britain abolishes the Atlantic slave trade 0 cit. Parliament banned the buying and selling of enslaved people across the British Empire after a long abolitionist campaign. The trade in human beings was outlawed, though slavery itself continued for another generation. economy / politics ●●●

25 March 1807 Britain abolishes the slave trade 0 cit. Parliament passed the Slave Trade Act, ending British participation in the transatlantic traffic after a long campaign led by William Wilberforce and others. Slavery itself in the colonies remained legal for another generation. politics / society ●●●●●

7 February 1807 Battle of Eylau 0 cit. Fought on 7 to 8 February 1807 in winter conditions, this bloody and inconclusive clash with the Russians was one of Napoleon's costliest battles. war ●●●

14 June 1807 Battle of Friedland 0 cit. On 14 June 1807 Napoleon decisively defeated the Russian army at Friedland, forcing Russia to negotiate peace. war ●●●

1807 1807, French armies had set up satellite kingdoms ... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By 1807, French armies had set up satellite kingdoms along the Rhine in Italy and Spain, reduced Prussia to a second-rank power, and gravely weakened ●●

1807 October Edict abolishes nobility's legal privileges ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The October Edict of 1807 abolished the legal privileges of the nobility, following the example of the French Revolution. ●●

1807 British Parliament abolishes the slave trade ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The British Parliament ended the slave trade in 1807, and the British navy was deployed over the succeeding decades to enforce the ban on slave trading off the African coast. ●●

1807 Fulton and Livingston launch first US steamboat line ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The country’s first steamboat line was set up by inventor Robert Fulton and his financial supporter Robert Livingston after the successful trial run o ●●

25 March 1807 Slave Trade Act abolishes British slave trade 0 cit. The British Parliament passed the Slave Trade Act, banning the buying and selling of slaves within the British Empire, though it did not free those already enslaved. Britain had transported an estimated 3.1 million enslaved Africans across the Atlantic before this point. The Royal Navy later used the ban to intercept other nations' slave ships off West Africa. politics / society ●●●

1807 Slave trade abolished in the British Empire 0 cit. Britain's abolition of the slave trade in 1807 ended the legal importation of new enslaved people into the Cape Colony, though existing slavery continued. The measure was part of a broader British imperial policy shift that would culminate in full emancipation decades later. Cape slave owners and farmers had grown reliant on enslaved labor for decades by this point. politics / society ●●

1808 to 1833 Spanish American Wars of Independence 0 cit. Napoleon's occupation of Spain triggers independence movements across Spanish America, led by Bolivar, San Martin, and others. By 1826 nearly all of mainland Spanish America is independent. politics / war ●●●●●

1808 Fichte's Addresses to the German Nation 0 cit. Johann Gottlieb Fichte delivers lectures in French-occupied Berlin calling on Germans to see themselves as one nation with a shared language and destiny. The addresses become a founding statement of modern nationalism. culture / politics ●●

1808 to 1826 Latin American wars of independence 0 cit. Napoleon's occupation of Spain triggered revolts that grew into wars led by figures such as Simon Bolivar and Jose de San Martin. By 1826 Spain had lost nearly all of its mainland American empire to new independent republics. politics / war ●●●●●

c. 1808 Prince Hall Freemasonry grows and seeks recognition 0 cit. After African Lodge declared itself an independent Grand Lodge, Prince Hall Masonry spread into a national network of Black Grand Lodges. Mainstream American Grand Lodges long withheld formal recognition, and mutual recognition advanced slowly through the 20th century. politics / society ●●●

1 January 1808 United States bans the importation of slaves 0 cit. A federal law took effect on 1 January 1808 prohibiting the import of enslaved people from abroad. Slavery itself continued and expanded, now fed by an internal trade rather than transatlantic shipments. politics / society ●●●●

1808 The Royal Navy's West Africa Squadron 0 cit. Britain stationed a naval squadron off West Africa to intercept slave ships after abolishing the trade. Over decades it freed roughly 150,000 captives, though the trade continued under other flags. politics / war ●●●

1808 to 1814 Peninsular War 0 cit. From 1808 to 1814 French forces fought Spanish, Portuguese and British armies in Spain and Portugal, a draining conflict that popularized guerrilla warfare and bled French strength. society / war ●●●●●

2 May 1808 Dos de Mayo Uprising 0 cit. On 2 May 1808 the people of Madrid rose against French occupation, a revolt whose brutal suppression helped ignite the wider Spanish resistance. society / war ●●●

16 July 1808 Battle of Bailen 0 cit. In July 1808 a Spanish army forced the surrender of a French corps at Bailen, the first major open field defeat of Napoleonic France and a blow to its prestige. war ●●●

1808 Napoleon creates the baccalaureat 0 cit. Napoleon established the baccalaureat as the national exam ending secondary school and opening university. It anchored the centralized French system and still governs entry to higher education. culture / politics ●●●

1808 Napoleon centralizes French education under the state 0 cit. Napoleon created the Imperial University, a single state body governing schools and lycees across France. It set the pattern of top-down central control that still defines French education. politics / society ●●●

1808 1808 European rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Finally, the other traditional weapon in the British armory, peripheral operations on the lines of the Peninsular War of 1808–1814, could not be used against the German coast, sinc... ●●

1808 In the year 1808, when the Latin American wars of independence began, few societies in any part of t rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In the year 1808, when the Latin American wars of independence began, few societies in any part of the world were characterized by high degrees of economic or social equality. ●●

1808 Napoleon's occupation of Spain sparks Latin American independence wars ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The first was the wars of independence from Spain, which were triggered not by the ideas of the American or French Revolutions but by the French occupation of the Iberian peninsula and Napoleon’s placing his brother Joseph on the Spanish throne in place of the Bourbon royal family in the years 1808–1810. ●●

1808 The sheer numbers of Bibles produced was staggering: between 1808 and 1901 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The sheer numbers of Bibles produced was staggering: between 1808 and 1901 one Protestant anglophone agency alone, the British and Foreign Bible Society, produced more than 46 million complete Bibles and nearly three times as many New Testaments and ●●

c. 1808 Prussia's Krümper system evades Napoleon's troop cap 0 cit. After Napoleon capped the Prussian army at 42,000 men following its 1806 defeat, reformers Scharnhorst and Gneisenau introduced the Krümper system, rapidly training conscripts and discharging them into a reserve to make room for new recruits. This let Prussia build up a much larger trained reserve than the treaty allowed, on paper without exceeding the limit. The reserve force helped Prussia field a substantially expanded army against Napoleon in 1813. politics / war ●●

1808 Prussian General Staff formally established 0 cit. Following defeat by Napoleon, Prussia formally established a permanent General Staff responsible for planning, training, and doctrine independent of any single commander, staffed by officers selected through the Kriegsakademie rather than by birth alone. This institutionalized professional military planning as a standing function of the state rather than something improvised for each war. The Prussian and later German General Staff became the model imitated by most modern armies. politics / war ●●●

c. 1808 Prussia's Krümper System Evades Troop Caps 0 cit. After Napoleon's defeat of Prussia forced a treaty limiting the size of its standing army, Prussian reformers led by Gerhard von Scharnhorst introduced the Krümper system, rapidly training and discharging recruits so that a large reserve of trained men existed outside the capped standing force. The scheme let Prussia rebuild a mass fighting capacity while formally complying with the treaty's limits. It fed into the broader nineteenth-century Prussian model of conscription paired with a large trained reserve. politics / war ●●

24 June 1808 Prince Hall Grand Lodge formally organized 0 cit. Black Masonic lodges from Boston, Philadelphia, and Providence organized the African Grand Lodge, later renamed the Prince Hall Grand Lodge in honor of its founder, who had died in December 1807. It operated as a parallel Masonic body to the white American Grand Lodges, which continued to refuse it recognition as a legitimate Masonic authority. culture / society ●●

1808 Napoleon's invasion of Iberia sparks a crisis 0 cit. Napoleon's occupation of Spain and forced abdication of its king throws colonial authority into doubt across Spanish America. Local juntas begin governing in the name of the deposed monarch, opening the way to full independence movements. The Portuguese court, meanwhile, flees to Rio de Janeiro, briefly making Brazil the seat of an empire. politics / war ●●

March 1808 The court flees to Rio de Janeiro 0 cit. With Napoleon's army invading, the Portuguese royal family and court sail to Brazil under British escort and set up the seat of the empire in Rio de Janeiro. For the first time a European monarchy ruled from its colony, and Brazil was raised to a kingdom in its own right. politics / war ●●

1808 The West Africa Squadron against the slave trade 0 cit. After Parliament abolished the British slave trade in 1807, the Royal Navy formed the West Africa Squadron to intercept slave ships off the African coast. Based at Freetown, the squadron patrolled for decades and freed roughly 150,000 people from captured vessels. It was a sustained naval campaign against the Atlantic slave trade, carried out at real cost in ships and lives. politics / society / war ●●●

16 January 1809 Battle of Corunna 0 cit. On 16 January 1809 a British army fought a rearguard action at Corunna to cover its evacuation from Spain after a hard winter retreat. war ●●

1809 War of the Fifth Coalition 0 cit. In 1809 Austria again went to war against France, a conflict decided in the Danube valley within months. politics / war ●●●

21 May 1809 Battle of Aspern-Essling 0 cit. On 21 to 22 May 1809 the Austrians under Archduke Charles checked Napoleon near Vienna, inflicting his first clear personal defeat in a major battle. war ●●●

5 July 1809 Battle of Wagram 0 cit. On 5 to 6 July 1809 Napoleon defeated the Austrian army at Wagram in a huge battle that ended the War of the Fifth Coalition. war ●●●●

14 October 1809 Treaty of Schonbrunn 0 cit. Signed on 14 October 1809, the treaty imposed harsh terms on Austria and further extended French influence in Europe. politics / war ●●

1809 He was appointed Foreign Minister in 1809 and Chancellor in 1821, serving until 1848 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story tified to the cosmopolitan nature of the eighteenth-century society. He was born in the Rhineland, near the border of France, educated in Strasbourg and Mainz. Metternich did not see Austria until his thirteenth year and did not live there until his ●●

1809 Information history in 1809 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story rections. “It appears that he has formed an alphabet of motions,” reported a witness, but apparently only Lomond’s wife could understand the code. ●●

1809 By 1809 Albert Gallatin noted that sixty-two spinning mills were already in oper rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By 1809 Albert Gallatin noted that sixty-two spinning mills were already in operation and twenty-five more were being constructed, with the greatest c ●●

25 May 1810 May Revolution wikidata 0 cit. no story 1810 revolution in Buenos Aires ●●●

20 July 1810 Independence of Colombia 0 cit. no story A revolt in Bogota begins Colombia's independence from Spain, secured by Bolivar's victory at Boyaca in 1819. politics / war ●●●

1810 to 1815 Saartjie Baartman exhibited as the "Hottentot Venus" 1 cit. Saartjie Baartman, a Khoikhoi woman, was displayed as a spectacle in Europe and studied as a supposed racial specimen. Her exploitation in life and dissection after death became a symbol of the dehumanizing gaze of scientific racism. science / society ●●

1 April 1810 Marriage of Napoleon and Marie Louise 0 cit. In April 1810 Napoleon married Archduchess Marie Louise of Austria, a dynastic alliance meant to secure an heir and tie France to a former enemy. politics / society ●●

1810 Humboldt founds the University of Berlin 0 cit. Wilhelm von Humboldt founded the University of Berlin in 1810 on the idea of uniting teaching with original research and academic freedom. This research university model was copied around the world. science / society ●●●●

c. 1810 Latin American republics win independence 0 cit. Movements led by figures such as Bolivar broke Spanish rule and founded republics across the Americas. The republican model spread widely, though many new states struggled with instability and strongman rule. politics / war ●●●●

1810 Humboldt founds the modern research university 0 cit. Wilhelm von Humboldt founded the University of Berlin around the union of teaching and research and academic freedom. The Humboldtian model shaped universities in Europe, the United States and Asia. science / society ●●●●

1810 The Bullion Committee of 1810 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A parliamentary inquiry known as the Bullion Committee was formed in 1810 to examine Britain's paper money and the suspension of gold payments. It recommended the Bank resume gold payments and contract the supply of paper money. ●●

1810 The death notice listed his birthday as November rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The death notice listed his birthday as November 13, 1810—the same date as Doc Rockefeller’s—settling the great mystery. Greatly relieved, Macdonald was at last liberated from Pulitzer’s obsession. On February 2, 1908, the nightmare that had haunted John D. ●●

1810 Mayer Amschel structures the Rothschild partnership ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Mayer Amschel created the family partnership structure that bound male descendants across generations while rigorously excluding women, establishing principles that governed the firm for nearly a century. ●●

1810 William Avery Rockefeller born in Granger, New York rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story William Avery Rockefeller, known as "Big Bill" and father of John D. Rockefeller Sr., is born in Granger, New York. He would become a controversial figure marked by secrecy and business deception. ●●

1810 Thus, the cotton industry benefited from the Continental Sys rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Thus, the cotton industry benefited from the Continental System to the extent that it was protected from superior British competition (not to mention the competition from neutral or satellite states, ●●

1810 Russia withdraws from the Continental System ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Few would openly rise in arms, like the Spaniards, or decide to pull out of the ruinous Continental System, as the Russians did in December 1810.91 However, once Napoleon’s Grand Army was devastated i ●●

1810 World Power Centers in the Sixteenth Century 2 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Europe at the Height of Napoleon’s Power, 1810 8. The Chief Possessions, Naval Bases, and Submarine Cables of the British Empire, c. 1900 9. ●●

16 September 1810 The Grito de Dolores opens Mexico's independence war 0 cit. The priest Miguel Hidalgo issued a call to revolt against Spanish colonial rule, an event known as the Grito de Dolores. It sparked a long and bloody struggle for Mexican independence. The date is now celebrated as Mexico's national day. politics / war ●●

c. 1810 Freemasonry spreads on the West African coast 0 cit. English and Scottish lodges were warranted in West African coastal settlements such as Sierra Leone and the Gold Coast in the early nineteenth century. Members included colonial officials, traders, soldiers, and later Western-educated Africans. On the coast the lodge became a status institution linking the colonial administration with a small African professional elite. politics / society ●

c. 1810 The five Rothschild brothers spread across Europe 0 cit. Mayer Amschel's five sons set up banking houses in Frankfurt, London, Paris, Vienna, and Naples, and coordinated between them using fast private couriers. This network let them move money across borders and finance governments efficiently, a real innovation. Their reach was impressive but bounded: they were bond bankers to states, not owners of the economies around them. economy ●●

May 1810 The May Revolution in Buenos Aires 0 cit. A local junta in Buenos Aires ousts the Spanish viceroy, an early step toward independence in the Rio de la Plata. Similar movements break out across the continent from Caracas to Bogota to Santiago. Years of war would follow before independence was secure. politics / war ●●

c. 1810 Camel and cattle pastoralism in the arid basin 5 cit. To survive the dry Turkana basin the people kept a wide mix of stock, camels alongside cattle, goats, sheep, and donkeys, spreading risk across animals suited to different conditions. Cattle grazed the wetter hills while camels endured the driest plains and gave milk through the hardest months. Constant movement in search of water and pasture became the core discipline of Turkana life. economy / society ●●●

14 May 1811 Independence of Paraguay 0 cit. no story Paraguay overthrows the Spanish governor in a nearly bloodless revolution and declares independence. politics ●●●

5 July 1811 Independence of Venezuela 0 cit. no story Venezuela declares independence from Spain, the first South American colony to do so; the war continued until Carabobo in 1821. politics / war ●●●

1811 Founding of N M Rothschild & Sons 0 cit. Nathan Mayer Rothschild formalizes his London banking house, the most powerful branch of the Rothschild network. It finances Wellington's armies against Napoleon and becomes the leading force in 19th-century government bond markets. economy / war ●●●●

20 November 1811 Founding of Krupp 0 cit. Friedrich Krupp founds a cast steel works in Essen. Under his son Alfred it becomes Europe's largest company and Germany's dominant arms and steel maker, arming the country through both world wars. economy / war ●●●●

1811 to 1816 The Luddites break industrial machines 0 cit. Textile workers smashed machines they blamed for cutting jobs and wages. The government sent troops and made machine-breaking a capital crime, and the protests were crushed. politics / society ●●●●

1811 Nathan Rothschild founds N M Rothschild and Sons in London 0 cit. Nathan Mayer Rothschild established the London banking house N M Rothschild and Sons in 1811. It became one of the leading merchant banks of the nineteenth century. economy ●●●●

20 November 1811 Friedrich Krupp founds the cast steel works in Essen 0 cit. Friedrich Krupp founded a cast steel works in Essen in November 1811. The struggling firm became the seed of one of Europe's greatest industrial empires. economy / technology ●●●●

January 1811 The German Coast uprising 0 cit. Hundreds of enslaved people marched on New Orleans in the largest slave revolt in US history. The rising was crushed within days and its leaders executed. society / war ●●●

1811 Bell heads National Society to oppose Lancaster ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto notes that in 1811 Andrew Bell was named superintendent of a new organization set up to oppose Lancaster's British and Foreign School Society on behalf of the Established Church. ●●

1811 In John Henry Hobart, Bishop of New York from 1811, they had rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In John Henry Hobart, Bishop of New York from 1811, they had what one of the doyens of American Church history has called ‘perhaps the greatest religious leader the American Episcopal Church ever produced’ ●●

1811 First Bank of the United States charter expires ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Griffin documents that on January 24, 1811, the Bank of the United States closed its doors when its charter expired, marking the end of the first central bank. ●●

1811 Herschel publishes his nebular transformation hypothesis ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Sir William Herschell published his famous hypothesis in the Philosophical Transactions regarding the transformation of nebulae into stars. This was a turning point after which the Nebular Theory was accepted by the Royal Academies. ●●

1811 British Lodge founded under the Grand Lodge of England 0 cit. English Freemasons at the Cape established the 'British' Lodge under the Moderns' Grand Lodge of England, the first English-constitution lodge in the colony, following friction with the established Dutch-speaking lodges after Britain's permanent occupation of the Cape from 1806. society ●●

5 July 1811 Venezuela declares independence and the Bolivar wars begin 0 cit. Venezuela declared independence from Spain, opening the long northern campaign led by Simon Bolivar. Early republics collapsed and the war swung back and forth for years. Bolivar became the central figure in liberating much of South America. politics / war ●●