Events, Verisoph

1874 Compulsory schooling spreads across Europe ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto lists the rapid spread of compulsion schooling after Prussia's model: Hungary in 1868, Austria in 1869, all the Germanies in 1872, Switzerland in 1874, Italy in 1877, Holland in 1878, and Belgium in 1879. ●●

1874 Disraeli's imperial acts as prime minister ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The book quotes Quigley on Disraeli as prime minister from 1874 to 1880 buying control of the Suez Canal and making Queen Victoria Empress of India. It presents these as dramatizing the profit and glamour of empire. ●●

1874 In 1874, the forty-year-old Backus died, likely from rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1874, the forty-year-old Backus died, likely from consumption, and his widow inherited an obsolete plant that consisted of little more than a primitive cluster of sheds, stills, and tanks. ●●

1874 Standard Oil buys Imperial Refining Company ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On January 22, 1874, Rockefeller purchased the Imperial Refining Company and its vast facility near Oil City, Pennsylvania. ●●

1874 Standard Oil moves to new four-story building ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In April 1874, Standard Oil relocated to a new four-story building, reflecting its growing status as a major oil colossus. ●●

1874 Information history in 1874 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story al fortunes though it was not a particularly glamorous technology amid the excitement of what was already called the Age of Electricity. Beginning in 1874, when an Illinois farmer received U. ●●

1874 The traditionalist case seems unanswerable, and was well expressed by Christopher Wordsworth, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The traditionalist case seems unanswerable, and was well expressed by Christopher Wordsworth, Bishop of Lincoln, in a sermon in Westminster Abbey on 5 July 1874: Brethren, more than fourteen hundred years have now passed away, since the flames of fun ●●

1874 World's largest sewing machine factory built at Elizabethport ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1874 the company built by far the largest sewing machine factory in the world at Elizabethport, New Jersey ●●

1874 This enterprise was the outcome of his success in 1874 in obtaining the Union Pa rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story This enterprise was the outcome of his success in 1874 in obtaining the Union Pacific, the road which, with the Central Pacific, formed the first tran ●●

1874 This quotation is from Report of the Investigating Committee of the Pennsylvania... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story This quotation is from Report of the Investigating Committee of the Pennsylvania Railroad … by Resolution of … March 10, 1874, p ●●

1874 Scott continued to retain his personal holdings in the Texas Pacific, remaining... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Scott continued to retain his personal holdings in the Texas Pacific, remaining its president until 1880, when he also retired as president of the Pennsylvania, a post he took on after Thomson’s death in June 1874 ●●

1874 Texas Rangers formally reorganized as a state force 0 cit. The Texas legislature reorganized the Texas Rangers into the Frontier Battalion and Special Force, giving the paramilitary group a formal state mandate to police the Texas frontier and suppress Native American and Mexican resistance. The Rangers gained a reputation for brutality against Mexican Americans and Native Americans that later inquiries and historians documented extensively, including extrajudicial killings during the border violence of 1915 to 1919. The unit remains part of Texas law enforcement today. politics ●●

1874 Prince of Wales becomes Grand Master of UGLE 0 cit. Albert Edward, Prince of Wales and future King Edward VII, was installed as Grand Master of the United Grand Lodge of England. His time in the role tied Freemasonry closely to the royal family and the wider British establishment, boosting its social prestige among the aristocracy and professional classes. He held the post until his accession to the throne in 1901. politics / society ●●

c. 1874 Deepening pits force consolidation of Kimberley claims 0 cit. As individual claims were dug deeper, cave-ins, flooding, and the cost of hauling ore up steep pit walls made small-scale digging increasingly unworkable. Wealthier operators began buying out adjoining claims to consolidate mining operations, a process that accelerated through the 1870s and 1880s. economy ●●

1874 Prince of Wales becomes Grand Master while heir to the throne 0 cit. Albert Edward, Prince of Wales, later King Edward VII, was installed as Grand Master of the United Grand Lodge of England. He held the office for 27 years, stepping down only on his accession to the throne in 1901. His long, well recorded tenure is often cited as the high point of visible royal leadership of English Freemasonry. society ●●

1874 Frontier Battalion established 0 cit. The Texas Legislature created the Frontier Battalion, a six-company force under Major John B. Jones, reviving the Rangers as a state force after the State Police was abolished. Its stated purpose was defense against Comanche and Kiowa raids and suppression of outlaw activity, and it is the direct organizational ancestor of the modern Rangers. The Battalion operated alongside a separate Special Force used largely to police the border region. politics / war ●●

c. 1874 Documented Ranger violence against Native Americans in the reservation era 0 cit. Frontier Battalion companies fought and, in multiple documented cases, killed Comanche and Kiowa noncombatants along with warriors during campaigns to force remaining bands onto reservations in Indian Territory. Some engagements described by Rangers in official reports as battles are described by later historians, drawing on wider evidence, as attacks on camps that included women and children. This pattern of violence predates and parallels the later, better-documented violence against Tejanos. society / war ●●

c. June 1874 Red River War 0 cit. The U.S. Army launched a coordinated campaign against Comanche, Kiowa, Cheyenne, and Arapaho bands resisting confinement to reservations in Indian Territory, culminating in the destruction of villages and horse herds at Palo Duro Canyon that September. The war ended organized Plains tribal resistance in the southern Plains by mid-1875 and forced the remaining bands onto reservations. It marked the effective close of independent life on the southern Plains. war ●●

8 July 1874 North-West Mounted Police march west 0 cit. Several hundred North-West Mounted Police officers set out on a long overland march from Manitoba into what is now Alberta to assert Canadian sovereignty and shut down the illegal whisky trade at posts such as Fort Whoop-Up. The expedition, marked by harsh conditions and heavy livestock losses, became a founding myth of the force and of Canadian westward expansion. politics ●●

1874 Cantor counts the infinite with set theory 0 cit. Georg Cantor proved that some infinities are larger than others, showing the real numbers cannot be matched one to one with the counting numbers. His set theory gave mathematics a new foundation but drew fierce attack from contemporaries who rejected completed infinities. Only later was his work widely honored as a turning point in modern mathematics. culture / science ●●●●

1875 Foundation of the Reichsbank ai_extracted 1 cit. The Reichsbank was founded in 1875 as a largely privately owned central bank accountable to its shareholders, giving it de facto independence from the German government. ●●●

20 May 1875 Metre Convention 0 cit. Treaty among seventeen states establishing the International Bureau of Weights and Measures and uniform metric standards. It created the framework that still governs the world's measurement units. diplomacy / science / technology ●●●

20 May 1875 Founding of the International Bureau of Weights and Measures 0 cit. Seventeen nations sign the Metre Convention in Paris, creating the International Bureau of Weights and Measures at Sevres to maintain worldwide standards of measurement, the basis of the metric system's international governance. diplomacy / science ●●●

c. 1875 Mumbai as India's financial capital 0 cit. The Bombay Stock Exchange, founded in 1875, is Asia's oldest stock exchange. Home to the Reserve Bank of India, the National Stock Exchange and the headquarters of India's major banks, Mumbai is the financial capital of India. economy ●●●

22 May 1875 Gotha Congress unites German socialism 0 cit. The Lassallean and Marxist wings of German socialism merge at Gotha to form the Socialist Workers' Party, forerunner of the SPD. The compromise program prompts Marx's Critique of the Gotha Programme. politics ●●●

25 November 1875 Britain Buys the Suez Canal Shares 0 cit. Prime Minister Disraeli secretly bought Egypt's shares in the Suez Canal with a loan from the Rothschilds. The purchase gave Britain a controlling stake in its vital route to India. economy / politics ●●●●

25 November 1875 Rothschild loan funds Britain's Suez Canal shares 0 cit. Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli bought the Khedive of Egypt's roughly 44 percent stake in the Suez Canal Company for about 4 million pounds. Lionel de Rothschild advanced the money quickly, giving Britain a controlling interest in the canal. economy / politics ●●●●

17 November 1875 The Theosophical Society 0 cit. Helena Blavatsky and Henry Steel Olcott founded the Theosophical Society to study comparative religion, philosophy, and unexplained forces. Its teachings influenced later occult and New Age movements. culture / religion ●●

17 November 1875 Blavatsky founds the Theosophical Society 0 cit. Helena Blavatsky and Henry Steel Olcott founded the Theosophical Society, which blended Western occultism with Hindu and Buddhist ideas and spoke of hidden spiritual masters guiding humanity. Theosophy is the single most important organized source of ideas that later shaped the New Age movement. culture / religion ●●●●

c. 1875 Parliamentary and presidential systems diverge 0 cit. Republics settled into two main designs, one where the executive is chosen by and answers to parliament and one where a separately elected president leads. The choice shaped how power and accountability work in modern states. politics ●●●●

1875 Disraeli buys Suez Canal shares, 1875 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1875 Disraeli, with Rothschild money, purchased 176,602 Suez Canal shares from the Khedive of Egypt to safeguard British communications with India. ●●

1875 Rhodes writes his 'Confession of Faith' ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley grounds the secret society idea in Rhodes's early writing. Rhodes wrote a 'Confession of Faith' in 1875 outlining a Jesuit-modeled society for extending the British Empire, and enclosed it with his will. ●●

1875 Quigley: the adventure that began with Toynbee and Milner in 1875 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Closing his account, Quigley dates the origin of the whole idealistic imperial project to Toynbee and Milner in 1875, saying it had ground down to bitterness and ashes. ●●

1875 Standard Oil acquires Porter, Moreland; Archbold joins ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In early 1875, Rockefeller captured the second-largest Titusville refiner, bringing young John D. Archbold into the Standard Oil fold. ●●

1875 Acme Oil Company formed to absorb Oil Creek refineries ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In September 1875, Standard Oil formed the Acme Oil Company to acquire Oil Creek refineries under Archbold's direction. ●●

1875 Standard Oil secretly buys J. N. Camden & Company ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In May 1875, Rockefeller covertly bought J. N. Camden and Company of Parkersburg, West Virginia, completing his major refining center monopoly. ●●

1875 The first occurred in 1875 in the form of a pseudo... candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The first occurred in 1875 in the form of a pseudo-crisis, a contrived war scare triggered by an editorial in a leading German ●●

1875 This had been true in the Crimean War of 1854, the... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story This had been true in the Crimean War of 1854, the Balkan Wars of 1875–78, and prior to the Russo-Japanese War of 1904. One explanation for these tend ●●

1875 Information history in 1875 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story e of protoplasm. “The biologist must be allowed as much scientific use of the imagination as the physicist,” The Popular Science Monthly explained in 1875. ●●

1875 When Gustavus Swift, a New England wholesale butcher, moved to Chicago in 1875,... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story When Gustavus Swift, a New England wholesale butcher, moved to Chicago in 1875, nearly all meat went east “on the hoof ●●

1875 After 1875 tank car began to replace the barrel and can for long-distance shipme... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After 1875 tank car began to replace the barrel and can for long-distance shipments of kerosene and other refined products ●●

25 November 1875 Britain buys controlling stake in Suez Canal 0 cit. Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli arranged an emergency loan to buy Egypt's shares in the Suez Canal Company, giving Britain a controlling interest in the waterway. The canal shortened the sea route to India and became central to British imperial strategy. British financial and later military control over Egypt grew directly from this purchase. diplomacy / economy ●●

1 March 1875 Civil Rights Act of 1875 0 cit. Congress passed a federal law banning racial discrimination in public accommodations such as inns, theaters, and public transportation. It was one of the last major Reconstruction-era civil rights laws. The Supreme Court struck it down eight years later in the Civil Rights Cases. politics ●●

2 June 1875 Masonic Hall, New York, Dedicated 0 cit. The Grand Lodge of New York dedicated its new Masonic Hall at 23rd Street and Sixth Avenue, a Second Empire-style building designed by Napoleon LeBrun. Construction took four years and cost over a million dollars, delayed in part by the Panic of 1873. It served as the headquarters of New York Freemasonry until a new, larger Masonic Hall replaced it on the same block in 1909. The building was one of several grand, purpose-built Masonic temples American cities put up in the late 19th century. culture / society ●

1875 Theosophical Society adopts a syncretic emblem including the ankh and swastika 0 cit. Helena Blavatsky's Theosophical Society, founded in New York, adopts a composite seal combining a Star of David, ankh, swastika, ouroboros, and Om symbol, drawing on Egyptian and Eastern religious motifs to express its claim of a single, ancient wisdom tradition underlying all world religions. This is a documented act of symbol synthesis by a specific 19th-century organization, distinct from any single symbol's original ancient meaning. culture / religion ●●

c. December 1875 Tweed escapes custody and flees to Spain 0 cit. While held on the civil suit, Tweed escaped from custody and fled the country, eventually reaching Spain. Spanish authorities identified him from one of Thomas Nast's published caricatures, since few officials could read English descriptions but recognized the cartoon likeness. politics ●●

1875 Freretown founded as a settlement for freed slaves 0 cit. The Church Missionary Society established Freretown across the creek from Mombasa as a home for Africans freed from slave ships intercepted by the Royal Navy. Named after Sir Bartle Frere, the British official who pressed Zanzibar to end the slave trade, it grew into a Christian community with a church, school, and workshops. Its residents, drawn from many peoples, became an early nucleus of coastal Protestant Christianity. religion / society ●●

1875 Frere Town founded for freed slaves 0 cit. The Church Missionary Society set up Frere Town across the creek from Mombasa in 1875 as a home for people freed from captured slave dhows. Its first residents included Bombay Africans, former slaves who had been schooled in India before returning to the coast. The settlement became a base for both mission work and a growing free Christian community. religion / society ●●●

1 January 1876 Founding of the Reichsbank 0 cit. The newly unified German Empire establishes the Reichsbank as its central bank, unifying note issue across the German states. It presides over the 1923 hyperinflation and is succeeded after World War II by the Bank deutscher Lander and then the Bundesbank. economy / politics ●●●

1 April 1876 Founding of Ericsson 0 cit. Lars Magnus Ericsson opens a telegraph repair workshop in Stockholm. The firm moves quickly into telephones and becomes one of the world's leading telecom equipment makers. economy / technology ●●

1876 The telephone 1 cit. Alexander Graham Bell patented a device that carried the human voice over an electric wire. The telephone let people talk across distances and grew into a worldwide network. technology ●●●●●

13 August 1876 Wagner opens the Bayreuth Festival 0 cit. Richard Wagner staged the first complete Ring cycle in a theatre built for his own operas. His grand vision of music drama reshaped Romantic music and stagecraft. culture ●●●

1 May 1876 Victoria Proclaimed Empress of India 0 cit. Parliament made Queen Victoria the Empress of India, a title proclaimed at a grand durbar in Delhi the next year. It symbolized the fusion of the British crown with imperial rule over India. culture / politics ●●●●

1876 Lombroso claims criminals are born, not made 1 cit. Cesare Lombroso argued that criminals could be identified by physical features and were evolutionary throwbacks. His criminal anthropology fed racist and classist ideas about who was dangerous by nature. science / society ●

7 March 1876 Bell patents the telephone 0 cit. Alexander Graham Bell patented a device that sent speech over a wire as an electric signal. The telephone soon connected homes and businesses and changed communication. technology ●●●●●

1876 Otto builds the four-stroke internal combustion engine 0 cit. Nikolaus Otto built a practical four-stroke engine that burned fuel inside its cylinder. The design became the basis for the engines that powered cars and machines. technology ●●●●●

1 January 1876 Founding of the German Reichsbank 0 cit. The Reichsbank opened as the central bank of the newly unified German Empire, replacing the Prussian Bank. It managed the gold-backed mark and became one of Europe's most powerful monetary institutions. economy / politics ●●●

1876 Leopold II's Congo and the scramble for Africa, 1876-1880 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story King Leopold II of Belgium, using Henry Stanley, moved to secure the Congo as his personal preserve in 1876-1880, setting off a decades-long fever of colony-grabbing in Africa. ●●

1876 Edward Mandel House at Hopkins Grammar School ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto recounts that during the 1876 Hayes-Tilden campaign the young Edward Mandel House frequented political offices in New Haven instead of attending to his studies at Hopkins Grammar School. ●●

1876 William H. Welch travels to Germany for a doctorate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto uses William H. Welch as an example of Americans seeking German credentials. In 1876 Welch left for Germany to earn a Ph.D.; he later became first dean of Johns Hopkins Medical School and a Rockefeller Foundation adviser. ●●

1876 Oil production booms in Bradford, Pennsylvania ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1876, oil production soared in Bradford, and prices sank from $4 per barrel to much lower levels as wild-eyed drillers besieged the area. ●●

1876 Britain Pursues Strategic Control of Egypt rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By July 1876, rumors in Berlin suggested Britain had purchased effective suzerainty over Egypt for £10 million, signaling determination to control the strategically vital Suez region. This marked the beginning of intensified British financial involvement. ●●

1876 Disraeli peerage prompts Buckinghamshire by-election ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Lord Disraeli's elevation to the House of Lords prompts a by-election in his Buckinghamshire constituency. The political tensions deepen the Rothschilds' drift from the Liberal party toward Conservatism. ●●

1876 But the great Eastern Crisis of 1876–1878 also did a great d rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story But the great Eastern Crisis of 1876–1878 also did a great deal for Germany’s relative position. While the small Russian fleet in the Black Sea performed brilliantly against the Turks, the Russian arm ●●

1876 Wagner's Ring revives the Norse gods as high art 0 cit. Richard Wagner completes and premieres The Ring of the Nibelung, a four-opera cycle drawn from Norse and Germanic myth. It turned the old gods into a symbol of German national culture, for better and, later, for worse. culture / religion ●●●

1876 Negotiations would start, during which Russia woul... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Negotiations would start, during which Russia would reduce its demands, at which precise point the whole thing would blow up. In 1876, the Bulgarians, ●●

1876 Altman & Company (its large store was built in 1876), Best & Company (store buil rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Altman & Company (its large store was built in 1876), Best & Company (store built in 1879), and Stern Brothers (store in 1878) ●●

1876 Western roads form Southwestern Railway Rate Association ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1876 a number of western roads organized the Southwestern Railway Rate Association with an organization copied directly from that of the Southern R ●●

1876 After he became president in 1876 he and his vice president, George Ross McKenzi... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After he became president in 1876 he and his vice president, George Ross McKenzie, determined to speed up and complete the slow transformation of Singer’s marketing network ●●

1876 Schmidt discovers temporary star in Cygnus ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A temporary star was discovered in November 1876 in the constellation Cygnus by J. F. J. Schmidt, exhibiting a spectrum with brilliant lines that gradually transformed, raising questions about the Nebular Theory. ●●

1876 Discovery of Nymphæa lutea (yellow water-lily) in Florida rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After being accused of falsehood for inventing the description of the yellow water-lily, Audubon was vindicated by the discovery of the long-lost flower in Florida, confirming his account. ●●

27 May 1876 President Burgers lays Aurora Lodge cornerstone 0 cit. Thomas François Burgers, fourth State President of the Transvaal and himself a Freemason, presided over the cornerstone ceremony for Aurora Lodge's building in Pretoria on 27 May 1876. Several Boer republican leaders, including Burgers, Piet Joubert, and Marthinus Wessel Pretorius, are documented as Freemasons. politics / society ●●

10 May 1876 Centennial Exposition 0 cit. The first official world's fair held in the United States marked the centennial of American independence and drew about 10 million visitors. Alexander Graham Bell demonstrated the telephone there, and the giant Corliss steam engine became the fair's centerpiece symbol of American industrial ambition. economy / technology ●●

c. November 1876 Tweed extradited and returned to New York 0 cit. Spanish authorities handed Tweed over to American officials, and he was returned to New York and reimprisoned on the civil judgment for the stolen funds. He offered to testify fully about the ring's operations in exchange for his release, but the city rejected the deal and he remained jailed. politics ●●

25 June 1876 Battle of the Little Bighorn 0 cit. Lakota, Northern Cheyenne, and Arapaho warriors led by Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull defeated the U.S. 7th Cavalry, killing Lieutenant Colonel George Custer and roughly 260 of his men, during the Great Sioux War. The victory was short-lived: the U.S. Army responded with a much larger campaign that forced most of the Lakota onto reservations within a year and stripped away the Black Hills, which had been guaranteed to the Sioux by treaty. war ●●●

15 July 1876 Dissolution of the First International 0 cit. A small conference in Philadelphia formally winds up the International Workingmen's Association, whose General Council had been sidelined in New York since 1872. The anarchist wing carried on separately for a few more years. The first attempt at a world labor body had lasted twelve years. diplomacy / politics ●●

c. 1876 Square deal: fair dealing, doubtful Masonic root unproven 0 cit. A square deal means a fair, honest arrangement, and it is sometimes credited to the Masonic square as a symbol of honesty. More likely it simply extends the ordinary sense of square as fair, the same sense behind fair and square, and it may draw on square dealing at cards. The phrase spread in American English in the later nineteenth century and was made famous by Theodore Roosevelt. The Masonic attribution is unproven. culture / society ●●

September 1876 The International African Association as a humanitarian front 0 cit. Leopold convened a Brussels geographical conference and launched the International African Association, presenting it as a scientific and philanthropic body to explore Central Africa and suppress the slave trade. The language of civilization and rescue drew wide approval from explorers, geographers, and reformers across Europe. Historians widely describe the association as a cover for Leopold's private ambition to acquire territory, a purpose he kept hidden from the public and from most of his own government. diplomacy / politics / society ●●●

c. 1876 Leopold II founds the International African Association 0 cit. King Leopold II of Belgium hosted a geographic conference and set up the International African Association, presenting it as a humanitarian and scientific body. In practice it was a front for his private ambitions in the Congo basin. His maneuvering there helped trigger the wider diplomatic rush that led to the Berlin Conference. diplomacy / politics ●●

23 December 1876 First Ottoman Constitution 0 cit. Reformers push through the empire's first constitution and an elected parliament. Within two years Sultan Abdul Hamid II suspends both and rules as an autocrat for three decades. The brief experiment showed a real hunger for constitutional government that would resurface in 1908. politics / society ●

1876 The Great Famine in British India 0 cit. Drought struck the Deccan and southern India in 1876, and famine spread across the Madras and Bombay presidencies and beyond. Estimates of the death toll range into the millions, with several careful studies near eight million. During the crisis colonial policy kept grain moving to export, and the viceroy Lord Lytton oversaw record wheat shipments to England even as people starved. economy / politics / society ●●●

1876 Canada's Indian Act and the reserve system 0 cit. The Indian Act of 1876 placed First Nations under federal control, confined them to reserves through the numbered treaties, and set up the residential school system that took Indigenous children from their families for generations. Settlers from Britain and Europe filled the land and became the lasting majority across most of the country. As in the United States, the settler population was never displaced, so no handover of power to the original inhabitants took place. politics / society ●●

1876 Barghash decrees an end to the land caravans 0 cit. Under British pressure after the 1873 treaty, Sultan Barghash issued a decree in 1876 that banned the movement of slaves by land within his dominions. The order was meant to choke the caravan traffic that fed the coastal markets. Enforcement was weak, and the overland trade carried on in reduced and more hidden forms for years. diplomacy / politics ●●

17 July 1877 to 9 January 1878 Battle of Shipka Pass wikidata 0 cit. no story 1877 battle ●●

9 May 1877 Independence of Romania 0 cit. no story Romania declares independence from the Ottoman Empire during the Russo-Turkish War; the principalities had united in 1859. politics / war ●●●

29 January 1877 to 24 September 1877 Satsuma Rebellion 0 cit. no story Disaffected samurai under Saigo Takamori rise against the Meiji government and are defeated by its conscript army. The rebellion is the last armed challenge to Japan's modernization. politics / war ●●

24 April 1877 to 3 March 1878 Russo-Turkish War of 1877-1878 0 cit. no story Russia defeats the Ottoman Empire in a war fought partly to protect Balkan Christians. The peace creates an autonomous Bulgaria and independence for Serbia, Montenegro, and Romania. politics / war ●●●

9 July 1877 Founding of the Bell Telephone Company 0 cit. Alexander Graham Bell's backers organize the Bell Telephone Company to commercialize his telephone patent. It evolves into AT&T, which dominates American telecommunications for a century. economy / technology ●●●●

1877 Edison invents the phonograph 0 cit. Thomas Edison built a machine that could record sound onto a tinfoil cylinder and play it back. For the first time, music and speech could be captured and heard again. technology ●●●●●

September 1877 Grand Orient de France drops belief in God requirement 0 cit. In 1877 the Grand Orient de France removed the requirement that members profess belief in a supreme being. The United Grand Lodge of England responded by withdrawing recognition, a split that still divides world Freemasonry. religion / society ●●●

1 January 1877 The Delhi Durbar of 1877 0 cit. A vast ceremonial assembly proclaimed Victoria as Empress of India before India's princes and officials. The spectacle displayed the pomp and hierarchy of imperial rule. culture / politics ●●●

1877 Grand Orient de France drops the Supreme Being requirement 0 cit. In 1877 the Grand Orient de France removed the obligation to profess belief in a Supreme Being and the presence of the Volume of the Sacred Law from its constitution. This opened membership to non-believers and marked a decisive turn toward a secular, liberal Freemasonry. politics / religion ●●●●

1877 Chinese famines of 1877-1879 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley records that Chinese population pressure was relieved by the famines of 1877-1879, which killed about 12 million people. ●●

1877 Rhodes writes his Confession of Faith 0 cit. The 23-year-old Cecil Rhodes sets down a Confession of Faith calling for a secret society to extend British rule over the whole world and bring the United States back into the empire. It is the documented ideological seed of the Rhodes Trust and, in Carroll Quigley's contested thesis, of a lasting Anglo-American elite network. politics / society ●●●●

1877 The Treasury was in charge of creating coins and paper currency; its Bureau... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Treasury was in charge of creating coins and paper currency; its Bureau of Engraving and Printing had been producing all currency for the US government, including silver and... ●●

1877 Standard Oil conquers last independent refineries ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On December 21, 1877, Camden reported completing the conquest of the last independent refineries, giving Standard Oil near-total monopoly. ●●

1877 While the small Russian fleet in the Black Sea performed bri rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story While the small Russian fleet in the Black Sea performed brilliantly against the Turks, the Russian army’s 1877 campaigning revealed that its post-Crimean War reforms had not really taken effect. Alth ●●

1877 By running it continuously for a month his crews produced a partially separated rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By running it continuously for a month his crews produced a partially separated 100-microgram sample of U235.1877 That was several hundred million times less than the 100 kilograms Robert Oppenheimer had originally estimated would be necessary to make a bomb. ●●

1877 During Russia’s 1877 campaign in the Balkans, Dost... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story During Russia’s 1877 campaign in the Balkans, Dostoyevsky wrote: Ask the people; ask the soldier; Why are they arising? ●●

1877 That was several hundred million times less than the 100 kilograms Robert Oppenheimer had originally rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story That was several hundred million times less than the 100 kilograms Robert Oppenheimer had originally estimated would be necessary to make a bomb. ●●