Events, Verisoph

1890 1890, the term “splendid isolation” still accurate... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1890, the term “splendid isolation” still accurately described British foreign policy. ●●

1890 French ally against a German foe. A remarkable cha... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story a French ally against a German foe. A remarkable change occurred in British foreign policy between 1890 and 1914. ●●

1890 It had not been solved when Groves committed the Manhattan Project to a $100 million gaseous-diffusi rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story It had not been solved when Groves committed the Manhattan Project to a $100 million gaseous-diffusion plant, however; no practical barrier was yet in hand. ●●

1890 1890: “The first generation of computers were machines that counte... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Rometty says, harking back to IBM’s roots in Herman Hollerith’s punch-card tabulators used for the 1890 census. “The second generation involved programmable machines that used the von Neumann architec ●●

1890 1890: ates a system using algebra for logical reasoning. 1890 The census is rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ates a system using algebra for logical reasoning. 1890 The census is tabulated with Herman Hollerith’s punch-card machines. 1931 Vannevar Bush devise ●●

1890 1890: Vannevar Bush (1890–1974), with his Differential Analyzer at MIT. Alan rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Vannevar Bush (1890–1974), with his Differential Analyzer at MIT. Alan Turing (1912–54), at the Sherborne School i ●●

1890 1890: eight years to manually tabulate the 1880 census. He resolved to autom rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story eight years to manually tabulate the 1880 census. He resolved to automate the 1890 count. Drawing on the way that railway conductors punch ●●

1890 1890: ade with universities and industrial laboratories.” 2 Bush was born ne rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ade with universities and industrial laboratories.” 2 Bush was born near Boston in 1890, the son of a Universalist minister who had begun his career a ●●

1890 1890: ed human intelligence and artificial intelligence. “The first generati rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ed human intelligence and artificial intelligence. “The first generation of computers were machines that counted and tabulated,” Rometty says, harking ●●

1890 Event of 1890 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ounterbalancing commitments keeping the equilibrium in place by a virtuoso performance that forestalled general conflict during his tenure. But a country whose security depends on producing a genius in each generation sets itself a task no society ha ●●

1890 Information history in 1890 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story n is concerned, as the various members of the body now are by the nervous system. ♦ The scattered members using telephones numbered half a million by 1890; by 1914, 10 million. ●●

1890 Alfred Marshall’s Principles of Economics, on which much of modern neoclassical economics is based, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Alfred Marshall’s Principles of Economics, on which much of modern neoclassical economics is based, was only published in 1890. ●●

1890 Bishop Crowther forced to resign ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Crowther was induced to resign in 1890, and died a couple of years later ●●

1890 I, 1890), 158-9 (III rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story I, 1890), 158-9 (III ●●

1890 Bank of England faces 1890 speculation crisis ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1890, the Bank of England once again faced crisis, again the result of widespread and excessive speculation in foreign securities, particularly Ame ●●

1890 It was only when the mergers of the 1890s began to consolidate and rationalize t rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story It was only when the mergers of the 1890s began to consolidate and rationalize their processing facilities that American industrial enterprises requir ●●

1890 Although specialized retailers and even department stores continued to sell thro rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Although specialized retailers and even department stores continued to sell through catalogues, the first serious challenge to Montgomery Ward came in ●●

1890 By the coming of the depression of the 1890s, the railroad map of the United Sta rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By the coming of the depression of the 1890s, the railroad map of the United States had taken the form that would remain relatively unchanged until th ●●

1890 For example, Rockefeller himself in the 1890s purchased large areas in the Mesab candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story For example, Rockefeller himself in the 1890s purchased large areas in the Mesabi range, helped to start the Colorado Iron and Fuel Company, and obtai ●●

1890 36 The magnitude of this task is suggested by the fact that by the 1890s an indi rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 36 The magnitude of this task is suggested by the fact that by the 1890s an individual hardware jobbing firm handled 6,000 items purchased from well o ●●

1890 As the company moved into the plug tobacco business in the late 1890s its leaf d rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As the company moved into the plug tobacco business in the late 1890s its leaf department built a similar organization in the Burley leaf district of ●●

1890 18 The major stockholders besides the Dukes were the owners of the companies tha rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 18 The major stockholders besides the Dukes were the owners of the companies that had merged with Duke’s firm to become American Tobacco in 1890 ●●

1890 During the 1890s, the meat packers had created as complex an organizational stru rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story During the 1890s, the meat packers had created as complex an organizational structure as those earlier developed by railroad systems ●●

1890 23 By 1890 Adams had organized departments at the company’s central office at 29 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 23 By 1890 Adams had organized departments at the company’s central office at 29 Broadway for domestic sales, foreign sales, purchasing, transportatio ●●

1890 American Tobacco Company formed in Duke merger ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The desire to control this competition caused Duke and his four competitors to merge in 1890, forming the American Tobacco Company ●●

1890 Second, until the passage of the Sherman Antitrust Act in 1890 and, indeed, unti... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Second, until the passage of the Sherman Antitrust Act in 1890 and, indeed, until the act’s interpretation by the Supreme Court, horizontal combination did not violate federal law ●●

1890 Sherman Antitrust Act passed ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Most important were, on the one hand, the protests against the trade associations and trusts that culminated in 1890 in the passage of the Sherman Antitrust Act, and, on the other, the efforts of the manufacturers that led to the New Jersey general incorporation law for holding companies ●●

1890 A second reason for the increasing number of mergers after 1890 was the growing... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A second reason for the increasing number of mergers after 1890 was the growing market for industrial securities ●●

1890 After 1890 buyers continued to take the securities of the new holding companies rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After 1890 buyers continued to take the securities of the new holding companies ●●

1890 48 The combinations were the reincarnation of National Starch, originally formed... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 48 The combinations were the reincarnation of National Starch, originally formed in 1890 and financially reorganized in 1900, and the Glucose Refining Company, established in 1897 by the Matthiessen brothers, leading sugar refiners who had long been associated with American Sugar ●●

1890 23 By 1890 Adams had organized departments at the company’s central office at 29... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 23 By 1890 Adams had organized departments at the company’s central office at 29 Broadway for domestic sales, foreign sales, purchasing, transportation, and three for processing—the manufacturing, refining, and the cake and meal departments ●●

1890 For example, in 1890 the British firm of Price, Waterhouse & Co rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story For example, in 1890 the British firm of Price, Waterhouse & Co ●●

November 1890 Mississippi constitution disenfranchises Black voters 0 cit. Mississippi adopted a new state constitution using poll taxes, literacy tests, and residency requirements to strip most Black men of the vote while evading the Fifteenth Amendment's ban on racial discrimination. Other Southern states copied the approach in the following two decades, known as the Mississippi Plan. Black voter registration in the state fell from the majority of the electorate to a small fraction within a few years. politics ●●

1 July 1890 Heligoland-Zanzibar Treaty fixes the Caprivi Strip 0 cit. Germany and Britain signed a treaty exchanging colonial territories that, among other provisions, attached a narrow strip of land in the northeast to German South-West Africa to give the colony access toward the Zambezi River. This became known as the Caprivi Strip. The treaty fixed the colony's borders largely as Namibia's borders remain today. diplomacy ●

1890 Hollerith's machines tabulate the 1890 census ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Herman Hollerith's electric tabulating machines process the 1890 U.S. census in a fraction of the time manual counting took. ●●

1890 London Diamond Syndicate formed to control diamond sales 0 cit. A syndicate of London diamond merchants agreed with De Beers to buy its entire output at fixed prices and manage the pace at which diamonds reached the market. The arrangement let De Beers regulate global supply without directly running the retail trade, an early version of the single-channel marketing system it would use for the next century. economy ●●

September 1890 British South Africa Company occupies Mashonaland 0 cit. The Pioneer Column, organized and funded by Rhodes's British South Africa Company, occupied Mashonaland and raised the company flag at Fort Salisbury. The occupation, financed substantially by De Beers-derived wealth, opened the territory that would become Southern Rhodesia to settler colonization. politics / war ●●

26 March 1890 Johannesburg Lodge No. 2313 consecrated 0 cit. Johannesburg Lodge No. 2313, warranted under the English constitution in 1889, was consecrated on 26 March 1890, part of a wave of English, Scottish, and Dutch lodges founded on the Rand within a few years of gold's discovery. Several more English lodges, including Goldfields, Boksburg, and Jeppestown, followed by 1893. economy / society ●●

1890 Louis Botha joins Aurora Lodge 0 cit. Louis Botha, who later became commander of Boer forces and the first Prime Minister of the Union of South Africa, joined Aurora Lodge in Pretoria in 1890. He is one of several Boer republican and later Union political figures documented as Freemasons. politics / society ●●

15 November 1890 Jose Rizal is raised a Master Mason in Lodge Solidaridad 0 cit. Jose Rizal joined Logia Solidaridad in Madrid in 1889 and was raised to Master Mason on November 15, 1890. His Masonic career, alongside fellow Filipino reformists Marcelo del Pilar and Antonio Luna, is documented in Philippine Masonic archives and his own correspondence. politics / society ●●

c. 1890 German colonial administration established at Windhoek 0 cit. Germany sets up a civil colonial government at Windhoek and begins signing so-called protection treaties with Herero and Nama chiefs. Settlers and land companies push into grazing territory, and colonial police and courts begin enforcing German control over indigenous land and labor. politics ●

29 December 1890 Wounded Knee Massacre 0 cit. U.S. 7th Cavalry troops surrounded a band of roughly 350 Lakota, mostly followers of Chief Spotted Elk (Big Foot) who had been practicing the Ghost Dance, at Wounded Knee Creek to disarm them. A shot rang out during the disarmament and soldiers opened fire with rifles and rapid-fire Hotchkiss guns; estimates of the dead range from about 150 to 300, according to varying contemporary and later accounts, including many women and children cut down as they fled. Twenty soldiers received the Medal of Honor for the action, awards that Native advocacy groups have since campaigned to rescind. war ●●●

c. 1890 Baldwin-Felts Detective Agency founded 0 cit. William G. Baldwin and Thomas L. Felts founded the Baldwin-Felts Detective Agency in Roanoke, Virginia, building a business supplying armed guards and strikebreakers to railroads and, especially, Appalachian coal operators. The agency became the dominant private policing force in the coalfields of West Virginia and Virginia through the early twentieth century, and its agents were repeatedly accused by miners and unions of evicting families from company housing at gunpoint. economy / society ●●

c. 1890 Rubber boom drives forced extraction 0 cit. Surging world demand for rubber, spurred by the pneumatic tyre and other industries, turned the Congo's wild rubber vines into a source of immense profit. Leopold's administration imposed harsh collection quotas on villagers, backed by armed agents and concession companies. The rubber system generated fortunes in Europe while devastating Congolese communities. economy / technology ●●●

1 May 1890 The first International Workers' Day 0 cit. Following a call from the Second International's founding congress, workers across Europe and the United States demonstrate on 1 May for the eight-hour day. The date honored the American movement whose 1886 strikes led to the Haymarket affair in Chicago. May Day became the labor movement's annual day of protest and, in many countries, a public holiday. diplomacy / politics / society ●●●

c. 1890 The civilizing mission and the Catholic Church 0 cit. Leopold, himself a Catholic, justified his rule with the language of a Christian civilizing mission and gave Catholic missionary orders land, subsidies, and a favored role, including state-linked children's colonies. Missionaries did build schools and clinics, and some later exposed abuses, but the religious framing also lent moral legitimacy to a system built on extraction. The civilizing rhetoric is best read as genuine belief for some participants and useful cover for the state's economic aims. politics / religion / society ●●

July 1890 George Washington Williams and 'crimes against humanity' 0 cit. The African American historian and journalist George Washington Williams traveled the Congo and, disillusioned, wrote an open letter to Leopold II cataloguing fraud, forced labor, and killing. He is widely credited with an early use of the phrase 'crimes against humanity' to describe the regime. His letter and report were among the first detailed, first-hand challenges to Leopold's humanitarian image, though they were largely ignored at the time. politics / society ●●●

c. 1890 France conquers West Africa 0 cit. French columns pushed out from Senegal along the Niger River and across the Sahel, absorbing kingdoms and stitching together a vast West African empire. The advance mixed treaties, alliances, and hard military campaigns against states such as the Tukulor empire. France aimed to link its holdings from the Atlantic to the Congo and the Nile. politics / war ●●

c. 1890 Missionaries seen as the spiritual arm of conquest 0 cit. Christian missions often arrived alongside traders, soldiers, and administrators, and many Africans read them as the spiritual wing of the same conquest. Missionaries attacked ancestor veneration, initiation, and traditional medicine as heathen or as witchcraft. Defending the old religion therefore became a way of defending the whole social order against foreign rule. culture / politics / religion ●●●

c. 1890 The muma, a binding oath in Kikuyu custom 0 cit. Long before colonial rule, the Kikuyu used a sacred oath called muma to settle disputes and bind people to the truth. The word comes from the Maa term ol mumai, showing shared ritual language with neighboring peoples. An oath-taker would swear a formula such as "if I am lying, may this oath kill me," invoking thahu, a dangerous ritual pollution believed to waste the body of a guilty person and his clan. The oath was feared and treated as one of the most serious acts an elder could perform. culture / religion / society ●●

c. 1890 Allidina Visram builds a trading empire into the interior 0 cit. The Ismaili merchant Allidina Visram set up dukas and depots along the old caravan routes and later the new railway, reaching deep into Uganda and the lakes region. By his death in 1916 he was the leading Indian trader of East Africa, with interests in produce, transport and manufacturing. His network showed how Indian commerce followed the line inland. economy / society ●●

1890 The Heligoland Treaty Makes Zanzibar a British Protectorate 0 cit. In the 1890 Heligoland-Zanzibar Treaty Germany dropped its claims to Zanzibar in exchange for the North Sea island of Heligoland. Zanzibar, and with it the coast, became a British protectorate. diplomacy / politics ●●

1890 May Day evolves as an international workers' festival ai_extracted 1 cit. May Day began in 1890 as a one-day international strike and demonstration for the eight-hour day. It rapidly absorbed ritual and symbolic elements, becoming a highly charged annual festival of working-class identity, complete with red flags, flowers, banners and oratory. ●●

c. 1890 The uitlanders and their grievances 0 cit. Foreign migrants, called uitlanders (outlanders), pour into the Transvaal to work the goldfields and soon rival the Boers in number. President Paul Kruger's government taxes them heavily but withholds the vote, fearing they would swamp the republic. Their complaints about the franchise, taxes, and mining costs become the public grievance that British officials use to press their case against Kruger. politics / society ●●●

1890 Cecil Rhodes, mining magnate and Cape premier 0 cit. Rhodes has built a fortune in Kimberley diamonds and Rand gold and now becomes Prime Minister of the Cape Colony. He fuses mining wealth with political power and dreams of British rule stretching from the Cape to Cairo. The Boer republics, sitting on the goldfields, stand squarely in the path of his expansion. economy / politics ●●●

c. 1890 Sakawa, the Gusii seer and the omoraeri tradition 0 cit. The Gusii honoured prophets and diviners, the abaraeri, and the best remembered is Sakawa, a seer of the late nineteenth century credited with foretelling the coming of pale strangers, the iron snake of the railway and upheaval to follow. He was a real and influential figure; the specific prophecies attributed to him grew and hardened in the retelling after colonial rule arrived. Such seers gave warning, blessing and guidance in a society without central rulers. religion / society ●●

c. 1890 The Akamba pushed into drought-prone Ukambani 4 cit. The Kamba are a large Bantu people, yet colonial land policy confined them to the semi-arid reserves of Ukambani in Machakos and Kitui, land that dried out and eroded under pressure. Once famed as long-distance ivory traders, they became one of the main sources of soldiers for the King's African Rifles and of porters for colonial expeditions. A big community was turned into a labour and military reserve on poor land. economy / politics ●●

c. 1890 Anglo-German boundary divides the Kuria between two colonies 0 cit. Anglo-German agreements in 1886 and 1890 fixed the boundary between British East Africa and German East Africa. The line ran through Kuria country, leaving part of the people in what became Kenya and part in what became Tanganyika, now Tanzania. Kuria communities on both sides remained linked by clan and kinship despite the border. diplomacy / politics ●●

c. 1890 Masonic lodges lay courthouse cornerstones as public civic ceremonies 4 cit. Masonic lodges publicly laid cornerstones for some courthouses and other public buildings, using ritual tools such as the square, level, plumb, and corn, wine, and oil. Texas courthouse examples and museum accounts show real civic overlap between local elites, public architecture, and the lodge. They do not show that later court proceedings are Masonic rituals in a legal-jurisdictional sense. culture / politics / religion / society ●●●●

15 May 1891 Founding of Philips 0 cit. Gerard Philips and his father found a light bulb factory in Eindhoven. Philips grows into one of the world's biggest electronics firms and co-develops the compact cassette and the CD; its chip unit spawns ASML and NXP. economy / technology ●●●

c. 1891 Battle of Mulayda and Rashidi Dominance 0 cit. The rival Al Rashid dynasty of Hail defeated the Al Saud, ending the Second Saudi State. The Al Saud went into exile in Kuwait. politics / war ●●●

c. 1891 to c. 1916 Building of the Trans-Siberian Railway 0 cit. Russia built a rail line stretching thousands of kilometers to link European Russia with the Pacific coast. The railway boosted settlement, trade, and military reach across Siberia. economy / technology ●●●

1891 to 1904 Russia builds the Trans-Siberian Railway 0 cit. Russia built a railway across Siberia to link its vast territory and open the east. The line was part of a late, state-led drive to industrialize under finance minister Sergei Witte. economy / technology ●●●

15 May 1891 Rerum Novarum and Catholic social teaching 0 cit. Pope Leo XIII addressed the conditions of workers, defending private property while calling for fair wages and the right to form unions. The encyclical launched modern Catholic social teaching and offered a Church answer to socialism and unchecked capitalism. economy / politics / religion / society ●●●

1891 Swiss direct democracy and referendums 0 cit. Switzerland let citizens propose laws and overturn parliament's decisions through frequent national referendums. It became the leading modern example of direct democracy alongside elected government. politics / society ●●●

1891 Rhodes and Stead found a secret society, 1891 ai_extracted 1 cit. Quigley asserts that on February 5, 1891, Cecil Rhodes and W. T. Stead formally organized a secret society, with an inner circle of Rhodes, Stead, Brett, and Milner, to extend British and English-speaking power. ●●

1891 Quigley asserts a secret society has met since 1891 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In the preface Quigley asserts that Rhodes and Milner created a secret society that still meets in secret. He claims its meetings have been presided over by a succession of leaders since 1891. ●●

1891 Quigley dates the secret society's founding to February 1891 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley opens his account by asserting that in February 1891 three men met in London to organize a secret society. He names them as Cecil Rhodes, W. T. Stead, and Reginald Baliol Brett. ●●

1891 The secret society takes form in 1891 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley says the society took shape in 1891, the year of Rhodes's fourth will. Stead was made a trustee alongside Lord Rothschild, with Stead directing how the funds were used. ●●

1891 The society divided into an inner and outer circle ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In February 1891 Stead and Rhodes organized the society into two circles. The inner 'Society of the Elect' and the outer 'Association of Helpers' became Quigley's framework for the whole group. ●●

1891 Francis Amasa Walker declares 'racial suicide' in 1891 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto reports that in 1891 MIT president Francis Amasa Walker declared that Anglo-Saxons were committing 'racial suicide,' launching a decades-long scientific racism campaign. ●●

1891 Cecil Rhodes founds his secret society ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The book asserts, following Quigley, that Cecil Rhodes founded a secret society in 1891 that continues to operate through later 'instruments.' It presents this society as the origin of the Network. ●●

1891 Koch Institute for Infectious Diseases founded in Berlin ai_extracted 1 cit. no story With a rush of emotion, Gates drafted a strongly worded memo to Rockefeller, advocating the establishment of such an institute and citing European precedents, including the Pasteur Institute in Paris (founded in 1888) and the Koch Institute for Infectious Diseases in Berlin (1891), both of which greatly elevated the prestige of European medicine. ●●

1891 Rockefeller gains control of the Lima oil field ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “This latest deal shows that it has started to crush out the producers of the crude oil and obtain control of their property.” 17 By 1891, Rockefeller had gained control of a majority of the Lima f... ●●

1891 Sherman Antitrust Bill Introduced rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Never one to hold grudges in business, unfazed by the new law, Rockefeller supported the reelection of Senator Sherman in 1891. ●●

1891 Oil Industry Development rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story When Rockefeller consented to his demand for an extra million dollars to transfer the Morgan Park Theological Seminary to the new Chicago campus, the thirty-four-year-old Harper capitulated and for... ●●

1891 1891–1986. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 1891–1986. New York: William Morrow and Company, Inc., 1992. ●●

1891 Whereas the Franco-Russian Agreement of 1891 had b... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Whereas the Franco-Russian Agreement of 1891 had been a diplomatic instrument and could plausibly have been argued to be aimed at Great Britain as wel ●●

c. 1891 Rhodes and Stead discuss a secret society contested 0 cit. Cecil Rhodes, journalist W. T. Stead, and Reginald Baliol Brett (later Lord Esher) discussed forming a secret organization, sometimes called the 'Society of the Elect,' to work toward Anglo-American unity and British world influence. The plan itself is documented in Rhodes's and Stead's correspondence. Historian Carroll Quigley later argued this circle evolved into the network behind the Round Table groups and the Rhodes Trust; that broader claim of an ongoing secret hierarchy is contested and disputed by other historians. politics ●●

c. 1891 Rhodes founds the Society of the Elect 0 cit. Cecil Rhodes, journalist W. T. Stead, and courtier Reginald Brett (Lord Esher) formed a small secret group, later called the Society of the Elect, surrounded by a wider circle of sympathizers known as the Association of Helpers. Historian Carroll Quigley documented this group from Rhodes's papers and argued it was an attempt to realize the 1877 Confession of Faith through elite recruitment rather than mass organization. The group's existence is documented, but claims that it secretly directed British imperial policy as a whole go beyond the surviving evidence and remain contested among historians. politics / society ●●

c. 1891 Juan Vucetich creates the first fingerprint classification system 0 cit. Working for the police in Buenos Aires province, Croatian-Argentine police official Juan Vucetich developed a practical system for classifying and filing fingerprints for criminal identification. His system predated and ran parallel to the Galton-Henry system used in Britain. Argentina became the first country to make fingerprinting its official method of criminal identification. science ●●

c. 1891 The Force Publique and enforcement by terror 0 cit. The Force Publique, the state's private army of African conscripts under mostly European officers, enforced rubber quotas by burning villages, taking women and children hostage, and killing those who fell short. Soldiers were ordered to account for their cartridges, which led to the practice of cutting off the hands of the dead, and sometimes the living, as proof. The severed hand became the era's defining image of the system. economy / society / war ●●●

c. 1891 The Emutai: Rinderpest, Smallpox and Famine Break the Maasai 6 cit. In the early 1890s a cattle plague called rinderpest swept south through East Africa and destroyed most of the Maasai herds, followed by smallpox and famine among the people. Maasai tradition remembers this disaster as the emutai, the wiping out, a time when whole sections lost their cattle and their strength. The catastrophe left the Maasai weakened and divided just as the British arrived, and historians argue it made their later conquest and displacement far easier. economy / science / society ●●●

April 1891 Imperial British East Africa Company builds Fort Smith at Dagoretti 0 cit. Acting for the Imperial British East Africa Company, Major Eric Smith planted a fortified post at Dagoretti on the southern edge of Kikuyu country, replacing an earlier station Frederick Lugard had set up in 1890. Fort Smith sat astride the caravan road to Uganda and depended on the surrounding Kikuyu for food. It quickly became a flashpoint, as company men demanded grain and raided for supplies while Kikuyu forces besieged the stockade. economy / war ●●

c. 1891 The great rinderpest panzootic destroys the cattle contested 0 cit. Around 1890 to 1891 the rinderpest panzootic that swept down Africa reached the Maasai and killed the great majority of their cattle in a matter of months. Herds that had numbered in the thousands were reduced to a handful of survivors. Contemporary and later estimates of losses running above ninety percent of the cattle are widely cited but hard to verify precisely. economy / environment ●●●●

17 August 1892 Franco-Russian Alliance 0 cit. Secret military convention between France and Russia promising mutual mobilization against the Triple Alliance, ratified in 1894. It ended France's isolation and created the alignment that faced Germany in 1914. diplomacy / politics / war ●●●

15 April 1892 Founding of General Electric 0 cit. Edison General Electric and Thomson-Houston merge to form General Electric. The company dominates American electrical industry for a century and is a founding member of the Dow Jones Industrial Average. economy / technology ●●●●

1 July 1892 Founding of Carnegie Steel 0 cit. Andrew Carnegie consolidates his steel operations into the Carnegie Steel Company. Using Bessemer technology and ruthless cost cutting, it becomes the largest and most profitable steel maker in the world. economy ●●●●

1892 Founding of Eastman Kodak 0 cit. George Eastman incorporates Eastman Kodak, four years after launching the Kodak camera with the slogan 'You press the button, we do the rest.' Kodak makes photography a mass consumer activity. culture / economy / technology ●●●

1892 Publication of The Conquest of Bread 0 cit. Peter Kropotkin publishes The Conquest of Bread, setting out anarchist communism as a society of voluntary cooperation without state or wages. The book becomes anarchism's most influential constructive program. politics ●●

c. March 1892 British Exclusive Agreements with the Trucial States 0 cit. The Trucial sheikhdoms agreed not to deal with any foreign power except Britain in exchange for protection. The arrangement made the coast a British protectorate in all but name. politics ●●●

1892 Ohio court orders the Standard Oil Trust dissolved 0 cit. The Ohio Supreme Court ruled in 1892 that the Standard Oil Trust violated state law and ordered it broken up. Standard reorganised its holdings, later centring control in a New Jersey holding company. economy / politics ●●●

1892 Formation of General Electric 0 cit. In 1892 Morgan financed the merger of Edison General Electric with the Thomson-Houston Electric Company to create General Electric. It became one of the largest industrial firms in the world. economy / technology ●●●

1892 Indian Councils Act of 1892 pushed through by Curzon ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Indian Councils Act of 1892 was carried through the Commons by George Curzon, then Under Secretary and protege of Lord Salisbury. Quigley says it introduced representative and communal principles into Indian government. ●●

1892 Munsterberg becomes Harvard psychology professor ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto identifies Hugo Munsterberg as an early architect of mass schooling who arrived from Wilhelm Wundt's Leipzig laboratory. In 1892 he became a Harvard professor of psychology and taught his students to treat schools as social laboratories. ●●

1892 Homestead steel strike breaks craft union power ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto notes that skilled-worker craft unions regulated factory work up to the Homestead steel strike of 1892, after which such unions were rendered ineffective except for the United Mine Workers. ●●

1892 Bankruptcy of the Panama Canal Company ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1892 the Panama Canal Company collapsed, and some 800,000 French investors lost $200 million. The scandal exposed deep corruption in France's political and financial elite. ●●

1892 The oral history that has come down through the Morgan famil rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The oral history that has come down through the Morgan family contends that Jack wanted to be a doctor and became a banker only when his father made it a matter of family honor.50 In 1892, at the age ... ●●

1892 University of Chicago Founding Support rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story From $124,000 in 1889 (right before his big pledge to Gates), his donations soared to $304,000 in 1890, $510,000 in 1891, and then a spectacular $1.35 million in 1892 ($22 million today) as he open... ●●

1892 Oil Industry Development rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By 1892, Gates joyously proclaimed to Rockefeller, “Our denomination has a larger, better distributed, better organized, and more efficient educational property than any other denomination in Ameri... ●●