Events, Verisoph

1945 Louis Democrat in 1872 yielded $456,000; and city newspapers were sell... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Louis Democrat in 1872 yielded $456,000; and city newspapers were selling at from $6 to $18 million in the 1920s.8 The cost of machinery alone, of even very small newspapers, has for many decades run ●●

1945 Before looking at the media’s handling of Guatemala, however, let us s... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Before looking at the media’s handling of Guatemala, however, let us step back for a brief review of the crucial period 1945–54 and its sequel to set the stage for an examination of the media’s role i ●●

1945 Event of 1945 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story One of the most battered nations, Japan, grew by two and a half million people between 1940 and 1945 ●●

1945 ge of what Germany was doing, would claim rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ge of what Germany was doing, would claim they only discovered Hitler’s merciless anti-Semitic and political repression, as well as the Reich’s fascist medical programs, after the Allies triumphed in 1945. But in truth, Hitler’s atrocities against Jews and others were chronicled daily on the pages o ●●

1945 .65 Within a month of the publication of rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story .65 Within a month of the publication of “Genocide-A Modern Crime,” the Third Reich fell. Lemkin’s codified principles of genocide, war crimes and crimes against humanity became pivotal. In August of 1945, the victorious Allies met in London and chartered an international military tribunal to bring ●●

1945 Japan announces acceptance of the Potsdam Declaration ai_extracted 1 cit. no story There were a number of important legal steps leading up to this result, including the August 16, 1945, announcement by the emperor that Japan had accepted the Potsdam Declaration and unconditional surrender, and the Imperial Rescript of January 1, 19 ●●

1945 The Politics of the Prussian Army, 1640–1945 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Politics of the Prussian Army, 1640–1945. ●●

1945 Perhaps most of all, the turn against socio-economic analysis has been motivated by a sense of ennui rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Perhaps most of all, the turn against socio-economic analysis has been motivated by a sense of ennui, the impression that there is simply nothing new to say, that all the major questions were answered by the first two generations of historians and so ●●

1945 This point emerges very clearly from the soul-searching that went on after the war on the part of Dr rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story This point emerges very clearly from the soul-searching that went on after the war on the part of Dr Georg von Schnitzler, second in command at IG until 1945.™ In an affidavit he composed in the desperate monthsprior to his trial at Nuremberg, Schnit ●●

1945 CHINA 1945 to 1960s David rejected ai_extracted 4 cit. no story CHINA 1945 to 1960s David Barrett, Dixie Mission: The United States Army Observer Group in Yenan, 1944 (Center for Chinese Studies, University of California, Berkeley, 1970), passim; R ●●

1945 And the policies score- card rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story And the policies score- card reads as follows: From 1945 to 2003, the United States attempted to overthrow more than 40 foreign governments, and to crush more than 30 populist-nationalist movements fighting against intolerable regimes ●●

1945 Korea 1945-1953 Was it all rejected ai_extracted 2 cit. no story Korea 1945-1953 Was it all that it appeared to be ●●

1945 The prospect of an escalated rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The prospect of an escalated war led the US 24 China 1945 to 1960s later to have second thoughts and to ask Chiang to abandon the islands, but he then refused ●●

1945 While com-batting the Japanese during rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story While com-batting the Japanese during 1945, the American military took many measures aimed at quashing this resistance army, the Huks (a shortening of Hukbalahap—‘“People’s Army Against Japan” in Tagalog) ●●

1945 ELAS agrees to armistice in Greece ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In mid-January 1945 ELAS agreed to an armistice, one that had much of the appear-ance and the effect of a surrender ●●

1945 Whatever actually lay behind the rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Whatever actually lay behind the announcement, it is evident that very little reliance, if any, can be placed upon statements made by the South Korean government con- cerning the start of the war.4 46 Korea 1945-1953 There were, in fact, reports in ●●

1945 This story arose to explain rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story This story arose to explain the fact that as many as 30 percent of American POWs had collaborated with the enemy in one way or D2 Korea 1945-1953 another, and “one man in every seven, or more than thirteen per cent, was guilty of serious collaborati ●●

1945 In 1945, former Secretary of rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1945, former Secretary of State Dean Acheson has written, official American policy was explicitly “to bring home to the Germans that they could not escape the suffering they had brought upon themselves .. ●●

1945 For further discussion of the rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story For further discussion of the UN’s bias at this time see Jon Halliday, “The United Nations and Korea”, in Frank Baldwin, ed., Without Parallel: The American-Korean Relationship Since 1945 (New York, 1974), pp ●●

1945 Patrick Seale, The Struggle for rejected ai_extracted 2 cit. no story Patrick Seale, The Struggle for Syria: A Study of Post-War Arab Politics, 1945-1958 (London, 1965) pp ●●

1945 US Department of Defense, United rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story US Department of Defense, United States - Vietnam Relations, 1945-67 (the government edition of the Pentagon Papers) book 2, IV, A.5, tab 4, p ●●

1945 Gary school desegregation strike ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Levenda describes the Gary School Strike in fall 1945, where high school students boycotted classes over desegregation plans. He notes his father Leonard Levenda was considered a leader of the boycott. ●●

1945 Vannevar Bush publishes 'As We May Think' ai_extracted 2 cit. no story Bush's essay imagined the memex, a personal machine for storing and linking information. ●●

1945 ENIAC becomes fully operational ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After a year of construction, ENIAC becomes fully operational, able to perform five thousand additions per second. ●●

1945 Vannevar Bush delivers Science, the Endless Frontier ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Bush's report to the president argues for government funding of basic research through universities and industry, shaping postwar American science policy. ●●

1945 German financial monopoly is broken up after defeat in 1945 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Nkrumah notes that German financial monopoly, having already been battered by the 1918 redivision of the colonial world, took a second beating with Germany's defeat at the end of the Second World War. ●●

1945 World Federation of Trade Unions founded ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Out of the euphoria of the anti-fascist victory, the World Federation of Trade Unions was formed, uniting nearly all of world labour outside the American Federation of Labor. ●●

25 May 1946 Independence of Jordan 0 cit. no story Transjordan becomes the independent Hashemite Kingdom under King Abdullah I, ending the British mandate. politics ●●●

17 April 1946 Independence of Syria 0 cit. no story The last French troops leave Syria, completing independence from the French mandate. politics ●●●

19 December 1946 to 1 August 1954 First Indochina War 0 cit. no story The Viet Minh fight France for Vietnamese independence, winning decisively at Dien Bien Phu in 1954. The Geneva Accords divide Vietnam at the 17th parallel, setting the stage for the Vietnam War. politics / war ●●●●

March 1946 to 16 October 1949 Greek Civil War 0 cit. no story Communist guerrillas fight the Western-backed Greek government in the Cold War's first armed confrontation. The government wins with American aid under the Truman Doctrine. politics / war ●●●

1946 Bank of England nationalized ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Labour government nationalized the Bank of England in 1946, yet Quigley notes the old merchant bankers retained some of their dominant influence over it even afterward. ●●

1946 Marshall Plan aid to Western Europe ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley lists US economic and technical aid, beginning with the Marshall Plan, as one of the three forces behind postwar Western European growth, along with financial techniques and Common Market integration. ●●

1946 Clay halts reparations to the Soviet zone ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On 3 May 1946 General Lucius Clay told the Russians the U.S. would ship no more West German industrial equipment as reparations until they treated Germany as an economic unit. ●●

1946 United States credit to Britain ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In July 1946 the United States provided Britain a credit of $3,750 million at 2 percent to tide over its postwar balance-of-payments deficit until exports could recover. ●●

1946 McMahon Act creates the Atomic Energy Commission ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The atomic scientists' lobbying pushed the McMahon bill to signature in August 1946, setting up a five-member civilian Atomic Energy Commission with control of all fissionable material. ●●

1946 Baruch Plan for international atomic control ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Presented to the UN on 14 June 1946, the Baruch Plan offered to place all uranium and nuclear facilities under an international control body free of the Great Power veto. ●●

1946 Arrest and acquittal of Lieutenant Redin ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley uses the March 1946 arrest of Soviet Lieutenant Redin, later acquitted, as an early example of 'atomic spy' cases built on false press claims. ●●

1946 Irgun bombs the King David Hotel ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After Britain refused admission of 100,000 refugees and moved to arrest the Jewish Agency, the Irgun Zvai Le'umi exploded 500 pounds of TNT under the British headquarters in the King David Hotel in Jerusalem, killing nearly a hundred people. The attack marked rising extremist influence within the Zionist movement. ●●

1946 SCAP issues Japan's postwar constitution ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The constitution issued by SCAP in 1946 provided for a prime minister chosen by the 467 members of the House of Representatives, elected by universal adult suffrage. The multi-member district system ensured minority representation and encouraged party coalitions. ●●

1946 Quigley: the Group's last public act, the Italo-Yugoslav boundary ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley names the drawing of the Italo-Yugoslav boundary as the Milner Group's last important public act, carried out by All Souls figures on the Boundary Commission. ●●

1946 Schacht acquitted at Nuremberg ai_extracted 1 cit. no story At the Nuremberg trials, Schacht and von Papen were acquitted because their involvement with the Nazi regime had ended before the war. Schacht was rearrested under Bavaria's de-Nazification laws and finally freed in 1950. ●●

1946 Whatever the truth on that rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Whatever the truth on that point is, it is clear that Vlasov and ten of his senior officers were tried for treason in Moscow during the summer of 1946. On August 12 the Soviet radio announced that “all of the accused admitted their guilt and were condemned to death. ●●

1946 By 1946 these groups had candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By 1946 these groups had been convicted as organizational perpetrators of war crimes and crimes against humanity by the Nuremberg tribunal, and the earlier assertion of criminality had taken on the force of international law. But Gehlen’s reassurances on the SS issue proved to be false. ●●

1946 Walter Rauff escapes the Rimini POW camp ai_extracted 1 cit. no story According to the Wiesenthal report, Rauff was interned at the Rimini POW camp for about eighteen months after the war but succeeded in slipping away under mysterious circumstances in December 1946. ●●

1946 4 Despite the official ban rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 4 Despite the official ban on hiring ex-Nazis, however, the Labor Service divisions began recruiting Waffen SS volunteers at least as early as 1946. ●●

1946 First Latvian labor company formed under Skaistlauks ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The first Latvian labor company, for example, was created on June 27, 1946, under the command of Voldemars Skaistlauks, a former Latvian SS general. All six of his top lieutenants in the U. ●●

1946 *Perhaps the most dramatic single rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story *Perhaps the most dramatic single escape through church channels was the 1946 deliverance of an entire Ukrainian Waffen SS division— some 11,000 men, plus many of their families—with the personal assistance of Pope Pius XII. ●●

1946 Operations—Pincher,” June 18, 1946 (top secret), cited in Evangelis... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Operations—Pincher,” June 18, 1946 (top secret), cited in Evangelista’s study. 8. ●●

1946 Army CIC Special Agent Leo J. Pagmotta in December 1946 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Army CIC Special Agent Leo J. Pagmotta in December 1946 in connection with Operation Circle, an investigation into a mass escape of prisoners from the Rimini POW camp north of Rome... ●●

1946 “Die Behandlung des russichen Problems wahrend der Zeit des nationa... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “Die Behandlung des russichen Problems wahrend der Zeit des national-sozialistischen Regimes in Deutschland,” typescript, n.d. (1946?). Burnham, James. ●●

1946 Case No. 4111, CIC Rome Detachment, Zone Five, December 26 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Case No. 4111, CIC Rome Detachment, Zone Five, December 26 (?), 1946, (secret). Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists. ●●

1946 FBI warns Truman that White leaked to Soviets ai_extracted 2 cit. no story In 1946, the FBI alerted President Truman that Treasury official Harry Dexter White had passed secret intelligence to the Soviet Union. White was removed from consideration as IMF leader but retained his position as an executive director. ●●

1946 Bretton Woods delegates reconvene at Savannah ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In March 1946, Bretton Woods delegates reconvened at Savannah, Georgia, to finalize and ratify the international monetary agreement. By then Cold War tensions were rising and Soviet-American cooperation had collapsed. ●●

1946 Souers named first Central Intelligence Group director ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Truman appointed Admiral Souers as director of the Central Intelligence Group, though Truman treated the appointment with ceremonial mockery. ●●

1946 Wisner's Romanian spy network destroyed by Soviets ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Wisner learned his Romanian intelligence network had been destroyed by the Soviet regime, with most agents imprisoned or dead. ●●

1946 Victoria oat variety wiped out by crown rust ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Victoria oat variety, bred to resist crown rust fungus and planted throughout the United States in 1940, succumbed to a devastating epidemic in 1946. ●●

1946 In 1946, he married a rejected ai_extracted 2 cit. no story In 1946, he married a tall, funny, formidably blunt lady named Wilma Shannon. On Jewish holidays, he was always in a quandary about whether to work... ●●

1946 As he had since 1946, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As he had since 1946, he continued to insist upon diversification, and in 1964 Mercury Securities added the British Gallup Poll firm to its portfolio... ●●

1946 In addition (1946) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After the Brandeis, Goldschmidt sale, he became a deeply depressed person, something of a misfit. In the drab atmosphere of 1946 Britain, he couldn’t ... ●●

1946 On January 29 (1946) candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On January 29, 1946, The Times of London ran a minute three-line notice on the bottom of page seven. It said in its entirety: “The name of the New Tra... ●●

1946 CHAPTER 39––Our Aryan At the end of World War II (1946) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “He was very constructive—always seeing the positive in life.”2 With Eric’s long history as a ladies’ man, Max and Alice pressed him to wrap things up... ●●

1946 1946 European rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As early as April 1946 the State Department was urging the need to give support to “the United Kingdom and the communications of the British Commonwealth.”110 The growing acceptanc... ●●

1946 1946 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story They were also aware that Moscow, in its turn, had been less than wholehearted in its support of the Chinese Communist Party and had, even as late as 1946 and 1948, tried to balanc... ●●

1946 13. AD. Box 27, letter from Eric Warburg rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 13. AD. Box 27, letter from Eric Warburg, October 3, 1946. ●●

1946 Quoted in Elliott Roosevelt, As He Saw It (New York: Duell, Sloan and Pearce, 1946), pp rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quoted in Elliott Roosevelt, As He Saw It (New York: Duell, Sloan and Pearce, 1946), pp. ●●

1946 Quoted in Frances Perkins, The Roosevelt I Knew (New York: Viking, 1946), pp rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quoted in Frances Perkins, The Roosevelt I Knew (New York: Viking, 1946), pp. ●●

1946 Liebow used a British invention, the Standardized Casualty Rate, to compute that Little Boy produced rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Liebow used a British invention, the Standardized Casualty Rate, to compute that Little Boy produced casualties, including dead, 6,500 times more efficiently than an ordinary HE bomb. ●●

1946 Szilard Papers: “Only a man with [Szilard’s] brass would have pushed through to the President. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Szilard Papers: “Only a man with [Szilard’s] brass would have pushed through to the President. ●●

1946 1946: 8p, B 1, F 11, S 109 Mauchly: Apic/Contributor/Hulton Arch... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story S 109 Mauchly: Apic/Contributor/Hulton Archive/Getty Images Eckert: © Bettmann/Corbis ENIAC in 1946: University of Pennsylvania Archives Aiken and Hopper: By a staff photographer / © 1946 The Christia ●●

1946 1946: Howard Aiken and Grace Hopper (1906–92) with a part of Babbage’s Diffe rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Howard Aiken and Grace Hopper (1906–92) with a part of Babbage’s Difference Engine at Harvard in 1946. Jean Jennings and Frances Bilas with ENIAC. Jea ●●

1946 1946: who would have rights to the innovations on EDVAC. The wrangling was c rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story who would have rights to the innovations on EDVAC. The wrangling was complex, but the upshot was that Mauchly and Eckert left Penn at the end of March ●●

1946 1946: terfaces, and feature delightful graphic displays. STEVE RUSSELL AND S rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story terfaces, and feature delightful graphic displays. STEVE RUSSELL AND SPACEWAR The hacker subculture, as well as the seminal video game Spacewar , eman ●●

1946 1946: Aiken: Harvard University Archives, UAV 362.7295.8p, B 1, F 11, S 109 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Aiken: Harvard University Archives, UAV 362.7295.8p, B 1, F 11, S 109 Mauchly: Apic/Contributor/Hulton Archive/Getty Images Eckert: © Bettmann/Corbis ●●

1946 1946 There are two kinds of creation myths: those where lif rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story —John von Neumann, 1946 There are two kinds of creation myths: those where life arises out of the mud, and those where life falls from the sky ●●

1946 There was one notable exception: Julian Bigelow rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story There was one notable exception: Julian Bigelow, who arrived at the Institute, in 1946, as John von Neumann’s chief engineer ●●

1946 ound) was one of the principal organizers of the army’s Elec rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Army Ordnance and the Aberdeen Proving Ground) was one of the principal organizers of the army’s Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer, or ENIA ●●

1946 uld remember indefinitely without rejuvenation … just memori rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “One should be able to go to any element without having to go to all the others [and] it should remember indefinitely without rejuvenation … just memo ●●

1946 Not only was von Neumann impatient to get started on the com rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Not only was von Neumann impatient to get started on the computer, but Aydelotte was about to leave for Palestine, as a member of the Joint Anglo-Amer ●●

1946 At the time the computer project was launched in 1946 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story At the time the computer project was launched in 1946, Veblen occupied room 124 on the ground floor, with bay windows looking out toward the end of Ol ●●

1946 This he did.” The engineers also had to install their own wi rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story This he did.” The engineers also had to install their own wiring, and, reminiscent of Julian Bigelow’s installation of a single circuit to his bedroom ●●

1946 The new building would not be ready to move into until Chris rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The new building would not be ready to move into until Christmas of 1946 ●●

1946 rmined essentially by the existing amplitude of a voltage or rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Elements of which the state is determined essentially by the existing amplitude of a voltage or signal are called ‘gates.’ ”57 In 1946, on the eve of ●●

1946 Bernal sent Booth on a mission to survey the state of comput rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1946, Bernal sent Booth on a mission to survey the state of computing in the United States ●●

1946 magnetic wire was the recording medium of choice rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1946, magnetic wire was the recording medium of choice ●●

1946 re as Thompson did and carry down a large quantity of sugar rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “To come up here as Thompson did and carry down a large quantity of sugar in excess of your rations is not cricket,” Aydelotte continued, “and I shoul ●●

1946 He remembers: “1946 was a year of ferment rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story He remembers: “1946 was a year of ferment, for the formulation of the problem and the means of solving it were at last moving toward each other, albei ●●

1946 Orders will follow.’ ”17 Thompson arrived at the Institute rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Orders will follow.’ ”17 Thompson arrived at the Institute in December 1946, moving into one of the Mineville apartments at the foot of Olden Lane ●●

1946 but because they really wanted to believe that forecasting s rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As Thompson explained, they “were against it, not for any objective reasons but because they really wanted to believe that forecasting should be an ar ●●

1946 TEN Monte Carlo Between 1946 and 1955 we crossed the count rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story TEN Monte Carlo Between 1946 and 1955 we crossed the country twenty-eight times by car ●●

1946 1946 “ONCE IN MY LIFE I had a mathematical dream which prov rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story —John von Neumann to Edward Teller, 1946 “ONCE IN MY LIFE I had a mathematical dream which proved correct,” remembers Stanislaw Ulam, born in Lwów, P ●●

1946 the entire Theoretical Division had been reduced to eight pe rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story With the war over, the entire Theoretical Division had been reduced to eight people by 1946 ●●

1946 Emergency Committee of Atomic Scientists is founded ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Albert Einstein, Léo Szilárd, Harold Urey, Linus Pauling, Victor Weisskopf, and Hans Bethe formed the Emergency Committee of Atomic Scientists, holdin ●●

1946 He lectured on Einstein’s theory of relativity at the Univer rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story He lectured on Einstein’s theory of relativity at the University of Oslo, published a volume of lecture notes on the theory of probability and statist ●●

1946 ENIAC is publicly unveiled ai_extracted 2 cit. no story The ENIAC was publicly unveiled in February of 1946, while the existence of Colossus would not be officially acknowledged for thirty-two years ●●

1946 ll the other groups trying to build a practical implementati rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Well, they had a little vector started that turned out subsequently to be very important vectors.”22 How did the von Neumann vector manage to outdist ●●

1946 ” von Neumann reported to Klári in November 1946 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Bureau of Standards, at first for 1 year and 50 kilobucks,” von Neumann reported to Klári in November 1946 ●●

1946 Alan Turing receives the Order of the British Empire ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Alan Turing received the Order of the British Empire in 1946, yet, under the Official Secrets Act, he could never talk openly about his wartime work ●●

1946 see Los Alamos; Manhattan Project “Proposed Electronic Calcu rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Air Force) Project Whirlwind, 8.1, 17.1 Project Y, see Los Alamos; Manhattan Project “Proposed Electronic Calculator” (Turing, 1946) Proving Ground ●●

1946 Event of 1946 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Shortly after assuming his post in Paris in 1946, and without consulting any of the member na- tions, he issued a statement titled UNESCO, Its Purpose ●●