Events, Verisoph

1934 Smuts's 1934 RIIA speech opens the second appeasement phase ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley marks Smuts's November 1934 speech before the Royal Institute of International Affairs as the start of the Group's active appeasement period, calling for full equality of status for Germany. ●●

1934 Curtis publishes Civitas Dei ai_extracted 1 cit. Lionel Curtis's three-volume work argued that all history leads to a federation of the English-speaking peoples. Quigley treats it as central Milner Group propaganda for an Oceanic bloc. ●●

1934 Technocracy, Inc. incorporated ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Howard Scott and M. King Hubbert filed articles of incorporation in early 1934 to create Technocracy, Inc. in New York as a membership organization. ●●

1934 Technocracy Study Course published ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1934 Scott and Hubbert published the 280-page Technocracy Study Course, largely written by Hubbert. It laid out a detailed framework for an energy-based society. ●●

1934 Cubberley's Public Education 1934 edition ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto points to the 1934 edition of Ellwood P. Cubberley's Public Education in the United States, which he says openly explains how the factory system lengthened childhood dependence. ●●

1934 Congress investigates William Wirt's statements ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A House select committee held hearings in April 1934 to investigate statements by Dr. William Wirt, the former Gary superintendent, who had testified about a plan to prolong the Depression. ●●

1934 Dollar stabilized at $35 an ounce ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In January 1934, Roosevelt agreed to fix gold at $35 an ounce, ending months of daily price-setting. The dollar had now been devalued by more than 40 percent, and the move helped reverse deflation. ●●

1934 Irving Fisher's counterfactual on Strong ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1934, Yale economist Irving Fisher told a House committee that when Strong died his policies died with him. Fisher was the first of many to argue the Depression might have unfolded differently had Strong lived. ●●

1934 US ends dollar convertibility to gold for citizens ai_extracted 1 cit. no story From 1934 onward, US citizens were no longer able to cash in their dollars for gold. ●●

1934 Securities Exchange Act bill introduced in Congress ai_extracted 1 cit. no story To deal with this matter, the Fletcher-Rayburn bill, which would become known as the Securities Exchange Act, was introduced on February 10, 1934. It met with an intense and... ●●

1934 Stavisky scandal triggers French political crisis ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The suicide of fraudster Stavisky in January 1934 exposed a major financial scandal that precipitated an attempted right-wing coup the following month, destabilizing the French government. ●●

1934 Philosophical Research Society founded in Los Angeles ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Ground was broken on the Philosophical Research Society campus in Los Angeles, founded by Manly Hall as an academy to house his extensive book collection and serve as a meeting place for esoteric discussions. Hall supervised the distinctive Mayan-Egyptian-Art Deco architecture. ●●

1934 Meitner and Hahn renew uranium neutron work ai_extracted 1 cit. no story when, challenged by Fermi’s work, she “persuaded Otto Hahn to renew our direct collaboration” to explore the consequences of bombarding uranium with neutrons. ●●

1934 Schacht suspends all German foreign debt payments ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The economic crisis came to a head right on cue.’* On 14 June 1934 Schacht declared a complete suspension of foreign currency payments on all Germany’s international debt. ●●

1934 Reichsbank cuts foreign exchange quotas for importers ai_extracted 1 cit. no story True to his word, in March 1934 the Reichsbank began progressively reduc- ing the monthly foreign exchange quotas for Germany’s importers. ●●

1934 Anglo-German Payments Agreement signed ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The British for their part allowed themselves to be enrolled in a bilateral commercial agreement in the form of the Anglo-German Payments Agreement of 1 November 1934. ●●

1934 US Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act enacted ai_extracted 1 cit. no story With the dollar having finally ended its precipitatecollapse, Hull began a systematic campaign for trade liberalization with the Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act of June 1934.” This sought to use selective reductions in American tariffs as a way of pr ●●

1934 Schacht takes over the Reich Economics Ministry ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In early 1934 Hitler began to exert personal pressure for a more substantial programme and once Hjalmar Schacht took over at the RWM in August 1934, in the midst of the disastrous foreign exchange crisis, he got his wish. ●●

1934 Fritz Todt put in charge of autobahn construction ai_extracted 1 cit. no story To remedy this deficit, the autobahn project was announced in the summer and by early 1934 responsibility for national road construction and repair had beenconsolidated in the hands of Fritz Todt. ●●

1934 British Council founded 0 cit. The British government founded the British Council to promote British culture, the English language, and educational exchange abroad. It was created partly in response to Fascist Italy's and Nazi Germany's own cultural propaganda efforts in the Mediterranean and Middle East. The Council went on to run scholarship and exchange programs that remain a central tool of British soft power. culture / diplomacy ●●●

1934 Central Selling Organisation established 0 cit. De Beers formally organized its marketing arm as the Central Selling Organisation, a single channel through which the great majority of the world's rough diamonds were sold to a limited list of approved dealers. The CSO let De Beers stockpile diamonds and restrict supply to keep prices high, a cartel arrangement that lasted for most of the twentieth century. economy ●●●

c. February 1934 Frank Hamer forms the posse that ends Bonnie and Clyde 0 cit. Former Texas Ranger Frank Hamer, hired by the Texas prison system after Bonnie Parker and Clyde Barrow's gang broke inmates out of a state facility, spent months tracking the pair across several states. Hamer assembled a small posse of Texas and Louisiana officers rather than acting alone, contrary to the lone-Ranger image later popularized in film. society ●●

23 May 1934 Ambush of Bonnie and Clyde 0 cit. Hamer's posse ambushed Bonnie Parker and Clyde Barrow on a rural road near Gibsland, Louisiana, killing both in a hail of gunfire without warning. The 1967 film "Bonnie and Clyde" and subsequent popular retellings dramatized and altered details of the ambush; Hamer's family later sued over the film's depiction of him. The episode became probably the single most famous case associated with a Texas Ranger in twentieth-century popular culture, even though it occurred after Hamer had left the Rangers. society ●●●

18 June 1934 Indian Reorganization Act 0 cit. Also known as the Wheeler-Howard Act, this law ended further allotment of tribal land, extended the trust period on existing allotments, and encouraged tribes to adopt formal constitutions and elected governments. It reversed decades of allotment policy but was imposed somewhat uniformly across tribes with very different governance traditions, and some tribes rejected it. It marked the first major reversal of federal assimilation policy since the 1880s. politics ●●

c. 1 January 1934 Nazi Eugenics Officials Praise the California Model 2 cit. Nazi officials and eugenicists publicly credited American sterilization laws as their inspiration. Dr. Falk Ruttke, a Nazi legal official, and Dr. Fritz Lenz both praised California's program, and a German eugenics researcher wrote to Human Betterment Foundation co-founder Paul Popenoe that his organization's work "had been studied with great interest by the National Socialist Government." Historian Stefan Kuhl documented extensive correspondence and personal exchanges between American and German eugenicists in this period. diplomacy / politics / science ●●

c. 10 July 1934 Stalin's secret police: OGPU and the NKVD 0 cit. The Cheka was reorganised through the GPU and OGPU in the 1920s, then folded into the People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs (NKVD) in 1934. Under Stalin the NKVD ran the Gulag labour camp system and carried out the mass arrests and executions of the Great Terror of 1937 to 1938. This period fixed the security service's reputation as a tool of state repression on a vast scale. The date shown marks the NKVD's consolidation, though the terror and camp system spanned many years. politics / society ●●

1934 Popper argues that science must be falsifiable 0 cit. Karl Popper argued that a theory is scientific only if it makes predictions that could in principle be proven wrong. This drew a line between science and claims that explain everything and risk nothing. Later philosophers, including Kuhn, argued that real science rarely works as cleanly as Popper's rule suggests. culture / science ●●

8 November 1934 Swiss banking secrecy is written into law 0 cit. The Swiss Banking Act made it a criminal offense for a bank to reveal client information, hardening a tradition of secrecy into national law. Over the following decades this helped make Switzerland a hub for hidden wealth and a template for offshore finance. Bank secrecy gave corporations and wealthy individuals a legal way to place money beyond the reach of their home governments. economy / politics ●●

1934 After the Crash, the SEC makes audits the law 0 cit. In response to the 1929 crash and the fraud exposed in the Depression, Congress created the Securities and Exchange Commission and required public companies to file audited financial statements. Independent audit stopped being a courtesy to investors and became a legal duty, which vastly expanded the accounting profession and its power. economy / politics ●●●

1934 Kuznets invents a measure for the whole economy 0 cit. The economist Simon Kuznets built the first national income accounts for the United States, giving government a single figure for the nation's output during the Depression. The work grew into Gross Domestic Product. Kuznets himself warned that the measure left out much of what matters and that the welfare of a nation can scarcely be inferred from it, a caution often forgotten. economy / politics / science ●●●

1934 Independent schools and churches break from the missions 0 cit. In the wake of the circumcision crisis, Kikuyu founded their own bodies, the Kikuyu Independent Schools Association and the Kikuyu Karing'a Educational Association, along with independent churches such as the African Independent Pentecostal Church. These ran schools and worship free of missionary control and kept Kikuyu customs. The movement built an African-led alternative to mission education and helped shape later nationalist leadership. politics / religion / society ●●●

1934 Special Districts and the Neglect of the North 0 cit. The Special Districts Administration Ordinance of 1934 gave officials in the north sweeping powers of collective punishment, letting them seize the stock and restrict the movement of whole communities for the acts of a few. Combined with the closed-district system, it locked the region into policing and underdevelopment. The frontier's peoples entered independence far behind the rest of Kenya, and the unresolved anger helped drive the Shifta secession war of the 1960s, covered elsewhere. politics / war ●●

1934 The Special Districts Ordinance hardens the pass system 0 cit. The Special Districts (Administration) Ordinance formalised the closed-district regime: entering or leaving the north required a permit, and district officers held sweeping powers of collective punishment, stock seizure, and detention. The north was governed as a quarantined zone rather than a citizenry. This framework of passes and non-development shaped the region until independence and beyond. politics / society ●●●

1934 The Kikuyu Independent Schools Association is founded 0 cit. Out of the exodus grew the Kikuyu Independent Schools Association, which built and ran schools free of missionary control so Kikuyu children could gain a modern education without renouncing their customs. The independent schools spread quickly and became nurseries of literacy, self-reliance, and later nationalist leadership. They proved the community could educate itself outside the mission system. culture / politics / society ●●

c. 1934 Karing'a schools and the demand for an unmissioned education 0 cit. A more militant wing formed the Karing'a schools, the name meaning pure or truly Kikuyu, insisting on education wholly under African control and rooted in Kikuyu tradition. Where some independent schools kept ties to sympathetic churches, the Karing'a movement rejected missionary oversight outright. It expressed the sharpest version of the demand for cultural self-rule that the crisis had unleashed. culture / society ●●

December 1934 The Walwal incident on the Somali border 0 cit. A clash between Ethiopian and Italian colonial troops at the Walwal wells, deep inside Ethiopian territory, left dozens dead and gave Mussolini the pretext he wanted. Italy demanded an apology and reparations for an incident on Ethiopia's own land. Ethiopia took the dispute to the League of Nations, which dithered while Italy prepared to invade. diplomacy / war ●

February 1934 Breaks with Moscow and is expelled from the Comintern 0 cit. Padmore resigned his posts and was expelled from the communist movement in early 1934. He concluded that the liberation of colonized Africans, not the Moscow party line, had to come first. Historians including Leslie James and Hakim Adi note that the exact terms of the split are debated, but agree it turned him decisively toward independent Pan-Africanism. diplomacy / politics ●●●

1934 George Padmore breaks with Moscow 0 cit. George Padmore left the Communist movement after Moscow dissolved the Negro workers' organization he led, a step he saw as selling out Black liberation to court the imperial powers. He turned to Pan-Africanism and later mentored figures who would lead African states to independence. His break, set out in his book Pan-Africanism or Communism?, became a landmark case of a colonial radical abandoning Moscow. politics ●●

1934 The Kenya Land Commission Report ai_extracted 1 cit. The Kenya Land Commission, which took evidence in 1932, reported in 1934 and confirmed existing European title to the White Highlands. It offered the Kikuyu only small amounts of lower-quality land as compensation and effectively extinguished African claims to lands occupied by whites, deepening the land grievance that fed the rebellion. ●●

8 November 1934 Switzerland makes banking secrecy a crime 0 cit. The Swiss Federal Banking Act of 1934 made it a criminal offence for a bank to reveal a client's identity. The law turned discretion into a legal wall and cemented Switzerland's role as the world's private vault. A popular story that the law was written to shield Jewish savings from the Nazis has been challenged by historians, who trace it to an earlier French tax scandal. economy / politics ●●●

8 November 1934 The Federal Banking Act codifies banking secrecy 0 cit. Switzerland's banking law made the disclosure of a client's account a criminal offence, giving banking secrecy the force of the penal code. Combined with a neutral, stable state, this drew foreign wealth into Swiss banks and helped build the country's reputation as the world's safe. A popular story holds that the law was written to shield Jewish money from the Nazis, but historians attribute it mainly to a bank-spying scandal and to domestic economic interests. economy ●●●

1934 Schacht engineers Nazi rearmament finance 0 cit. As Reichsbank president and economics minister, Hjalmar Schacht designed the financial machinery that funded German rearmament, including off-the-books credit instruments known as Mefo bills that hid the true scale of military spending. His skill kept the regime solvent while it rebuilt its forces. He was later tried at Nuremberg and acquitted. economy / politics / war ●●●

c. 1934 Standard Oil fuel additives reach German aviation 1 cit. Through joint ventures tied to the tetraethyl lead process, know-how for high-octane aviation fuel additives passed into German hands in the 1930s. The additive was important for military aircraft engines. The arrangement is documented in corporate records and later investigations, and is a business-history fact rather than a claim of intent. economy / technology ●●

1934 Special Districts Ordinance entrenches separate rule in the north 3 cit. The Special Districts (Administration) Ordinance gave officials in the northern districts sweeping powers to restrict movement, seize livestock and detain people with little check. It formalised the closed-district system, treating the north as a security zone rather than a place to be developed. The framework shaped how the state dealt with Somalis for decades. politics / society ●●●

1934 The Talai clan is deported from the tea highlands 5 cit. Under the Laibons Removal Ordinance of 1934, the colonial government deported the Talai, the Kipsigis ruling clan whose orkoiik led resistance, away from the highlands to Gwassi in South Nyanza. The removal broke community leadership and cleared people from land wanted for settlement and tea. The Talai remained in detention and exile for decades. politics / society ●●●

1934 The El Molo population falls to a few dozen 5 cit. A 1934 count recorded only about 84 El Molo, a low point for one of Africa's smallest peoples. Long isolation and marriage within a tiny group are linked by researchers to health problems and disease vulnerability. A narrow, fish-heavy diet in a harsh setting compounded the strain. science / society ●●

1934 Moi enters Africa Inland Mission schooling at Kabartonjo 2 cit. In 1934 Moi was among the Sacho herdboys recommended for the Africa Inland Mission school at Kabartonjo. The mission-school route was his first major colonial tie: literacy, Christianity, discipline, and connection to the small educated African class that colonial officials could later recognize. religion / society ●●●

3 October 1935 to 19 February 1937 Second Italo-Ethiopian War wikidata 0 cit. no story 1935-1936 war between Italy and Ethiopia ●●●●

8 December 1935 Hoare-Laval Pact 0 cit. Secret Anglo-French plan to end the Abyssinian crisis by giving much of Ethiopia to Fascist Italy. Its leak caused public outrage, the fall of both ministers, and lasting damage to the League of Nations. diplomacy / politics ●●

16 September 1935 Founding of Morgan Stanley 0 cit. When the Glass-Steagall Act forces J.P. Morgan to choose between commercial and investment banking, partners Henry Morgan and Harold Stanley spin off a new securities firm. Morgan Stanley becomes one of Wall Street's leading investment banks. economy ●●●

1 April 1935 Founding of the Reserve Bank of India 0 cit. The Reserve Bank of India begins operations in Calcutta as the central bank of British India, later moving to Bombay. Nationalized in 1949, it manages the currency and banking system of what becomes the world's most populous country. economy / politics ●●●●

14 August 1935 Social Security Act 0 cit. Franklin Roosevelt signs the act creating old-age insurance funded by payroll taxes, plus unemployment insurance and aid to dependent children. Social Security becomes the largest program of the federal government and the anchor of the American welfare state. economy / society ●●●●

15 September 1935 Nuremberg Laws enacted 0 cit. The Reichstag, convened at the Nuremberg party rally, strips Jews of German citizenship and bans marriage between Jews and other Germans. Nazi racial ideology becomes the law of the state. politics / society ●●●●

1935 Dion Fortune's The Mystical Qabalah 0 cit. Dion Fortune's The Mystical Qabalah presented the Tree of Life as a practical map for spiritual development to a general readership. It became a standard modern handbook of the Hermetic tradition. culture / religion ●●●

March 1935 Triumph of the Will 1 cit. Leni Riefenstahl's film Triumph of the Will, released in 1935, staged the 1934 Nazi Party rally as monumental spectacle. It is studied as a landmark and a warning about the persuasive power of film propaganda. culture / politics ●●●

2 August 1935 The Government of India Act of 1935 0 cit. The act granted provincial self-government and expanded the Indian electorate while keeping ultimate power in British hands. It was the last major constitutional reform before independence. politics ●●●

15 September 1935 Nuremberg Laws codify Nazi racial hierarchy 1 cit. The Nazi regime stripped Jews of citizenship and banned marriage between Jews and other Germans, giving racial hygiene the force of law. The laws laid legal groundwork for persecution that led to the Holocaust. politics / society ●●●

16 September 1935 Morgan Stanley splits from J.P. Morgan 0 cit. The Glass-Steagall Act of 1933 forced banks to separate commercial and investment banking. J.P. Morgan stayed in commercial banking while partners founded the investment bank Morgan Stanley in September 1935. economy / politics ●●●●

1935 The Great Seal's reverse is added to the dollar bill 0 cit. Under President Franklin Roosevelt, both sides of the Great Seal were placed on the back of the one-dollar bill, giving the pyramid and eye their mass circulation. The choice was made by officials including Agriculture Secretary Henry Wallace, and the seal itself dates to 1782. culture / economy ●●

1935 MYTH: the dollar-bill pyramid is a Masonic or Illuminati sign contested 0 cit. The pyramid and eye on the dollar come from the 1782 Great Seal, whose designers were mostly not Masons, and the eye entered Masonic use only later. The claim that the bill carries a hidden Masonic or Illuminati message is a 20th-century conspiracy theory with no documentary support. culture / society ●●●

c. 1935 Jack Parsons and Ed Forman join Frank Malina's rocket group at Caltech 0 cit. Self-taught chemist Jack Parsons and his friend Ed Forman teamed up with graduate student Frank Malina under Theodore von Karman at Caltech's Guggenheim Aeronautical Laboratory. Their amateur experiments formed the nucleus of what became the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. science ●●●

1935 to 1976 Sweden's state sterilization program 0 cit. Sweden sterilized around 63,000 people, most of them women, under laws in force from 1935 to 1976, with many procedures coerced. The program showed that eugenic sterilization extended well beyond Nazi Germany into liberal welfare states. politics / society ●●●

1935 The Frankfurt School flees the Nazis to America contested 0 cit. After Hitler takes power, the Institute relocates and its members find refuge in the United States, several affiliating with Columbia University. Critical theory takes root in American academic life, the fact that later conspiracy theories would seize on and distort. culture / politics ●●●

1935 Saar plebiscite votes to rejoin Germany (1935) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story When the Saar plebiscite was held in 1935 after League administration, only about 2,000 of some 528,000 voters chose France, the overwhelming majority preferring union with Germany. ●●

1935 Belgium devalues, first to break the gold bloc ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Belgium was the first gold-bloc member to yield, imposing exchange controls on March 18, 1935, and devaluing the belga to about 72 percent of its former gold content on March 30. Recovery followed quickly. ●●

1935 Stakhanovism launched ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In September 1935 a miner named Stakhanov mined 102 tons of coal in a day, fourteen times the usual output. Such staged feats were used to justify speedups, higher quotas, and wider wage differences. ●●

1935 Kirov murder opens the Old Bolshevik purges ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After the secret-police murder of Stalinist supporter Serge Kirov in 1935, many Old Bolsheviks including Zinoviev and Kamenev were tried for treason, beginning the great purge trials. ●●

1935 Quigley: the 1935 general election was the most shameful of modern times ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley calls the 1935 general election, which gave the Conservatives ten more years, the most shameful of modern times. He argues they campaigned on collective security while secretly arranging to hand Italy two-thirds of Ethiopia. ●●

1935 Hoare's secret deal on Ethiopia ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Publicly pledging Britain's support for collective security against Italy at Geneva, Foreign Secretary Hoare had stopped in Paris to arrange a secret deal giving Italy two-thirds of Ethiopia. ●●

1935 Concentration of assets in eight US power groups ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley asserts that eight power groups (Morgan, Rockefeller, Kuhn Loeb, Mellon, du Pont and three local groups) controlled about $61 billion of the $198 billion held by the 250 largest US corporations at the end of 1935. ●●

1935 Stresa Front against German rearmament ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After Germany announced rearmament in March 1935, France, Italy, and Britain formed a common front at the Stresa Conference in April 1935, and the League of Nations denounced Germany's action the same week. ●●

1935 Exposure of the Hoare-Laval deal ai_extracted 1 cit. no story News that Samuel Hoare and Pierre Laval had secretly agreed to hand Italy much of Ethiopia broke on 10 December 1935, provoking protest that it violated the election pledge made a month earlier and forcing Hoare's resignation. ●●

1935 Anglo-German Naval Agreement ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Anglo-German Naval Agreement of June 1935 allowed Germany to build a navy up to 35 percent of Britain's, while France was restricted to 33 percent, part of what Quigley calls the encirclement of France. ●●

1935 Sudeten German Party's electoral surge ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The banned Czech Nazi party, renamed the Sudeten German Party under Konrad Henlein, had 600,000 members and polled 1,200,000 votes in the election of May 1935, winning 44 seats, only one fewer than the largest party. ●●

1935 Tizard Committee's first radar meeting ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Britain's Tizard Committee held its first meeting on 28 January 1935 and soon tracked aircraft by radar, a decisive advance before the war. ●●

1935 John Buchan made Governor-General of Canada ai_extracted 1 cit. no story John Buchan, close to but not in the inner Milner circle, was raised to a barony as Lord Tweedsmuir in 1935. He was sent to Canada as Governor-General. ●●

1935 The Round Table marks its twenty-fifth anniversary ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In September 1935 The Round Table printed a brief history of the group for its twenty-fifth anniversary. Quigley calls the sketch irrefutable proof of the group's existence and importance. ●●

1935 Churchill attacks the India bill on the BBC ai_extracted 1 cit. no story During the fight over the Government of India Act, Churchill denounced the reform bill in a BBC broadcast. Quigley uses the episode to show the Milner Group pushing constitutional reform in India over Conservative opposition. ●●

1935 Government of India bill introduced in the Commons ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Sir Samuel Hoare introduced the India reform bill in the House of Commons. Quigley presents Hoare, advised throughout by Malcolm Hailey, as fronting a campaign steered by the Milner Group. ●●

1935 Government of India Act of 1935 receives Royal Assent ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The longest bill ever put to Parliament became law after the longest debate in Commons history. Quigley credits the Milner Group with driving through the Act. ●●

1935 Lothian meets Hitler ai_extracted 2 cit. Lord Lothian held a long conversation with Hitler in which Hitler reportedly proposed an England-Germany-US alliance giving Germany a free hand on the Continent. Quigley treats Lothian and The Times as advancing Anglo-German fellowship. ●●

1935 The Hoare-Laval Plan sketched in secret at Paris ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The outlines of the Hoare-Laval Plan to hand most of Ethiopia to Italy were laid down at a secret Paris meeting of Hoare, Eden, and Laval. Quigley says the plan aimed to bring an appeased Italy alongside Britain against Germany. ●●

1935 German Technocratic Society ends ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The German journal Technokratie and the German Technocratic Society ended in 1935. Wood notes the Third Reich had room for individual technocrats but not a technocratic movement. ●●

1935 Howard C. Hill publishes The Life and Work of the Citizen ai_extracted 1 cit. In 1935 Howard C. Hill, head of the social science department at the University of Chicago's experimental school, published a civics textbook titled The Life and Work of the Citizen. ●●

1935 Pyramid design placed on the one dollar bill ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto notes that the pyramid image from the Great Seal was kept from public notice until 1935, when it appeared on the back of the one dollar bill, which he reads as a shift in political management. ●●

1935 University of Chicago textbook decorated with fascist symbols ai_extracted 1 cit. Gatto reports that in 1935 Howard C. Hill, head of social science at the University of Chicago's experimental high school, published a textbook, The Life and Work of the Citizen, decorated throughout with fasces. ●●

1935 Banking Act of 1935 reforms the Fed ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1935 Congress passed a banking act that centralized authority in a restructured Board of Governors. Regional reserve banks lost power, and the Treasury secretary was removed from the board. ●●

1935 Harry Dexter White recruited as Soviet agent ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Harry Dexter White, architect of the U.S. Bretton Woods plan, was recruited as a Soviet agent in 1935 to the spy ring that included Whittaker Chambers and Alger Hiss. During the war he passed extensive classified U.S. financial secrets to Soviet intelligence. ●●

1935 Supreme Court strikes down the NIRA ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Court declared much of the National Industrial Recovery Act unconstitutional in May 1935, a month before the program was set to expire. Seven months later, it declared the... ●●

1935 Revenue Act of 1935 raises the top tax rate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story FDR raised this top bracket rate to 75 percent in the Revenue Act of 1935. The more progressive tax initiative was dubbed the “wealth tax” or “class tax,” and passed in August... ●●

1935 Truman joins Wheeler railroad finance inquiry ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Senator Harry S. Truman joined a subcommittee chaired by Burton K. Wheeler investigating the influence of bankers over railroad finance. ●●

1935 Nazi Germany enacts the Nuremberg Laws ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On September 15, 1935, the Nuremberg Laws repealed the entire history of Jewish emancipation and transported the community back to the Middle Ages. ●●

c. 1935 The Nazis appropriate Norse runes and symbols 2 cit. Nazi Germany adopts Norse and Germanic runes, such as the SS sig-runes and the sun-wheel, as symbols of a mythic Aryan past, and the Ahnenerbe institute mined the myths for propaganda. The theft still shadows Norse symbols, which modern white-nationalist groups continue to misuse. The symbols are ancient; this political use is a documented distortion. politics / religion ●●●

1935 Italy invades Abyssinia ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By the time Italy invaded Abyssinia in 1935, the League had an official remedy for such aggression. ●●

1935 Joliot-Curies win Nobel Prize in Chemistry ai_extracted 1 cit. no story when he and his wife accepted the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for their discovery: “The yield of these transmutations is very small, and the weights of elements formed . ●●

1935 Dempster detects the isotope uranium-235 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story using a more powerful instrument, physicist Arthur Jeffrey Dempster of the University of Chicago detected a second, lighter isotope. ●●

1935 Hitler orders decree defining Jewishness ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ore coursed with traces of Jewish blood. About a million more, he thought.120 The Jews Hitler feared most were the ones not apparent-what eugenicists called the “carriers.” Suddenly, on September 13, 1935, der Führer demanded that a decree defining Jewishness be hammered out in time for his appearan ●●

1935 Reich Labour Ministry launches Volkswohnungen housing ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Facing a continuing problem of overcrowding in the cities, in 1935 the Reich Labour Ministry launched an alternative vision of National Socialist housing in the form of so-called Volkswohnungen.™ Stripped of any conception of settlement or any wider ●●

1935 Discreet butter rationing introduced in Germany ai_extracted 1 cit. no story To dole out the scarce supply of butter, a discreet system of rationing was introduced in the autumn of 1935, in the form of customer lists kept by the retail outlets. ●●

1935 Gestapo reports a milk strike in Wesermuende ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In September 1935, with hundreds of farms delivering suspiciously small amounts of milk to the local dairy, the Gestapo reported what amounted to a ‘milk strike’ in the Wesermuende area. ●●