Events, Verisoph

1915 Sinking of the Lusitania ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1915 a German submarine torpedoed the liner Lusitania off Ireland, drowning almost 1,200 people, 124 of them Americans. The sinking led the State Department to warn Americans against traveling to Europe. ●●

1915 German U-boat sinks the Lusitania ai_extracted 2 cit. no story On May 7, 1915, a German U-20 torpedoed the starboard side of the British luxury liner Lusitania off the Irish coast. Nearly 1,200 people, including 124 US citizens, were killed.... ●●

1915 Moscow mobs attack German businesses and people ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Moscow mobs attack German enterprises and persons ●●

1915 Wilson names Robert Lansing secretary of state ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In the spring of 1915, President Wilson named Dulles’s uncle, Robert Lansing, to succeed William Jennings Bryan as secretary of state (1915) ●●

1915 British mission investigates Morgan war purchasing ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In the summer of 1915, Welsh coal magnate David Alfred Thomas (later Lord Rhondda) visited New York for three weeks to investigate accusations that the House of Morgan was showing favoritism in its purchasing decisions. He found Stettinius's work faultless but reported concerns about Republican bias. ●●

1915 Morgan becomes British military purchasing agent ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On January 15, 1915, the House of Morgan signed the Commercial Agreement with the Army Council and the Admiralty, becoming the official purchasing agent for British military supplies. The first purchase was $12 million for horses. ●●

1915 Death of Morgan partner Howard Boocock ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On March 22, 1915, Morgan partner Howard Boocock came home from the bank agitated. After dinner, he retired to his library and subsequently died under circumstances that triggered investigations and distressed the bank. ●●

1915 Morgan lends $8.5 million to du Pont ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1915, the House of Morgan provided an $8.5 million loan to the du Pont Company to prevent its acquisition by Kuhn, Loeb, which American officials viewed as potentially sympathetic to German interests during World War I. ●●

1915 Rockefeller Foundation creates the China Medical Board ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1915, the Rockefeller Foundation set up the China Medical Board, which constructed the Peking Union Medical College and opened it in 1921. ●●

1915 Death of Laura Spelman Rockefeller ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Cettie Rockefeller died on March 12, 1915, at Pocantico after a garden tour the previous day. She passed peacefully with her sister Lute at her bedside, ending a period of prolonged illness. ●●

1915 Death of Natty de Rothschild ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Natty (Nathaniel Mayer), the senior partner at N. M. Rothschild & Sons and one of the most influential bankers of his era, died in 1915. ●●

1915 Governments systematically deploy modern media in World War One ai_extracted 2 cit. Beginning in 1915, governments use the full range of modern media to mobilize populations for World War One, marking the first systematic propaganda campaign of the modern era. ●●

1915 General relativity explains Mercury's orbit anomaly ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Einstein’s extreme reaction when he realized that the general theory of relativity he was painfully developing in the isolation of his study explained anomalies in the orbit of Mercury that had been a mystery to astronomers for more than fifty years. ●●

1915 The kipande pass system 1 cit. The Native Registration Ordinance of 1915, put into full effect around 1919 to 1920, required every African man to carry a kipande, a fingerprinted identity and labour pass held in a metal container worn round the neck. Police enforced it, and a man found without his kipande could be arrested, fined, or jailed. The system controlled African movement and labour and became one of the most hated symbols of colonial rule. economy / politics ●●●

c. 1915 The Native Reserves Confine the Africans 7 cit. As the highlands passed to settlers, the colonial state confined each African group to demarcated native reserves, a system extended by the Crown Lands Ordinance of 1915 and later the Native Lands Trust Ordinance. The reserves separated Africans from the alienated highlands and grew steadily overcrowded as populations rose within fixed boundaries. Land hunger in the Kikuyu reserves, set against the empty acres of the White Highlands next door, sharpened the sense of dispossession. economy / politics / society ●●●

1915 The Crown Lands Ordinance of 1915 1 cit. The 1915 ordinance stretched leases to 999 years and redefined Crown land so broadly that it included land occupied by Africans, who were reduced to tenants at the will of the Crown. Africans could now be moved off land their families had farmed for generations with no right to stay. This law, more than any other, turned the highlands into secure white freehold and left Africans legally landless on their own soil. economy / politics ●●●

1915 The White Highlands and the settler plantation base 4 cit. The Crown Lands Ordinance of 1915 secured the fertile highlands for European settlers and locked Africans out of the best farmland. Large estates grew coffee, tea, sisal, and pyrethrum for export using cheap African labour. This plantation base made Kenya a producer of raw cash crops for British and world markets. economy / politics ●●

1916 Madison Grant's The Passing of the Great Race 1 cit. Grant's bestseller warned that the "Nordic race" was being swamped by inferior immigrants and called for eugenic controls. Hitler reportedly called it his "bible," and it shaped U.S. immigration law. science / society ●●

16 October 1916 Margaret Sanger opens the first US birth control clinic 1 cit. Margaret Sanger opened the first birth control clinic in the United States in the Brownsville section of Brooklyn in 1916. Police shut it down within days and arrested her, but it marked the start of the organized US birth control movement. science / society ●●●●

1916 Murder of Rasputin, December 1916 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Rasputin's growing control over the Russian government through the tsarina lasted until he was murdered in December 1916. ●●

1916 Easter Revolt in Ireland (1916) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The 1916 Easter Revolt, made with German arms by Irish Nationalists, was crushed and its leaders executed, but Irish discontent continued to simmer. ●●

1916 Battle of the Somme (July-November 1916) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On the Somme in 1916 the British lost 410,000, the French 190,000, and the Germans 450,000 for a maximum gain of about seven miles, exemplifying the futility of the continuous-front doctrine. ●●

1916 Sykes-Picot Agreement partitions Ottoman Empire (May 16, 1916) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Sykes-Picot agreement, signed May 16, 1916, between Russia, France, and Britain, partitioned the Ottoman Empire into spheres, leaving the Turks little beyond the area around Ankara. ●●

1916 Arab Revolt against Turkey begins (June 5, 1916) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Acting on his understanding of the McMahon correspondence, Hussein began an Arab revolt against Turkey on June 5, 1916, thereafter receiving a British subsidy of 225,000 pounds a month. ●●

1916 Curtis's The Problem of the Commonwealth published (May 1916) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A popular volume, The Problem of the Commonwealth, was published under Curtis's name as editor in May 1916. A companion volume, The Commonwealth of Nations, followed two months later. ●●

1916 Quigley: the Group seizes power in 1916 by intrigue ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley asserts the Group came to power in 1916 through a secret intrigue that split and destroyed the Liberal Party, a method he says they repeated against Labour in 1931. ●●

1916 Lucknow Compact (29 December 1916) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A distorted version of a Curtis letter helped push the Indian National Congress and the Moslem League into their one formal alliance, the Lucknow Compact of 29 December 1916. Quigley says the letter was very influential. ●●

1916 Curtis's circulated letter to the Group (13 Nov 1916) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Curtis's letter of 13 November 1916 to Philip Kerr was intended for the whole Round Table Group and set out how India should be handled in imperial reconstruction. A thousand copies were printed and distributed. ●●

1916 Robert Cecil pushes a League of Nations ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Lord Robert Cecil pressed the Cabinet to back a League, leading to the Phillimore Committee and the first British draft of the Covenant. Quigley places the League's British design with men close to the Milner Group. ●●

1916 Madison Grant publishes The Passing of the Great Race, 1916 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto notes that Madison Grant's racial treatise The Passing of the Great Race appeared in 1916 with an introduction by Henry Fairfield Osborn. ●●

1916 Strong's scouting trip and first meeting with Norman ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In February 1916 Benjamin Strong sailed to Europe on a 'scouting trip' to coordinate with its central banks. At the Bank of England he first met Montagu Norman, beginning the friendship that would anchor world finance in the 1920s. ●●

1916 Lenin argues imperialism is capitalism's highest stage ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1916, Lenin argued that capitalism had entered its highest stage, producing more goods more efficiently, generating more profits, but find ing it h... ●●

1916 French law grants citizenship to Four Communes residents ai_extracted 1 cit. no story French citizenship law protects residents of Four Communes ●●

1916 Irish Easter Rising declares independence ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Irish Easter Rising declares independence ●●

1916 Edith Rockefeller funds the Zurich Psychological Club ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1916, Edith Rockefeller McCormick invested $120,000 to rent and renovate a mansion in Zurich for the Psychological Club. She borrowed $80,000 of the amount to establish this gathering place for Jung's followers. ●●

1916 Trotsky expelled from France ai_extracted 2 cit. no story Leon Trotsky is expelled from France, officially for participation in the Zimmerwald conference and for inflammatory articles written for Nashe Slovo newspaper in Paris. ●●

1916 Trotsky escorted across the Spanish border ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Leon Trotsky is escorted across the Spanish border by French police in September 1916, following his expulsion from France. ●●

1916 David Sarnoff proposes a home radio music box ai_extracted 1 cit. no story David Sarnoff sends memo to Marconi Company director proposing music box in home; memo is ignored but represents key moment in radio evolution ●●

1916 Hipolito Yrigoyen elected president of Argentina ai_extracted 1 cit. no story This vastly expanded the voter rolls (though immigrants remained excluded) and resulted in the election in 1916 of Hipólito Yrigoyen, whose Radical Party remained in power for the next fourteen years. ●●

1916 Lenin writes Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Lenin's analysis of imperialism as the highest stage of capitalism was composed in the middle of the First World War, the conflict Nkrumah says was fought to redivide the world's colonies among rival monopolies. ●●

1916 Belgium takes over Rwanda after the First World War 1 cit. Belgian forces occupied Rwanda during the First World War, and the League of Nations later confirmed Belgian rule as a mandate. Belgium governed through the Tutsi monarchy but pushed the racial reading of society far harder than Germany had. Its administrators would go on to formalize ethnic identity in law. diplomacy / politics ●●

1917 Montagu Declaration on Indian self-government (Aug 20, 1917) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Drafted by Lord Milner, the declaration issued by Edwin Montagu on August 20, 1917, was revolutionary for first using the words 'responsible government' regarding India's future. ●●

1917 Massed tanks break through at Cambrai (November 20, 1917) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Only on November 20, 1917, were tanks used as Swinton had instructed: 381 tanks with six infantry divisions struck the Hindenburg Line before Cambrai and burst into open country. ●●

1917 Unrestricted submarine warfare drives Britain to crisis (April 1917) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story German submarine warfare sank almost a million tons of shipping in April 1917, driving Britain within three weeks of food exhaustion and helping bring the United States into the war. ●●

1917 Jerusalem falls to Allenby (December 1917) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After the British attack on Turkey from Egypt captured Baghdad in March 1917, Jerusalem fell to General Allenby in December 1917, opening the way across Palestine to Syria. ●●

1917 Balfour Declaration on a Jewish national home (November 1917) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Balfour Declaration of November 1917, a letter from Balfour to Lord Rothschild, favored a Jewish national home in Palestine while reserving the rights of existing non-Jewish communities. ●●

1917 Charteris fabricates German corpse-glycerine story (1917) ai_extracted 1 cit. Quigley cites as an example of manufactured propaganda that General Charteris in 1917 invented a story that the Germans were cooking human bodies for glycerine, complete with faked pictures. ●●

1917 Lenin comes to power in Russia ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Though his support even among violent Socialists was tiny, the fortunes of war brought Lenin to power in Russia in November 1917 as leader of a Communist regime. ●●

1917 March 1917 revolution in Petrograd ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Public discontent erupted in March 1917 as strikes and rioting began in Petrograd. Troops refused to suppress the agitation, the government became helpless, and a provisional government under Prince Lvov was formed. ●●

1917 Bolshevik seizure of power, November 1917 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On November 7, 1917, the Bolsheviks seized the centers of government in St. Petersburg and held them because local military units refused to defend the Provisional Government. ●●

1917 Reichstag Peace Resolution of July 1917 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Under Matthias Erzberger the Center Party turned pacifist and allied with the Social Democrats to push the Reichstag Peace Resolution of July 1917 through the German parliament. ●●

1917 Quigley says the group seized control of the Dictionary of National Biography ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley claims the Milner Group gained control of the Dictionary of National Biography after it was given to Oxford in 1917. He uses this to explain how the group's members had flattering biographies written by their own. ●●

1917 Curtis's 1917 Letter to the People of India ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1917 Curtis wrote in his Letter to the People of India that the world was in throes preceding creation or death. Quigley uses it to show the Group's mystical vision of the Empire becoming a Commonwealth of Nations. ●●

1917 Smuts popularizes 'Commonwealth of Nations' (15 May 1917) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley says the first public step in spreading the phrase came on 15 May 1917, when Smuts used it at a banquet arranged by the Milner Group. The speech was given the widest publicity. ●●

1917 Imperial War Cabinet meets fourteen times (1917) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Imperial War Cabinet, created by adding Dominion members to the British War Cabinet, met fourteen times in 1917 and again in 1918. Quigley credits Milner with the idea. ●●

1917 Quigley: the Balfour Declaration was really 'the Milner Declaration' (1917) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley asserts the 1917 Balfour Declaration should be called the Milner Declaration, since Milner was the actual draftsman and its chief supporter in the War Cabinet. He notes this was not made public until 1937. ●●

1917 Declaration promising responsible government for India (20 Aug 1917) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The historic declaration of 20 August 1917 promised responsible government to India. Quigley argues the Milner Group was the chief factor behind it and that Montagu did not actually draw it up. ●●

1917 Montagu travels to India (November 1917) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Montagu went to India in November 1917 with Sir William Duke to work on constitutional reform with the Viceroy, Lord Chelmsford. Quigley says the resulting report was written by Marris of Milner's Kindergarten. ●●

1917 Jewish student riots against the Gary Plan in New York ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto recounts that in 1917 rioting erupted at PS 171 in Manhattan, a school that had adopted the Gary Plan. Immigrant parents opposed the industrial-style schooling. ●●

1917 Minnesota passes world's first secret adoption law, 1917 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto states that at the end of 1917 Minnesota's legislature approved the world's first secret adoption law, sealing original birth records permanently. ●●

1917 Wilson enters World War I ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The book says Wilson campaigned on having kept the US out of war, then entered World War I in April 1917 after securing his second term. It argues the entry buried the US in debt and boosted the Network's leverage. ●●

1917 Governor Cunliffe's rogue gold telegram ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1917 Bank of England governor Walter Cunliffe, enraged at the Treasury, secretly cabled Canada to reject its instructions on Britain's gold. The move nearly left Britain unable to pay its American suppliers and ended Cunliffe's tenure. ●●

1917 B.C. Forbes launches Forbes Magazine ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In September 1917, Bertie Charles Forbes launched Forbes Magazine from offices at 120 Broadway, near Wall Street. With the war escalating, American financial titans stood to... ●●

1917 Russian Tsar abdicates, ending the Romanov dynasty ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Russian Tsar abdicates, Romanov dynasty ends ●●

1917 US opposes recognizing Carranza's Mexico ai_extracted 1 cit. no story When Mexico enacted a radical constitution under President Venustiano Carranza in 1917, it asserted Mexican control over foreign holdings and threatened U.S. business interests. Secretary of State Hughes initially opposed diplomatic recognition. ●●

1917 Allen Dulles posted to Bern for wartime intelligence ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Allen Dulles was transferred to Bern, Switzerland in spring 1917 as the United States prepared to enter World War I, taking charge of intelligence operations. ●●

1917 Rockefeller waives foundation founder's designation rights ai_extracted 1 cit. no story To boost faith in the foundation’s autonomy, in July 1917 Rockefeller waived his future right to make founder’s designations. If the Ludlow Massacre was a turning point in Rockefeller family history, much of the credit must go to Mackenzie King, who emancipated Junior from strict obedience to his father. ●●

1917 Balfour Declaration sent to Walter Rothschild ai_extracted 1 cit. no story British Foreign Secretary Arthur Balfour sent the historic Balfour Declaration to Walter Rothschild on November 2, 1917, expressing government support for a Jewish national home in Palestine. ●●

1917 Balfour Declaration celebrated at Covent Garden ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A grand celebration was held at the Covent Garden opera house on December 2, 1917, where Walter and Jimmy Rothschild addressed jubilant crowds celebrating the Balfour Declaration. ●●

1917 Lionel de Rothschild founds League of British Jews ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Lionel de Rothschild founded the League of British Jews shortly after the Balfour Declaration to oppose Zionism and assert that Jews did not constitute a separate political nationality. ●●

1917 James Warburg invents a naval aircraft compass ai_extracted 1 cit. no story While waiting for combat duty, the versatile Ensign Warburg invented a magnetic compass for use in naval aircraft. Jimmy only learned of his father’s behind-the-scenes maneuver in the autumn of 1917 w... ●●

1917 Trotsky arrives in New York ai_extracted 2 cit. no story Leon Trotsky and his family land in New York on January 13, 1917, after traveling across the Atlantic on the Spanish Transatlantic Company steamer Monserrat. ●●

1917 Trotsky proposes war-resistance resolution in New York ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On March 5, 1917, Trotsky proposes a resolution at the New York County Socialist Party meeting pledging Socialists to encourage strikes and resist recruiting in the event of war with Germany. ●●

1917 Trotsky interned at Halifax ai_extracted 2 cit. no story On April 3, 1917, Trotsky, his family, and five other Russian Socialists are removed by Canadian and British naval personnel from the S.S. Kristianiafjord at Halifax, Nova Scotia, and interned at the Amherst internment station. ●●

1917 Russian consul protests Trotsky's arrest ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On April 7, 1917, the chief of the General Staff in Ottawa receives a report that the Russian Consul General in Montreal has protested against the arrest of Trotsky's group as they were in possession of valid passports. ●●

1917 Trotsky released from Halifax internment ai_extracted 2 cit. no story On April 21, 1917, Major General Gwatkin writes Deputy Postmaster General Coulter that the Russian Socialists are to be released and arrangements are being made for their passage to Europe. The order originates in the Admiralty, London. ●●

1917 Thompson leads American Red Cross Mission to Russia ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1917, William Boyce Thompson, a Federal Reserve Bank director and financier, leads the American Red Cross Mission to Russia, allegedly serving as an operational vehicle for Wall Street interests. ●●

1917 Trotsky interviewed at Novy Mir as Tsar falls ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On March 16, 1917, at the time of the deposition of the Tsar, Leon Trotsky is interviewed in the offices of Novy Mir and discusses the Russian revolutionary situation. ●●

1917 Captain Makins urges interning Trotsky at Halifax ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On April 1, 1917, Captain O.M. Makins sends a confidential memorandum recommending internment of Trotsky and six other Russian Socialists at Halifax, suspecting they might be in league with German Socialists. ●●

1917 American Red Cross Mission to Russia led by Thompson ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1917, the American Red Cross Mission to Russia is led by Federal Reserve director William Boyce Thompson and allegedly serves as an operational vehicle for Wall Street interests. ●●

1917 Wilson's 'Peace Without Victory' speech ai_extracted 2 cit. no story On January 22, 1917, before America had entered the war, Wilson proclaimed its goal to be “peace without victory.”45 Wh ●●

1917 Margaret Sanger launches Birth Control Review ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Margaret Sanger launches Birth Control Review to provide scientific authority to birth control advocacy ●●

1917 Anglo American Corporation incorporated ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Anglo American Corporation was incorporated to draw together a number of mining, investment and industrial companies already controlled by Ernest Oppenheimer, forming what Nkrumah calls the core of the Oppenheimer empire. ●●

1917 Creel's wartime propaganda bureau refuses the name ai_extracted 1 cit. The United States ran its First World War propaganda through the Committee on Public Information under George Creel. In his 1920 memoir Creel explained that they avoided the word propaganda because German use had tainted it, preferring to call their work education and information. ●●

1918 to 1930 1919-1930 Encephalitis lethargica epidemic wikidata 1 cit. no story information on the Encephalitis Lethargica epidemic ●●●

17 August 1918 Founding of the Thule Society 1 cit. The Thule Society was a German occult and nationalist study group centered on Germanic mysticism and antisemitism. It mixed esoteric interests with far-right politics in postwar Bavaria. politics / society ●●

1918 Berlin-to-Baghdad railway main line completed, 1918 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Berlin-to-Baghdad railway completed its main trunk line from the Austro-Hungarian border to Nusaybin in northern Mesopotamia by September 1918, a project of great economic and strategic weight for Germany and Turkey. ●●

1918 1918 Irish election returns Sinn Fein majority ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In the 1918 election Ireland returned 73 Sinn Fein members seeking an Irish Republic, who organized their own Parliament in Dublin rather than going to Westminster, leading to civil war. ●●

1918 Treaty of Brest-Litovsk forced on Russia (March 3, 1918) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On March 3, 1918, the Bolsheviks were forced to accept the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, by which Russia lost Finland, the Baltic provinces, Poland, the Ukraine, and Transcaucasia. ●●

1918 Wilson's Fourteen Points (January 8, 1918) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Germany's October 1918 armistice request was based on Wilson's Fourteen Points of January 8, 1918, which promised open diplomacy, self-determination, and a League of Nations. ●●

1918 Kaiser abdicates amid German Revolution (November 8, 1918) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As the German Revolution spread and the navy at Kiel mutinied, the Kaiser abdicated on November 8, 1918, three days before the armistice. ●●

1918 Armistice ends the fighting (November 11, 1918) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The armistice was signed at 5:00 a.m. on November 11, 1918, to take effect at 11:00 a.m., requiring Germany to evacuate occupied territory and surrender vast amounts of war equipment. ●●

1918 Germany promised a negotiated peace on the Fourteen Points (November 5, 1918) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley argues the peace was fraudulent in procedure: the defeated Powers were promised on November 5, 1918, that settlements would be negotiated and based on the Fourteen Points, a promise then abandoned. ●●

1918 Ebert-Groener pact with the Officers' Corps ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On November 10, 1918, Ebert agreed not to democratize the army if the Officers' Corps would defend the new government against the Independents and Spartacists. Quigley presents this as a counterrevolutionary bargain. ●●

1918 Phillimore drafts a British text for the League Covenant ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Walter Phillimore drew up one of the two British drafts for the Covenant of the League of Nations in 1918. Quigley notes the rival Cecil Draft was largely the work of Milner Group member Alfred Zimmern. ●●

1918 Milner backs Foch as Supreme Commander (March 1918) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After the German offensives of March 1918, Milner went to France and was the principal influence in appointing Foch as Supreme Commander in the west. He then became Secretary of State for War. ●●

1918 Smuts's League of Nations memorandum (Dec 1918) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Curtis's mandates proposal, shown to Smuts, became the basis of Smuts's December 1918 memorandum, The League of Nations: A Practical Suggestion. Quigley says the mandates article of the Covenant grew from it. ●●

1918 Cecil's Birmingham speech on the League contested ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The day after the armistice, Cecil set out the kind of League he expected, one that would only delay war and leave state sovereignty intact. Quigley reads it as proof the Group never meant the League to enforce collective security. ●●

1918 World War I ends (November 1918) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story World War I ended in November 1918. Wood frames the technology-driven slaughter of the war as a catalyst for engineers' embrace of technocracy. ●●

1918 Mississippi becomes the last state to adopt compulsory schooling ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto notes that compulsory schooling spread state by state against strenuous opposition. Mississippi became the 48th and final state to enact a compulsory attendance law in 1918, 66 years after Massachusetts. ●●