Events, Verisoph

1934 Hitler combines presidency and chancellorship ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After Hindenburg's death in August 1934, the army let Hitler become president. Combining the two offices gave him the power to rule by decree and supreme command of the army, secured by a personal oath from every soldier. ●●

1934 Charter of Labor reshapes German industrial relations ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Charter of Labor of January 20, 1934, declared the plant leader decided against the followers in all statutory matters. Quigley argues it stripped workers of collective agreements and any defense against employers. ●●

1934 The Chinese Communist Long March ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Chinese Communist army, its exactions having disillusioned peasant supporters, retreated in an orderly withdrawal on a six-thousand-mile route to northwestern China in 1934-1935. ●●

1934 Nazi coup and murder of Dollfuss in Austria ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Hitler attempted a Nazi coup in Austria, murdering Chancellor Dollfuss in July 1934, but was blocked when Mussolini mobilized Italian troops on the Brenner frontier and issued a stern warning. ●●

1934 Assassination of King Alexander and Barthou at Marseilles ai_extracted 1 cit. no story An assassination plot condoned by Mussolini and carried out by revisionist elements murdered King Alexander of Yugoslavia and French foreign minister Jean Louis Barthou at Marseilles in October 1934. ●●

1934 Spanish conspirators' arms agreement with Mussolini ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Four men representing the officers, Carlists, and Alfonsist party signed an agreement with Mussolini on 31 March 1934, receiving money, rifles, grenades, and machine guns for the revolutionary movement against the Spanish republic. ●●

1934 Austria's corporative constitution of 1934 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Using the emergency decree power of 1917, a new constitution was declared on 24 April 1934, changing Austria from a democratic republic into a Christian, German, corporative, federal state, though the government continued to rule by decree. ●●

1934 German army adopts armored warfare theory ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The new theory of concentrated armored warfare, rejected in France where its advocate Colonel de Gaulle remained a colonel, was accepted in the German army notably by Heinz Guderian in 1934 and used effectively against Poland and the Western Front in 1940. ●●

1934 Nye Committee investigates arms sales and WWI ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1934 a U.S. Senate committee, which fell under isolationist control, investigated the role of foreign loans and munitions sales in drawing America into World War I. Its findings fed the belief that bankers and 'merchants of death' had pushed intervention. ●●

1934 Fermi splits uranium atoms in Rome ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As early as 1934 Enrico Fermi and Emilio Segre in Rome split uranium atoms with neutrons without realizing they had done so, an early step toward fission. ●●

1934 Smuts's 1934 RIIA speech opens the second appeasement phase ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley marks Smuts's November 1934 speech before the Royal Institute of International Affairs as the start of the Group's active appeasement period, calling for full equality of status for Germany. ●●

1934 Curtis publishes Civitas Dei ai_extracted 1 cit. Lionel Curtis's three-volume work argued that all history leads to a federation of the English-speaking peoples. Quigley treats it as central Milner Group propaganda for an Oceanic bloc. ●●

1934 Technocracy, Inc. incorporated ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Howard Scott and M. King Hubbert filed articles of incorporation in early 1934 to create Technocracy, Inc. in New York as a membership organization. ●●

1934 Technocracy Study Course published ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1934 Scott and Hubbert published the 280-page Technocracy Study Course, largely written by Hubbert. It laid out a detailed framework for an energy-based society. ●●

1934 Cubberley's Public Education 1934 edition ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto points to the 1934 edition of Ellwood P. Cubberley's Public Education in the United States, which he says openly explains how the factory system lengthened childhood dependence. ●●

1934 Congress investigates William Wirt's statements ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A House select committee held hearings in April 1934 to investigate statements by Dr. William Wirt, the former Gary superintendent, who had testified about a plan to prolong the Depression. ●●

1934 Dollar stabilized at $35 an ounce ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In January 1934, Roosevelt agreed to fix gold at $35 an ounce, ending months of daily price-setting. The dollar had now been devalued by more than 40 percent, and the move helped reverse deflation. ●●

1934 Irving Fisher's counterfactual on Strong ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1934, Yale economist Irving Fisher told a House committee that when Strong died his policies died with him. Fisher was the first of many to argue the Depression might have unfolded differently had Strong lived. ●●

1934 US ends dollar convertibility to gold for citizens ai_extracted 1 cit. no story From 1934 onward, US citizens were no longer able to cash in their dollars for gold. ●●

1934 Securities Exchange Act bill introduced in Congress ai_extracted 1 cit. no story To deal with this matter, the Fletcher-Rayburn bill, which would become known as the Securities Exchange Act, was introduced on February 10, 1934. It met with an intense and... ●●

1934 Stavisky scandal triggers French political crisis ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The suicide of fraudster Stavisky in January 1934 exposed a major financial scandal that precipitated an attempted right-wing coup the following month, destabilizing the French government. ●●

1934 Philosophical Research Society founded in Los Angeles ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Ground was broken on the Philosophical Research Society campus in Los Angeles, founded by Manly Hall as an academy to house his extensive book collection and serve as a meeting place for esoteric discussions. Hall supervised the distinctive Mayan-Egyptian-Art Deco architecture. ●●

1934 Meitner and Hahn renew uranium neutron work ai_extracted 1 cit. no story when, challenged by Fermi’s work, she “persuaded Otto Hahn to renew our direct collaboration” to explore the consequences of bombarding uranium with neutrons. ●●

1934 Schacht suspends all German foreign debt payments ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The economic crisis came to a head right on cue.’* On 14 June 1934 Schacht declared a complete suspension of foreign currency payments on all Germany’s international debt. ●●

1934 Reichsbank cuts foreign exchange quotas for importers ai_extracted 1 cit. no story True to his word, in March 1934 the Reichsbank began progressively reduc- ing the monthly foreign exchange quotas for Germany’s importers. ●●

1934 Anglo-German Payments Agreement signed ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The British for their part allowed themselves to be enrolled in a bilateral commercial agreement in the form of the Anglo-German Payments Agreement of 1 November 1934. ●●

1934 US Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act enacted ai_extracted 1 cit. no story With the dollar having finally ended its precipitatecollapse, Hull began a systematic campaign for trade liberalization with the Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act of June 1934.” This sought to use selective reductions in American tariffs as a way of pr ●●

1934 Schacht takes over the Reich Economics Ministry ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In early 1934 Hitler began to exert personal pressure for a more substantial programme and once Hjalmar Schacht took over at the RWM in August 1934, in the midst of the disastrous foreign exchange crisis, he got his wish. ●●

1934 Fritz Todt put in charge of autobahn construction ai_extracted 1 cit. no story To remedy this deficit, the autobahn project was announced in the summer and by early 1934 responsibility for national road construction and repair had beenconsolidated in the hands of Fritz Todt. ●●

c. 1 January 1934 Nazi Eugenics Officials Praise the California Model 2 cit. Nazi officials and eugenicists publicly credited American sterilization laws as their inspiration. Dr. Falk Ruttke, a Nazi legal official, and Dr. Fritz Lenz both praised California's program, and a German eugenics researcher wrote to Human Betterment Foundation co-founder Paul Popenoe that his organization's work "had been studied with great interest by the National Socialist Government." Historian Stefan Kuhl documented extensive correspondence and personal exchanges between American and German eugenicists in this period. diplomacy / politics / science ●●

1934 The Kenya Land Commission Report ai_extracted 1 cit. The Kenya Land Commission, which took evidence in 1932, reported in 1934 and confirmed existing European title to the White Highlands. It offered the Kikuyu only small amounts of lower-quality land as compensation and effectively extinguished African claims to lands occupied by whites, deepening the land grievance that fed the rebellion. ●●

c. 1934 Standard Oil fuel additives reach German aviation 1 cit. Through joint ventures tied to the tetraethyl lead process, know-how for high-octane aviation fuel additives passed into German hands in the 1930s. The additive was important for military aircraft engines. The arrangement is documented in corporate records and later investigations, and is a business-history fact rather than a claim of intent. economy / technology ●●

1934 Special Districts Ordinance entrenches separate rule in the north 3 cit. The Special Districts (Administration) Ordinance gave officials in the northern districts sweeping powers to restrict movement, seize livestock and detain people with little check. It formalised the closed-district system, treating the north as a security zone rather than a place to be developed. The framework shaped how the state dealt with Somalis for decades. politics / society ●●●

1934 The Talai clan is deported from the tea highlands 5 cit. Under the Laibons Removal Ordinance of 1934, the colonial government deported the Talai, the Kipsigis ruling clan whose orkoiik led resistance, away from the highlands to Gwassi in South Nyanza. The removal broke community leadership and cleared people from land wanted for settlement and tea. The Talai remained in detention and exile for decades. politics / society ●●●

1934 The El Molo population falls to a few dozen 5 cit. A 1934 count recorded only about 84 El Molo, a low point for one of Africa's smallest peoples. Long isolation and marriage within a tiny group are linked by researchers to health problems and disease vulnerability. A narrow, fish-heavy diet in a harsh setting compounded the strain. science / society ●●

1934 Moi enters Africa Inland Mission schooling at Kabartonjo 2 cit. In 1934 Moi was among the Sacho herdboys recommended for the Africa Inland Mission school at Kabartonjo. The mission-school route was his first major colonial tie: literacy, Christianity, discipline, and connection to the small educated African class that colonial officials could later recognize. religion / society ●●●

March 1935 Triumph of the Will 1 cit. Leni Riefenstahl's film Triumph of the Will, released in 1935, staged the 1934 Nazi Party rally as monumental spectacle. It is studied as a landmark and a warning about the persuasive power of film propaganda. culture / politics ●●●

15 September 1935 Nuremberg Laws codify Nazi racial hierarchy 1 cit. The Nazi regime stripped Jews of citizenship and banned marriage between Jews and other Germans, giving racial hygiene the force of law. The laws laid legal groundwork for persecution that led to the Holocaust. politics / society ●●●

1935 Saar plebiscite votes to rejoin Germany (1935) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story When the Saar plebiscite was held in 1935 after League administration, only about 2,000 of some 528,000 voters chose France, the overwhelming majority preferring union with Germany. ●●

1935 Belgium devalues, first to break the gold bloc ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Belgium was the first gold-bloc member to yield, imposing exchange controls on March 18, 1935, and devaluing the belga to about 72 percent of its former gold content on March 30. Recovery followed quickly. ●●

1935 Stakhanovism launched ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In September 1935 a miner named Stakhanov mined 102 tons of coal in a day, fourteen times the usual output. Such staged feats were used to justify speedups, higher quotas, and wider wage differences. ●●

1935 Kirov murder opens the Old Bolshevik purges ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After the secret-police murder of Stalinist supporter Serge Kirov in 1935, many Old Bolsheviks including Zinoviev and Kamenev were tried for treason, beginning the great purge trials. ●●

1935 Quigley: the 1935 general election was the most shameful of modern times ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley calls the 1935 general election, which gave the Conservatives ten more years, the most shameful of modern times. He argues they campaigned on collective security while secretly arranging to hand Italy two-thirds of Ethiopia. ●●

1935 Hoare's secret deal on Ethiopia ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Publicly pledging Britain's support for collective security against Italy at Geneva, Foreign Secretary Hoare had stopped in Paris to arrange a secret deal giving Italy two-thirds of Ethiopia. ●●

1935 Concentration of assets in eight US power groups ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley asserts that eight power groups (Morgan, Rockefeller, Kuhn Loeb, Mellon, du Pont and three local groups) controlled about $61 billion of the $198 billion held by the 250 largest US corporations at the end of 1935. ●●

1935 Stresa Front against German rearmament ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After Germany announced rearmament in March 1935, France, Italy, and Britain formed a common front at the Stresa Conference in April 1935, and the League of Nations denounced Germany's action the same week. ●●

1935 Exposure of the Hoare-Laval deal ai_extracted 1 cit. no story News that Samuel Hoare and Pierre Laval had secretly agreed to hand Italy much of Ethiopia broke on 10 December 1935, provoking protest that it violated the election pledge made a month earlier and forcing Hoare's resignation. ●●

1935 Anglo-German Naval Agreement ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Anglo-German Naval Agreement of June 1935 allowed Germany to build a navy up to 35 percent of Britain's, while France was restricted to 33 percent, part of what Quigley calls the encirclement of France. ●●

1935 Sudeten German Party's electoral surge ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The banned Czech Nazi party, renamed the Sudeten German Party under Konrad Henlein, had 600,000 members and polled 1,200,000 votes in the election of May 1935, winning 44 seats, only one fewer than the largest party. ●●

1935 Tizard Committee's first radar meeting ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Britain's Tizard Committee held its first meeting on 28 January 1935 and soon tracked aircraft by radar, a decisive advance before the war. ●●

1935 John Buchan made Governor-General of Canada ai_extracted 1 cit. no story John Buchan, close to but not in the inner Milner circle, was raised to a barony as Lord Tweedsmuir in 1935. He was sent to Canada as Governor-General. ●●

1935 The Round Table marks its twenty-fifth anniversary ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In September 1935 The Round Table printed a brief history of the group for its twenty-fifth anniversary. Quigley calls the sketch irrefutable proof of the group's existence and importance. ●●

1935 Churchill attacks the India bill on the BBC ai_extracted 1 cit. no story During the fight over the Government of India Act, Churchill denounced the reform bill in a BBC broadcast. Quigley uses the episode to show the Milner Group pushing constitutional reform in India over Conservative opposition. ●●

1935 Government of India bill introduced in the Commons ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Sir Samuel Hoare introduced the India reform bill in the House of Commons. Quigley presents Hoare, advised throughout by Malcolm Hailey, as fronting a campaign steered by the Milner Group. ●●

1935 Government of India Act of 1935 receives Royal Assent ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The longest bill ever put to Parliament became law after the longest debate in Commons history. Quigley credits the Milner Group with driving through the Act. ●●

1935 Lothian meets Hitler ai_extracted 2 cit. Lord Lothian held a long conversation with Hitler in which Hitler reportedly proposed an England-Germany-US alliance giving Germany a free hand on the Continent. Quigley treats Lothian and The Times as advancing Anglo-German fellowship. ●●

1935 The Hoare-Laval Plan sketched in secret at Paris ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The outlines of the Hoare-Laval Plan to hand most of Ethiopia to Italy were laid down at a secret Paris meeting of Hoare, Eden, and Laval. Quigley says the plan aimed to bring an appeased Italy alongside Britain against Germany. ●●

1935 German Technocratic Society ends ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The German journal Technokratie and the German Technocratic Society ended in 1935. Wood notes the Third Reich had room for individual technocrats but not a technocratic movement. ●●

1935 Howard C. Hill publishes The Life and Work of the Citizen ai_extracted 1 cit. In 1935 Howard C. Hill, head of the social science department at the University of Chicago's experimental school, published a civics textbook titled The Life and Work of the Citizen. ●●

1935 Pyramid design placed on the one dollar bill ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto notes that the pyramid image from the Great Seal was kept from public notice until 1935, when it appeared on the back of the one dollar bill, which he reads as a shift in political management. ●●

1935 University of Chicago textbook decorated with fascist symbols ai_extracted 1 cit. Gatto reports that in 1935 Howard C. Hill, head of social science at the University of Chicago's experimental high school, published a textbook, The Life and Work of the Citizen, decorated throughout with fasces. ●●

1935 Banking Act of 1935 reforms the Fed ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1935 Congress passed a banking act that centralized authority in a restructured Board of Governors. Regional reserve banks lost power, and the Treasury secretary was removed from the board. ●●

1935 Harry Dexter White recruited as Soviet agent ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Harry Dexter White, architect of the U.S. Bretton Woods plan, was recruited as a Soviet agent in 1935 to the spy ring that included Whittaker Chambers and Alger Hiss. During the war he passed extensive classified U.S. financial secrets to Soviet intelligence. ●●

1935 Supreme Court strikes down the NIRA ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Court declared much of the National Industrial Recovery Act unconstitutional in May 1935, a month before the program was set to expire. Seven months later, it declared the... ●●

1935 Revenue Act of 1935 raises the top tax rate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story FDR raised this top bracket rate to 75 percent in the Revenue Act of 1935. The more progressive tax initiative was dubbed the “wealth tax” or “class tax,” and passed in August... ●●

1935 Truman joins Wheeler railroad finance inquiry ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Senator Harry S. Truman joined a subcommittee chaired by Burton K. Wheeler investigating the influence of bankers over railroad finance. ●●

1935 Nazi Germany enacts the Nuremberg Laws ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On September 15, 1935, the Nuremberg Laws repealed the entire history of Jewish emancipation and transported the community back to the Middle Ages. ●●

c. 1935 The Nazis appropriate Norse runes and symbols 2 cit. Nazi Germany adopts Norse and Germanic runes, such as the SS sig-runes and the sun-wheel, as symbols of a mythic Aryan past, and the Ahnenerbe institute mined the myths for propaganda. The theft still shadows Norse symbols, which modern white-nationalist groups continue to misuse. The symbols are ancient; this political use is a documented distortion. politics / religion ●●●

1935 Italy invades Abyssinia ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By the time Italy invaded Abyssinia in 1935, the League had an official remedy for such aggression. ●●

1935 Joliot-Curies win Nobel Prize in Chemistry ai_extracted 1 cit. no story when he and his wife accepted the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for their discovery: “The yield of these transmutations is very small, and the weights of elements formed . ●●

1935 Dempster detects the isotope uranium-235 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story using a more powerful instrument, physicist Arthur Jeffrey Dempster of the University of Chicago detected a second, lighter isotope. ●●

1935 Hitler orders decree defining Jewishness ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ore coursed with traces of Jewish blood. About a million more, he thought.120 The Jews Hitler feared most were the ones not apparent-what eugenicists called the “carriers.” Suddenly, on September 13, 1935, der Führer demanded that a decree defining Jewishness be hammered out in time for his appearan ●●

1935 Reich Labour Ministry launches Volkswohnungen housing ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Facing a continuing problem of overcrowding in the cities, in 1935 the Reich Labour Ministry launched an alternative vision of National Socialist housing in the form of so-called Volkswohnungen.™ Stripped of any conception of settlement or any wider ●●

1935 Discreet butter rationing introduced in Germany ai_extracted 1 cit. no story To dole out the scarce supply of butter, a discreet system of rationing was introduced in the autumn of 1935, in the form of customer lists kept by the retail outlets. ●●

1935 Gestapo reports a milk strike in Wesermuende ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In September 1935, with hundreds of farms delivering suspiciously small amounts of milk to the local dairy, the Gestapo reported what amounted to a ‘milk strike’ in the Wesermuende area. ●●

1935 Hitler announces a 36-division German army ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In March 1935 Hitler announced to the world the creation of a German peacetime army of no less than 36 divisions. ●●

1935 Eye and pyramid added to the dollar bill 1 cit. At the suggestion of Secretary of Agriculture Henry Wallace, President Franklin D. Roosevelt approved placing both sides of the Great Seal, including the eye-and-pyramid reverse, on the redesigned one-dollar bill. Wallace was drawn to esoteric and mystical ideas, and Roosevelt was himself a Freemason, which has fed speculation about hidden Masonic intent; but the documented record shows the design was an adaptation of the 1782 seal, not a new Masonic emblem. economy / society ●●

c. September 1935 Fischer's race theories cited in drafting the Nuremberg Laws 2 cit. Nazi legal drafters and race theorists cite Eugen Fischer's earlier work, including his 1908 study of the Rehoboth Basters, as scientific grounding for the Nuremberg Laws banning marriage and sexual relations between Jews and non-Jewish Germans. Historians treat this as a documented, direct intellectual line from German colonial race science in South-West Africa to Nazi racial law. politics / science ●●

c. December 1935 Italy Uses Mustard Gas in Ethiopia 1 cit. Italian forces repeatedly used mustard gas, sprayed from aircraft, against Ethiopian troops and civilian populations in violation of the 1925 Geneva Protocol, which Italy had signed. Mussolini personally authorized the gas attacks, and Badoglio expanded their use through the following months. Historians estimate the gas killed thousands of Ethiopians and contaminated water sources and grazing land used by civilians long after the war. technology / war ●●●

3 October 1935 Fascist Italy invades Ethiopia 1 cit. Mussolini's forces crossed from Eritrea into Ethiopia without a declaration of war, seeking to avenge Adwa and build an Italian empire in East Africa. The League of Nations declared Italy the aggressor and voted economic sanctions, but left out oil and did not close the Suez Canal, so the measures failed to stop the war. The invasion became a test case for whether the League could deter aggression, and it failed that test. diplomacy / war ●●●

1935 Bernays sells Lucky Strikes for American Tobacco ai_extracted 1 cit. From the mid-1930s Bernays did extensive work for George Washington Hill's American Tobacco Company, helping sell Lucky Strike cigarettes. He later reversed course, gave up tobacco clients, and lobbied against the habit once its dangers were undeniable. ●●

c. 1935 Pass laws and grazing controls hem in Somali movement 3 cit. Under the closed-district regime, Somalis needed permits to move between areas, and the state controlled grazing and stock across the north. The rules cut into the mobility that pastoral life depended on. They also kept the region sealed from the wider colony and its economy. economy / politics ●●

1936 Hirota cabinet puts economy on quasi-war footing ai_extracted 1 cit. In 1936 the Hirota cabinet agreed to put Japan's economy on a quasi-war footing, beginning with a boost to the military expenditure budget. ●●●

February 1936 Publication of The General Theory 2 cit. John Maynard Keynes publishes The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money, arguing that governments must manage demand to prevent mass unemployment. Keynesian economics dominates Western policy for the next four decades. economy ●●●●

1936 Germany rearms and remilitarizes the Rhineland (1935-1936) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Under British-driven appeasement, France gave away its advantages: Germany was allowed to rearm in 1935 and to remilitarize the Rhineland in 1936. ●●

1936 French devaluation of 1936 shatters the gold bloc ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The French devaluation law of October 2, 1936, reduced the franc's gold content and set up an exchange stabilization fund. It shattered the gold bloc but, Quigley argues, was mismanaged and did not end the deflation. ●●

1936 Four-Year Plan begins state control of the economy ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Four-Year Plan, created in 1936, became the entering wedge of outside control over German business. After war began, the Ministry of Munitions under Todt and Speer came to dominate economic life. ●●

1936 Italy completes conquest of Ethiopia ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Ethiopia was conquered on 2 May 1936 and annexed to Italy a week later. League sanctions were then removed just as they were beginning to take effect. ●●

1936 Outbreak of the Spanish Civil War ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Spanish republic lasted only five years before the Civil War began on 18 July 1936, after a period of shifting coalition governments and rising conflict between Right and extreme Left. ●●

1936 Popular Front wins Spanish election ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Spanish election of 16 February 1936 followed a violent campaign in which the Falange were the worst offenders; the Popular Front won 266 of 473 seats against 153 for the Right and 54 for the Center. ●●

1936 Sanjurjo seeks German aid in Berlin ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley reports that Sanjurjo went to Berlin on 4 February 1936 but could get no German commitment beyond a promise of transport planes to move Moroccan forces to Spain if the loyal fleet made sea transport dangerous. ●●

1936 French proposal for non-intervention in Spain ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Impelled by pacifism and a desire to avoid war, French Premier Léon Blum and Foreign Minister Yvon Delbos proposed on 1 August 1936 that the chief Powers sign an agreement not to intervene in Spain. ●●

1936 Germany and Italy recognize the Franco government ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After the failure to capture Madrid, Germany and Italy decided on extensive support for Franco, recognizing his government and withdrawing recognition from Madrid on 18 November 1936; Italy signed a secret alliance ten days later. ●●

1936 Japan joins the Anti-Comintern Pact ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On November 25, 1936, Japan joined the Anti-Comintern Pact, aligning with the aggressor states. Efforts to strengthen it into a full German-Japanese alliance dragged on for years, concluding only in September 1940. ●●

1936 Anglo-Egyptian Treaty of 1936 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A 1936 treaty regulated relations between Britain and Egypt, establishing a twenty-year alliance and allowing Britain to keep 10,000 troops in the Canal Zone. Its creation of a new Egyptian army and a military academy opened officer careers to poor Egyptians like Nasser. ●●

1936 Neill Malcolm named High Commissioner for German Refugees (1936) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As Hitler's persecutions grew, Sir Neill Malcolm was made High Commissioner for German Refugees in 1936, and the RIIA began a research program on refugees the following year. ●●

1936 Hitler remilitarizes the Rhineland ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley calls Hitler's March 1936 remilitarization of the Rhineland the most crucial event in the whole history of appeasement, since a demilitarized Rhineland had been the one thing deterring German moves eastward. ●●

1936 Franco's fascist revolution underway in Spain ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The book says that by early August 1936 Franco's fascist revolution was well underway, aided by Mussolini, Hitler and Portugal. It presents Franco's rise as enabled by British and French policy. ●●

1936 Keynes publishes The General Theory ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Keynes's masterwork, The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money, appeared in February 1936. It transformed the understanding of the modern monetary economy and still underpins much of central-bank policy. ●●

1936 United Fruit wins Guatemala concession negotiated by Dulles ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Ubico showered United Fruit with concession agreements, including one in 1936 that his agents negotiated personally with Dulles (1936) ●●