Events, Verisoph

1260 Gerardo Segarelli founds Order of Apostles in Parma ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gerardo Segarelli founds Order of Apostles in Parma, promoting apostolic poverty similar to Franciscans. ●●

1260 Flagellant movement appears in Europe ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Flagellant movement first appears in Europe, crowds performing communal ritual beatings as penitence. ●●

1260 Joachim's apocalyptic deadline arrives rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Year 1260 arrives as predicted apocalyptic deadline by Joachim of Fiore for beginning of Age of the Spirit. ●●

1261 Chora church restored in Constantinople ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Church of the Holy Redeemer in Chora lovingly restored from ruin after expulsion of Latins in Constantinople. ●●

1263 First debtors' prisons in England ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Prisons exclusively for debtors appeared in England only after 1263, though the imprisonment of debtors had a longer history. ●●

1263 Moscow Rules The Moscow princes are often called rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Moscow Rules The Moscow princes are often called Daniilovichi after their most promi nent ancestor, Daniil, Alexander Nevskii's son, made prince of Mo... ●●

1264 Pope Urban IV establishes the Corpus Christi feast ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Pope Urban IV issues papal decree establishing feast of Corpus Christi throughout the Church, following lobbying by Dominicans. ●●

1264 Aquinas writes the Pange lingua hymn ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Thomas Aquinas writes eucharistic hymn Pange lingua for new feast of Corpus Christi at request of Pope Urban IV. ●●

1265 Birth of Dante Alighieri ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Dante Alighieri, the Ghibellin poet, is born. According to Pike, he would later become a Rose-Croix adept expressing esoteric doctrine through his Divine Comedy ●●

1268 ) Even if one considers the Hohenstaufens a continuation of the earlier Norman tradition—Emperor Fre rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ) Even if one considers the Hohenstaufens a continuation of the earlier Norman tradition—Emperor Frederick II was indeed a great centralizer—this dynasty itself ended in 1268. ●●

1270 Khubilai invests Phags-pa as preceptor in Tibet ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1270, Khubilai invested Phags-pa as imperial preceptor in Tibet, support ing his client's religious authority in return for political subordination... ●●

1270 Abraham Abulafia develops prophetic Kabbalah ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Abraham Abulafia develops prophetic Kabbalah through letter-combination techniques and ecstatic mysticism ●●

1270 Nicholas Gallicus writes first Carmelite defense ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Carmelite Prior-General Nicholas Gallicus writes first defense of the order, eloquently describing contemplative solitude. ●●

1272 Event rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Khubilai had his emperor ship proclaimed by edict in 1272 . This impressive decree gave scholarly Chi nese bureaucrats grounds to claim that the Yuan had inherited the Mandate of H... ●●

1275 Moses de Leon composes Midrash Ha-Neelam ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Earliest component of Zohar compiled by Moses de Leon in Spain, representing earliest Zoharic mystical teachings ●●

1279 Dynastic Successors: Yuan and Ming As we have rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Dynastic Successors: Yuan and Ming As we have seen (chapter 4) , Chinggis Khan's grandson Khubilai conquered northern China, then defeated the Song dy... ●●

1279 Kublai Khan conquers Song southern China ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The campaign to conquer southern China under the Song dynasty presented the greatest challenge, but after extensive preparation aided by Chinese ad visors, Chinggis's grandson Khub... ●●

1281 Teutonic Knights secure control of conquered Prussian lands ai_extracted 1 cit. Gatto recounts that the Order of Teutonic Knights Christianized Prussia by exterminating the native population and replacing it with Germans. By 1281 the Order's hold on the former Slavic lands was secure. ●●

1281 Moses de Leon composes the Zohar ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Moses de Leon composes main body of the Zohar, synthesizing mystical theology and esoteric biblical interpretation ●●

1286 Information history in 1286 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ith cu then looke toward the end of that letter. And so of all the rest. ●●

1290 Expulsion of the Jews from England rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. The Jews of England were finally expelled in 1290. Their property passed to others, including a lending firm from Cahors. ●●

1290 Pope condemns the Order of Apostles ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Members of the Order of Apostles are collectively condemned by the Pope for resisting suppression. ●●

1291 Bahya ben Asher (1291) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story s a matter of fact, Bahya ben Asher (1291) defines 41> sorcery, asn? 0°p19n O95 13h nt (in his comme ●●

1294 Paper money experiment fails in Basra ai_extracted 1 cit. no story An attempt to introduce Chinese-style paper money in Basra in 1294 collapsed. No one would accept currency backed only by state trust. ●●

1300 1300) celibacy; clerical ; see also homosexuality; marriage; monks; nuns Celsus (c rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 1300) celibacy; clerical ; see also homosexuality; marriage; monks; nuns Celsus (c ●●

1300 celona (1300) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story h ben Shalom of Bar- celona (1300), maintain that in every transformation of reality, in every chang ●●

1300 Menahem of Recanati (1300) rejected ai_extracted 2 cit. no story of certain sins by Menahem of Recanati (1300) who quotes several details about it from the “modern K ●●

1300 Raya Mehemna and Tikkunim completed ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Supplementary Zoharic texts completed, expanding mystical interpretations and theurgical practices ●●

1300 Gerardo Segarelli burned as a heretic ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gerardo Segarelli is burned as heretic by Dominican inquisitor despite having support from Italian bishops. ●●

1301 Osman defeats Byzantines in Asia Minor ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Ottoman Turks under Osman achieve significant victory against Byzantine forces attempting to dislodge them from Asia Minor. ●●

13 October 1307 Arrest of the Knights Templar 1 cit. On Friday 13 October, King Philip IV ordered the sudden arrest of Templars across France on charges of heresy and blasphemy. Many were tortured into confessions that were later retracted. politics / religion ●●●●●

1307 Knights Templar suppressed ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Levenda speculates that the Knights Templar were suppressed in 1307 and may have gone underground, potentially influencing later secret societies. ●●

1311 Council of Vienne condemns usury advocacy ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Church authorities condemned even arguing that usury was not a sin as heresy, strengthening medieval Christian prohibition on interest-bearing loans. ●●

1312 Knights Templar at peak of wealth rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Templars possess in Europe alone more than nine thousand seignories at the height of their power before their collapse ●●

1314 Execution of Jacques de Molay and Templar leaders ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Jacques de Molai and fellow Templar leaders are executed by burning; Pike claims before execution Molai created four Metropolitan Lodges founding Hermetic Masonry ●●

1318 Pope John XXII condemns the Spiritual Franciscans ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Pope John XXII condemns Spiritual Franciscans as heretical, resulting in burnings at Marseilles. ●●

1330 Patriarch issues advice about Islamic rule candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Patriarch of Constantinople issues informal advice that Christians under Islamic rule need not openly profess faith. ●●

1335 1335–1410) stipulates that the insurers agree to assume the risks ‘of God, of the sea, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 1335–1410) stipulates that the insurers agree to assume the risks ‘of God, of the sea, of men of war, of fire, of jettison, of detainment by princes, by cities, or by any other person, of reprisals, of arrest, of whatever loss, peril, misfortune, impediment or sinister that might occur, with the exception of packing and customs’ until the insured goods are safely unloaded at their destination. ●●

1343 First Medici convicted of a capital crime ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A Medici family member was sentenced to death for a capital crime, part of a period when the Medici were known more for violence than finance. ●●

c. 1350 Gede rises and is later abandoned 5 cit. Gede, an inland stone town near Malindi, flourished from about the 13th to the 17th centuries, with mosques, a palace, and imported Chinese porcelain. It was then abandoned, for reasons still argued over, from shifting trade routes to failing water and raids. Its ruins in the coastal forest remain one of the best-preserved Swahili towns. economy / society ●●

1368 Founding of the Ming dynasty 1 cit. The rebel leader Zhu Yuanzhang drove out the Mongols and founded the Ming dynasty in 1368. Ruling as the Hongwu Emperor, he restored native Chinese rule and rebuilt central government. politics / war ●●●●●

1368 Ming dynasty reunites China and defeats the Mongols ai_extracted 1 cit. no story But China had a habit of changing its conquerors much more than it was changed by them, and when the Ming dynasty emerged in 1368 to reunite the empire and finally defeat the Mongols, much of the old ●●

1378 Williman, ‘Schism within the Church: The Twin Papal Elections of 1378’, JEH, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Williman, ‘Schism within the Church: The Twin Papal Elections of 1378’, JEH, 59 (2008), 29-47 ●●

1378 Christian Rosenkreutz Born rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Levenda cites the Confessio Fraternitatis asserting that Christian Rosenkreutz was born in 1378, making him 106 years old at his death. ●●

1379 McNeill and Battles, Institutes, II, 1379-1403 [Institutes IV rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story McNeill and Battles, Institutes, II, 1379-1403 [Institutes IV ●●

1380 Moscow's princes eject the Mongols, 1380 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The princes of Moscow led the successful revolt in 1380 that ejected the Mongol overlords, though tribute and judicial power continued to flow to Moscow. ●●

1380 Muscovy wins the Battle of Kulikovo ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Muscovy achieves battle victory at Kulikovo against Tatar overlord, later magnified in chronicles. ●●

1384 John Wyclif dies ai_extracted 1 cit. no story John Wyclif dies, later Church authorities dig up and burn his bones for heresy. ●●

1386 Event from 1386 AD rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Historical event from 1386 AD ●●

1392 Sergius of Radonezh dies ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Sergei dies and pilgrimage cult begins shortly after, establishing reverence for the monk saint. ●●

1395 Especially after Tamerlane razed Sarai in 1395 (chapter candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Especially after Tamerlane razed Sarai in 1395 (chapter 4) , the Moscow Grand Princes began to keep taxes for themselves and to demand tribute from th... ●●

1399 English courts inherit royal ritual, oaths, and courtroom decorum 4 cit. Court ritual has visible state and royal roots: the Royal Arms, bowing to the bench, judicial and witness oaths, formal dress, standing when the judge enters, and silence while court sits. These practices ritualize public authority and orderly dispute resolution, but the evidence points to monarchy, common law, and courtroom discipline rather than a Masonic origin. culture / politics / society ●●●●●

1400 Revolution (1400) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story C., ed. The Economic Decline of Empires. London, 1970. ______. The Fontana Economic History of Europe, 6 vols. London, 1972-76. ______. Before the Industrial Revolution: European ●●

1400 Andrei Rublev icons flourish rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Monk Andrei Rublev becomes greatest exponent of Russian religious art in fresco and icon-painting tradition. ●●

1403 McNeill and Battles, Institutes, II, 1379-1403 [Institutes IV rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story McNeill and Battles, Institutes, II, 1379-1403 [Institutes IV ●●

1405 Death rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Tamerlane set out to conquer China, but died on the way in 1405 . Tamerlane took care to link himself to Chinggis's memory, evoking a difficult and deprived youth, retreats from ne... ●●

1405 Admiral Cheng Ho leads seven overseas voyages ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The most famous of the official overseas expeditions were the seven long-distance cruises undertaken by the admiral Cheng Ho between 1405 and 1433. Consisting on occasions of hundreds of ships and ten ●●

1410 1335–1410) stipulates that the insurers agree to assume the risks ‘of God, of the sea, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 1335–1410) stipulates that the insurers agree to assume the risks ‘of God, of the sea, of men of war, of fire, of jettison, of detainment by princes, by cities, or by any other person, of reprisals, of arrest, of whatever loss, peril, misfortune, impediment or sinister that might occur, with the exception of packing and customs’ until the insured goods are safely unloaded at their destination. ●●

1412 Jan Hus is excommunicated ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Jan Hus is excommunicated by one of three papal claimants and appeals to coming general council. ●●

1414 Hussites restore communion in both kinds ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Hussites begin offering consecrated wine to laity for first time in centuries, restoration of communion in both kinds. ●●

6 July 1415 Jan Hus burned at Constance 1 cit. The Bohemian reformer Jan Hus is condemned for heresy and burned at the stake despite a promise of safe conduct. His death sparks the Hussite movement and foreshadows the Reformation a century later. religion ●●●

1415 War (1415) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Paramilitary Politics in Weimar Germany. Bloomington, Ind., 1977. Dietz, F.C. English Public Finance 1485-1641, 2 vols. London, 1964 edn. ______, “The Exchequer in Elizabeth’s R ●●

1415 Economic (1415) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story er, R.A.C., “Great Britain, France and the Ethiopian Crisis 1935-1936,” English Historical Review 89 (1974). Parodi, M. L’économie et la société française de 1945 a 1970. Paris, 1 ●●

1415 1415-1642 (Oxford, 1987), 305-31 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 1415-1642 (Oxford, 1987), 305-31 ●●

1416 Borkluje Mustafa leads Anatolian dervish rebellion ai_extracted 1 cit. no story But this syncretic religious culture was put to a difficult test in 1416 when ecumenical sentiments were expressed by the Anatolian der vish Borkluj e Mustafa during a maj or rebel... ●●

1420 Cosimo de' Medici takes over the family bank ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Giovanni di Bicci transferred control of the Medici bank to his son Cosimo, who had already established branches across Europe. ●●

1420 Ming China Of all the civilizations of premodern rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1420, the Ming navy was recorded as possessing 1,350 combat vessels, including 400 large floating fortresses and 250 ships designed for long-range cruising. Such a force eclipsed, but did not inclu ●●

1420 Duby, The Age of the Cathedrals: Art and Society 980-1420 (London, 1981), rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Duby, The Age of the Cathedrals: Art and Society 980-1420 (London, 1981), and see Doig, 169-96 ●●

1423 Mount Athos monks choose Ottoman overlordship ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Mount Athos monks prefer Muslim overlordship of sultan to rule by Venetians, given choice in 1423. ●●

1429 Death of Giovanni di Bicci de' Medici ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The founder of the Medici banking dynasty died, leaving his heirs instructions to maintain his standards of financial acumen. ●●

1434 Event rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The west African expeditions began in 1434 and reached Cape Verde (in today's Senegal) in 1444. African spices were an early focus, only later overshadowed by the Asian spice trade... ●●

1437 All Souls College endowed by Henry Chichele ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley describes All Souls as a peculiar Oxford college with no undergraduates. Its endowment was set up in 1437 by Henry Chichele, later Archbishop of Canterbury, from suppressed priories. ●●

1441 Event of 1441 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ein “ultimately ceased all cooperation with UNSCOM [the UN Special Commission charged with weapons inspections] and the IAEA [International Atomic Energy Agency] in 1998,” expelling the UN inspectors the cease-fire had obliged him to accept. In Novem ●●

1445 Ye Zongliu's miners' uprising in Ming China ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Between 1445 and 1449 silver miners led by Ye Zongliu joined with tenant farmers and the urban poor in Fujian and Shaxian. Their uprising spread across provinces and seized several cities. ●●

1448 Moscow elects a metropolitan without Constantinople ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1448 , a bishop from Riazan was chosen the metropolitan of Moscow without bothering to get the approval of the patriarch in Con stantinople. ●●

1448 Francesco Sforza defeats Venetians at Caravaggio ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Francesco Sforza defeated the Venetian forces at Caravaggio in 1448, then strategically allied with them against the Duke of Milan. ●●

1450 The “European Miracle”15 Why was it among the rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story It was, as noted above, in this broad period from 1450 to 1600 that “gunpowder empires” were established elsewhere. Muscovy, Tokugawa Japan, and Mogul India provide excellent examples of how great sta ●●

1450 War, Money, and the Nation-State Let us now rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The post-1450 waging of war was intimately connected with “the birth of the nation-state.”88 Between the late fifteenth and the late seventeenth centuries, most European countries witnessed a centrali ●●

1450 Reform (1450) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 62. On English economic history in this period, see Cipolla, Before the Industrial Revolution, pp. 276–96; D. C. Coleman, The Economy of England 1450–1750 (Oxford, 1977); B. Murphy ●●

1450 War (1450) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story don, 1973), pt. 1, ch. 4; C. Hill, Reformation to Industrial Revolution (Harmondsworth, Mddsx. 1969); R. Davis, English Overseas Trade 1500–1700 (London, 1973). Among the more prom ●●

1450 Hastings, The Church in Africa 1450-1950 (Oxford, 1994), which is unfair competition rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Hastings, The Church in Africa 1450-1950 (Oxford, 1994), which is unfair competition for a wise and informative longer survey also principally authored by a European who made Africa his life, B ●●

1451 Death rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story When Mehmet II's father, Murad II, died in 1451 , he left two sons from two different mothers. Immediately upon becoming sultan, Mehmet II ordered the execution of the other son, a... ●●

1453 Reign rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story For the Ottomans, conquest of Constantinople-the second Rome-in 1453 and Suleiman's extensions of the realm seemed to fulfill a destiny going back to Alexander the Great. For the H... ●●

1453 1The Rise of the Western World In the rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Over much of the western world there still hung the shock of the fall of Constantinople in 1453, an event which seemed the more pregnant because it by no means marked the limits of the Ottoman Turks’ ●●

1453 A fuller discussion of that specific Habsburg attempt rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gigantic wrought-iron tubes that fired a stone ball and made an immense noise obviously looked impressive and at times had results; it was that type which was used by the Turks to bombard the walls of ●●

1453 War (1453) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story cal Reliability in the Eastern European Warsaw Pact Armies,” Armed Forces and Society 6 (1980). Herwig, H.H. Politics of Frustration: The United States in German Naval Planning, 1 ●●

1453 Fall of Constantinople ends the Byzantine Empire ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Final collapse of Byzantine Empire with fall of Constantinople, marking end of Eastern Roman Christian power. ●●

29 May 1453 Fall of Constantinople and the end of the Byzantine Empire 1 cit. Mehmed II takes Constantinople after a seven-week siege, using massive cannon to breach the ancient walls. The last Byzantine emperor, Constantine XI, dies in the fighting, ending the Roman imperial line that had lasted since antiquity. The city becomes the Ottoman capital and Mehmed takes the title of conqueror. politics / religion / war ●●●

1460 Corpus Hermeticum reaches Medici Florence ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A Greek manuscript containing the Corpus Hermeticum was brought to Florence from Macedonia by one of Cosimo de' Medici's agents. ●●

1463 Cosimo de' Medici orders Ficino to translate Hermes ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Cosimo de' Medici ordered Marsilio Ficino to translate Hermes Trismegistus before embarking on the works of Plato. ●●

1464 Death of Cosimo de' Medici ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Cosimo de' Medici died while Ficino was completing his translation of Hermes. ●●

1467 20 BCE-50 CE) philosophes Philosophy; Byzantine; and Christianity; Greek ; Jewish 66; rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 20 BCE-50 CE) philosophes Philosophy; Byzantine; and Christianity; Greek ; Jewish 66; Latin; Western; see also Aristotle; Neoplatonism; Plato physicality in worship physis Pietà: see Mary: sufferings Pietism Pilgrim Fathers pilgrimage; attacked; to C ●●

1469 Ferdinand and Isabella marry, uniting Spain ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Elliott terms a "composite monarchy." From Reconquest to Habsburg Empire The marriage in 1469 of Ferdinand, heir to the throne of Aragon, king of Sicily and Sardinia, and claimant ... ●●

1469 War (1469) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story dling, Europe and the Decline of Spain: A Study of the Spanish System, 1580–1720 (London/Boston, 1981), p. 44. 5. For example, Gattinara’s declaration to Charles V that “God has s ●●

1470 Tables & Charts TABLES 1 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Increase in Military Manpower, 1470–1660 2. British Wartime Expenditure and Revenue, 1688–1815 3. Populations of the Powers, 1700–1800 4. ●●

1470 International Comparisons Yet this Habsburg failure, it is rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Increase in Military Manpower, 1470–166052 Omitted from this brief survey is one of the most persistent and threatening foes of the Habsburgs, the Ottoman Empire, chiefly because its strengths and wea ●●

1470 Dormition Cathedral rebuilt in the Moscow Kremlin ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Cathedral of the Dormition rebuilt in Moscow Kremlin by Italian architect under Ivan III's orders. ●●

1471 Ficino's Pimander printed for the first time ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Ficino's Pimander was printed for the first time and went through sixteen editions by the end of the sixteenth century. ●●

1473 Death of Cardinal Nicholas of Cusa ai_extracted 2 cit. no story Cardinal Nicholas of Cusa, learned ecclesiastic and predecessor to Copernican ideas, died in 1473 after escaping persecution through entering orders ●●