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9480 event(s), page 69 of 95, 0 uncited and 100 outside stories on this page

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  1. 1959 Similar problems were afflicting the US economy, where expenditure on health, Medicare, income se... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Similar problems were afflicting the US economy, where expenditure on health, Medicare, income security and social security had risen from 4 per cent of GDP in 1959 to 9 per cent in 1975, outstripping defence spending for the first time. ●●
  2. 1959 Death of John Foster Dulles ai_extracted 2 cit. no story Secretary of State John Foster Dulles died on May 24, 1959, after shaping Cold War foreign policy. His funeral was broadcast live on national television. ●●
  3. 1959 At Christmas 1959, Anna had rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story At Christmas 1959, Anna had visited Israel with her parents and decided to live there. In 1962, age thirty-one, Anna married a real estate developer,... ●●
  4. 1959 Reynolds and TI win the British Aluminium War ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By January, 6,1959, Reynolds/TI announced that it had achieved majority control of British Aluminium stock. Siegmund Warburg had defied the British... ●●
  5. 1959 Roy Thomson acquires the Sunday Times ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In July 1959, Siegmund advised Roy Thomson, the Toronto barber’s son who owned a chain of Canadian newspapers, in his purchase of the Sunday Times.... ●●
  6. 1959 On his first visit in rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On his first visit in 1959, he was moved by his experience of a kibbutz. During the Six-Day War in 1967, Siegmund took up a collection among Jewish... ●●
  7. 1959 21. International Management Digest, March 19, 1959 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 21. International Management Digest, March 19, 1959. ●●
  8. 1959 1. WW. Series III. B18 F107, letter from rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 1. WW. Series III. B18 F107, letter from John Schiff, January 13, 1959. ●●
  9. 1959 2. DS. Letter from Siegmund G. Warburg to rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 2. DS. Letter from Siegmund G. Warburg to John Schiff, December 11, 1959. ●●
  10. 1959 Freire's doctoral dissertation rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Paulo Freire's thought on the philosophy of education was first expressed in his doctoral dissertation at the University of Recife in 1959. This work later developed into the methodology he would use for teaching literacy. ●●
  11. 1959 Khrushchev submits draft Berlin peace treaty ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On January 10, 1959, Khrushchev submitted to the other three occupying powers a draft peace treaty which defined the new status of both Berlin and East Germany, implementing his demands regarding Berlin's demilitarization and future status. ●●
  12. 1959 1959: The son of an Army colonel stationed at the Pentagon, he had... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story of an Army colonel stationed at the Pentagon, he had gone west to study engineering at Berkeley in 1959. Even though the U.S. military buildup in Vietnam had not begun, Moore decided to become an anti ●●
  13. 1959 1959: orking capital necessary to keep inventing things. In January 1959 the rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story orking capital necessary to keep inventing things. In January 1959 the lawyers and executives at Texas Instruments began scrambling to file a patent a ●●
  14. 1959 1959: rial to make the necessary electrical connections.” It was filed in Fe rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story rial to make the necessary electrical connections.” It was filed in February 1959. 11 When Texas Instruments made its public announ ●●
  15. 1959 1959: Instruments to enter into a cross-licensing deal. The Fairchild applic rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Instruments to enter into a cross-licensing deal. The Fairchild application was filed in July 1959. 12 As happened with the patent dispute over the ●●
  16. 1959 1959: aspiration of creating machines that could think. Many were students a rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story aspiration of creating machines that could think. Many were students at MIT’s Artificial Intelligence Lab, founded in 1959 by two professors who would ●●
  17. 1959 1959: to the Grateful Dead. Fred Moore was an example. The son of an Army co rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story to the Grateful Dead. Fred Moore was an example. The son of an Army colonel stationed at the Pentagon, he had gone west to study engineering at Berkel ●●
  18. 1959 icelli evolved numerical organisms that learned to play a si rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “This is a completely different philosophy from the philosophy which proclaims that the end of the world is at hand as soon as the first error has occ ●●
  19. 1959 had little more to do with the Institute after his departure rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Abraham Flexner, who died in 1959, had little more to do with the Institute after his departure in 1939 ●●
  20. 1959 “Speculations on Perceptrons and Other Automata rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Good, “Speculations on Perceptrons and Other Automata,” IBM Research Lecture RC-115, June 2, 1959, based on a lecture sponsored by the Machine Organiz ●●
  21. 1959 Event of 1959 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ” In 1959, shortly before he suc- ceeded Osborn to the presidency of the Council, Notestein wrote, “All of us were convinced that, so far as the weste ●●
  22. 1959 ng my family data heretofore furnished up to rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ng my family data heretofore furnished up to date.” In 1953, James Brunn, a realtor in Kansas City, Missouri, wrote requesting information to help trace his lineage back to the Revolutionary War. In 1959, Minnie Williams of Harrison, Ohio, wrote to say that she had finally assembled as much informa ●●
  23. 1959 e Draper Fund. The purpose: proliferate genetics as rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story e Draper Fund. The purpose: proliferate genetics as a legitimate study of human heredity.43 During the fifties, Osborn took extraordinary pains to never utter a provocative eugenic word. In a typical 1959 speech on genetics at Hunter College, Osborn was explicit, “We are not speaking here of any man ●●
  24. 1959 “Report of the Family Planning Third Five Year Plan Committee.” On incentives, see “Introduction ... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “Report of the Family Planning Third Five Year Plan Committee.” On incentives, see “Introduction to the Memorandum on Administrative Implementa- tion of Family Planning Policy,” in The Sixth Intern... ●●
  25. 1959 State Department circular, December 2, 1959, USNA, RG 59, Central Files, 1967–1969, Soc 13-3, box... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story State Department circular, December 2, 1959, USNA, RG 59, Central Files, 1967–1969, Soc 13-3, box 3124; NSC Meetings, May 28 and August 18, 1959, Dwight D. ●●
  26. 1959 “The Population Council”; Carroll to Overseas Representatives, April 1, 1959, and Hill to Ensming... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “The Population Council”; Carroll to Overseas Representatives, April 1, 1959, and Hill to Ensminger, April 15, 1959, both in FFA, 1953 Grant Files, PA59-482, “Government of India”; “Policy Paper: P... ●●
  27. 1959 Brackett, “Morgan’s Reorganized Railroads: How They Were Controlled,” unpublishe... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Brackett, “Morgan’s Reorganized Railroads: How They Were Controlled,” unpublished paper, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1959 ●●
  28. 1959 Robert Mullen and Company founded ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Levenda asserts that the Mullen Company was founded in 1959 as a front for the CIA, where E. Howard Hunt would later work after his retirement. ●●
  29. 1959 Texas Instruments unveils the solid circuit ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Texas Instruments publicly unveils Kilby's integrated circuit, calling it a solid circuit, at a New York engineering conference. ●●
  30. 1959 Noyce conceives his integrated circuit design ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Robert Noyce, working independently at Fairchild, writes in his notebook the idea of placing multiple devices on a single piece of silicon connected by printed metal lines. ●●
  31. 1959 French West and Equatorial African federations dissolved ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The federal institutions that had linked France's West and Equatorial African colonies were wound up, leaving small separate states unable to pool revenue, which Nkrumah presents as the deliberate mechanics of balkanisation. ●●
  32. 1959 Nkrumah opens the Bank of Ghana ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Nkrumah recalls his own speech opening the Bank of Ghana, in which he set out the decisive part a central bank must play in a country's drive for economic and financial self-government. ●●
  33. 1959 AFL-CIO wins control of the ICFTU executive ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The American AFL-CIO union centre fought for and won control of the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions executive board at a Brussels meeting, extending Washington's reach into international labour politics. ●●
  34. 1960 Quigley: I have studied this network for twenty years ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley states he knows the international Anglophile network, which he identifies as the Round Table Groups, because he studied it for twenty years and was allowed in the early 1960s to examine its papers and secret records. ●●
  35. 1960 Forced collectivization of East German agriculture ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In three months, February-April 1960, almost a million East German farmers were forced into fewer than 20,000 collective farms by violence and social pressure. As in Stalin's Russia, the result was a collapse of agricultural production. ●●
  36. 1960 Mikoyan trade agreement draws Cuba toward the USSR ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The long visit of Soviet Deputy Premier Anastas Mikoyan in February 1960 forced a US reconsideration of its nonintervention policy toward Cuba. The agreement promised Cuba petroleum and arms for its sugar and led toward Soviet diplomatic ties. ●●
  37. 1960 Soviet advisers withdrawn from China, 1960 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In the summer of 1960 the Soviet Union pulled almost all its technical and military advisers out of China. Quigley marks this as a major step in the deepening Sino-Soviet rift. ●●
  38. 1960 Independence of Nigeria, 1960 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Nigeria, the largest British colonial territory with 35 million people, did not become free until 1960, its delay caused by deep internal divisions among its three regions. ●●
  39. 1960 Independence of the Mali Republic, 1960 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Senegal and the Sudanese Republic, briefly joined as the Mali Republic, won independence in April 1960, setting off a flood of declarations of independence across French Africa. ●●
  40. 1960 Formation of the Brazzaville Twelve, 1960 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In December 1960 twelve French-oriented African states formed the Brazzaville Twelve, a moderate, pro-French bloc for cooperation in Africa and at the United Nations. ●●
  41. 1960 De Gaulle forces through French nuclear force bill, 1960 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In November-December 1960 De Gaulle used Article 49 to create an independent French nuclear force without letting the Assembly debate or vote on the bill, despite an apparent majority against it. ●●
  42. 1960 School administrators grow far faster than students, 1960-1990 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto cites figures that from 1960 to 1990 student population rose 61 percent while the number of school administrators grew 342 percent. ●●
  43. 1960 Gatto's figure on Black two-parent households in New York, 1960 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto argues that in 1960, 85 percent of African American children in New York lived in intact two-parent households, a share he claims fell sharply as schools and welfare bureaucracies expanded. ●●
  44. 1960 Eisenhower says he would like to resign after U-2 lies ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Confronted with the collapse of the U-2 cover story, Eisenhower privately said he wished to resign. The episode ended the doctrine of plausible deniability. ●●
  45. 1960 Eisenhower orders Lumumba eliminated ai_extracted 1 cit. no story At a National Security Council meeting, President Eisenhower directed that Congolese prime minister Patrice Lumumba be killed. The order was recalled years later in secret Senate testimony. ●●
  46. 1960 Kennedy defeats Nixon by a razor-thin margin ai_extracted 1 cit. no story John Kennedy narrowly won the 1960 presidential election. Nixon blamed the CIA for his defeat. ●●
  47. 1960 December 11, 1960. Report of Alexander’s death is based on rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story December 11, 1960. Report of Alexander’s death is based on Dennis Hayes (president, Foreign Service Association) interview, July 8, 1983. ●●
  48. 1960 In 1960, Lodge was Richard Nixon’s running mate on the rejected ai_extracted 2 cit. no story In 1960, Lodge was Richard Nixon’s running mate on the Republican ticket that Kennedy and Lyndon Johnson defeated (1960) ●●
  49. 1960 In 1960, groups of soldiers and young officers seized two candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1960, groups of soldiers and young officers seized two mid-size barracks in a coordinated uprising (1960) ●●
  50. 1960 2 per cent of gross domestic product to 10 per cent in 1960, 13 per rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 2 per cent of gross domestic product to 10 per cent in 1960, 13 per cent in 1970 and nearly 17 per cent in 1980, more than 6 per cent higher than in Japan. ●●
  51. 1960 Special Group as Eisenhower's Proxy rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Special Group acted as President Eisenhower's proxy for approving covert actions including coups and assassinations. ●●
  52. 1960 Kennedy elected president, retains Allen Dulles ai_extracted 1 cit. no story John F. Kennedy wins a narrow victory in the presidential election. Two days later, he announces his cabinet selections, including retaining Allen Dulles as CIA director. ●●
  53. 1960 NSC weighs military action over the Congo ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Ambassador Timberlake briefs the National Security Council on August 1. The council decides the United States must be prepared to take military action to prevent Soviet intervention in the Congo. ●●
  54. 1960 Devlin warns of Communist takeover threat in Congo candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story CIA station chief Larry Devlin cables an urgent warning to Director Allen Dulles about classic Communist efforts to take over the Congolese government. ●●
  55. 1960 Kasavubu dismisses Prime Minister Lumumba ai_extracted 1 cit. no story President Kasavubu broadcasts an announcement on Radio Leo dismissing Prime Minister Patrice Lumumba and naming a successor, precipitating a major political crisis. ●●
  56. 1960 Mobutu seizes power in the Congo ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Colonel Joseph Mobutu announces on Radio Leo that he has decided to neutralize both Lumumba and Kasavubu, close parliament, and establish military rule under a College of Commissars. ●●
  57. 1960 Lumumba escapes house arrest in Leopoldville ai_extracted 1 cit. no story During a tropical rainstorm, Patrice Lumumba escapes from his residence which has been surrounded by guards. He flees Leopoldville in a convoy attempting to reach his stronghold in Stanleyville. ●●
  58. 1960 Allen Dulles briefs Senator Kennedy on CIA operations candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story CIA Director Allen Dulles travels to Hyannis Port to brief Democratic presidential nominee Senator John F. Kennedy on CIA operations worldwide. The two spend two hours together. ●●
  59. 1960 Allen Dulles meets with American business executives about Cuba candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Allen Dulles briefs the Special Group on a meeting with American business executives from Standard Oil, Cuban-American Sugar, Domino Refining, ITT, and other companies. They discuss the need for US action against Castro. ●●
  60. 1960 First postwar German stock listed in London ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1960, Siegmund arranged a London share quotation for the August Thyssen steel combine—the first listing of a German stock since the war. Since... ●●
  61. 1960 Kennedy’s election in 1960 and rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Kennedy’s election in 1960 and a sudden progressive upsurge, it looked as if Jimmy’s moment had at last arrived. He was a hero to young idealists who... ●●
  62. 1960 1. Leo Baeck Institute Bulletin, 1960, p. 182 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 1. Leo Baeck Institute Bulletin, 1960, p. 182. ●●
  63. 1960 22. Ibid., memo of conversation between Eric Warburg rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 22. Ibid., memo of conversation between Eric Warburg and Rudolf Brinckmann, June 20, 1960. ●●
  64. 1960 23. Ibid., letter from Eric Warburg to Rudolf rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 23. Ibid., letter from Eric Warburg to Rudolf Brinckmann, October 18, 1960. ●●
  65. 1960 24. Ibid., letter from Rudolf Brinckmann to Eric rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 24. Ibid., letter from Rudolf Brinckmann to Eric Warburg, November 3, 1960. ●●
  66. 1960 22. JW. Box 21. Stevenson, September 1960-May 1965 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 22. JW. Box 21. Stevenson, September 1960-May 1965, letter from Adlai Stevenson to John F. Kennedy, December 30, 1960. ●●
  67. 1960 McLuhan receives research funding rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story National Association of Educational Broadcasters and U.S. Office of Education fund McLuhan's research on media communication ●●
  68. 1960 That was particularly true in the 1960s rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story That was particularly true in the 1960s and 1970s. ●●
  69. 1960 to Julian and Mercedes Ramirez. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story to Julian and Mercedes Ramirez. ●●
  70. 1960 In 1960, the number of Americans dead was 5; in 1961, 16; in 1963, 123; and in 1964, the last peacet rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1960, the number of Americans dead was 5; in 1961, 16; in 1963, 123; and in 1964, the last peacetime year before American combat units were committed, the number had risen to more than 200. ●●
  71. 1960 But the America of the late 1960s—stalemated in Indochina and torn by domestic conflict—required a m rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story But the America of the late 1960s—stalemated in Indochina and torn by domestic conflict—required a more complex and nuanced definition of its international enterprise. ●●
  72. 1960 1960: Robert Noyce (1927–90) at Fairchild in 1960. Gordon Moore (1929– ) at rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Robert Noyce (1927–90) at Fairchild in 1960. Gordon Moore (1929– ) at Intel in 1970. Gordon ●●
  73. 1960 1960: s—in other words, the digital world we have today. These ideas formed rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story s—in other words, the digital world we have today. These ideas formed the basis for one of the most influential papers in the history of postwar techn ●●
  74. 1960 1960: Baran came up with two key ideas, which he began publishing in 1960. H rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Baran came up with two key ideas, which he began publishing in 1960. His first was that the network should not be cent ●●
  75. 1960 One advertising executive stated in 1856 that some journals are poor v... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story One advertising executive stated in 1856 that some journals are poor vehicles because “their readers are not purchasers, and any money thrown upon them is so much thrown away.”46 The same force took a ●●
  76. 1960 Event of 1960 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By the time the FDA gave Searle ap- proval to go to market in May 1960, it was already clear that this was not the “magic pill” Sanger had been waitin ●●
  77. 1960 Nigeria gains independence from Britain ai_extracted 1 cit. no story When Nigeria was granted independence from Britain in 1960, it was bequeathed a democratic constitution that provided for regular elections. ●●
  78. 1960 “Population Commission, Fifth Session, Provisional Summary Record of the Fifty-Fourth Meeting,” M... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “Population Commission, Fifth Session, Provisional Summary Record of the Fifty-Fourth Meeting,” May 23, 1950, Hauser Papers, box 30, folder 1; UN Secretariat, Department of Social Affairs, Populati... ●●
  79. 1960 Blacker Papers, box 11, “Blacker: Eugenics Society, 1960”; Frederick Osborn, “Galton and Mid-Cent... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Blacker Papers, box 11, “Blacker: Eugenics Society, 1960”; Frederick Osborn, “Galton and Mid-Century Eugenics,” Eugenics Review 48, no. ●●
  80. 1960 On Indonesia, see Nielsen, “Draft Recommendations for Foundation Ac- tivity,” May 28, 1953, FFA, ... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On Indonesia, see Nielsen, “Draft Recommendations for Foundation Ac- tivity,” May 28, 1953, FFA, 1953 General Correspondence, C-1165A, “Popula- tion.” On fellowships, see Docket Item, “The Populati... ●●
  81. 1960 Agnew, to FPA branches, June 27, 1960, IPPFA, series B, reel 715; Linder, Crusader for Sex Educat... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Agnew, to FPA branches, June 27, 1960, IPPFA, series B, reel 715; Linder, Crusader for Sex Education, 233; Minutes of the Meeting of the Manage- ment and Planning Committee, May 12–13, 1960, IPPFA,... ●●
  82. 1960 Minutes of the Meeting of the Management and Planning Committee, May 12–13, 1960; Linder, Crusade... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Minutes of the Meeting of the Management and Planning Committee, May 12–13, 1960; Linder, Crusader for Sex Education, 234; Day to Burdick, Janu- ary 16, 1961, IPPFA, series B, reel 719, frame 1027. ●●
  83. 1960 “Agenda, Meeting of Board of Trustees,” October 19, 1960, RAC, RG IV3B4.2, Population Council, Ge... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “Agenda, Meeting of Board of Trustees,” October 19, 1960, RAC, RG IV3B4.2, Population Council, General File, box 36, folder 507; McCarthy, “Ford Foundation’s Population Program,” 21–22; Radhika Ram... ●●
  84. 1960 ” Across the board, private enforcement cases grew from fewer than 100 per year in the late 1960s to rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ” Across the board, private enforcement cases grew from fewer than 100 per year in the late 1960s to 10,000 in the 1980s, and more than 22,000 by the late 1990s. ●●
  85. 1960 There has been a large geographical sorting of the parties that began in the 1960s, with virtually t rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story There has been a large geographical sorting of the parties that began in the 1960s, with virtually the entire South moving from the Democratic to the Republican Party, and Republicans becoming almost extinct in the Northeast. ●●
  86. 1960 Democratic political systems have faced such crises in the past, notably during the 1930s when they rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Democratic political systems have faced such crises in the past, notably during the 1930s when they fell into economic depression and were challenged by alternative fascist and communist competitors, or again in the 1960s and ’70s, when they were des ●●
  87. 1960 ” In the decades following the famed peasant rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ” In the decades following the famed peasant rebellion in 1932, which was crushed by an unholy massacre, a reform govern ●●
  88. 1960 Fleming, The Cold War and its Origins, 1917-1960 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Fleming, The Cold War and its Origins, 1917-1960 (New York, 1961), p ●●
  89. 1960 Licklider publishes 'Man-Computer Symbiosis' ai_extracted 2 cit. no story J.C.R. Licklider's paper proposed a tight coupling of human brains and computing machines. ●●
  90. 1960 Congo becomes independent ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On the day the Congo became independent, Nkrumah writes, there began a chapter of financial manoeuvring by Belgian and American interests that historians would later scrutinise closely. ●●
  91. 1960 Belgium dissolves the Comite Special du Katanga ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A hurried Belgian decree issued three days before the Congo's independence day dissolved the semi-official Comite Special du Katanga, a manoeuvre Nkrumah says was designed to keep control of mineral wealth out of Congolese hands. ●●
  92. 1961 Quigley: seventeen merchant banks at the core of English finance ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley argues a handful of private merchant banking firms sat at the core of English financial life and kept influence over the Bank of England. As late as 1961 a Baring was named governor, with a board including Lazard, Hambros, and Morgan Grenfell. ●●
  93. 1961 United Nations membership more than doubles ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley notes UN membership rising from 51 states in 1945 to 104 by 1961, with an astronomical spread of power between the strongest and weakest members. ●●
  94. 1961 Soviet Union resumes testing with 58-megaton bomb ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In October 1961 the Soviet Union broke the three-year test moratorium to seek smaller warheads, having realized it had fallen behind in ICBMs. To conceal this purpose, it publicized the explosion of a 58-megaton thermonuclear bomb, the largest ever used. ●●
  95. 1961 First humans sent into space ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In April and August 1961 Soviet Vostok vehicles sent the first human beings into space, Gagarin and Titov, recovered on Soviet soil. The feats astounded world opinion and drove immense US investment in science and education. ●●
  96. 1961 Berlin Wall built ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On August 13, 1961 East German authorities sealed the frontier with a 'death strip' and hastily built a wall dividing East from West Berlin. It was meant to stop the flood of East Germans fleeing to the prosperous West, though thousands still escaped. ●●
  97. 1961 Castro declares himself a Marxist-Leninist ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After proclaiming Cuba a socialist state on May Day 1961, Castro announced his own Marxist-Leninist beliefs in a two-day speech on December 1-2, 1961. Quigley argues he was not a convinced Communist but a power-hungry, emotionally unstable individual. ●●
  98. 1961 Alliance for Progress charter signed at Punta del Este ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The formal agreement for the Alliance for Progress was signed by all Organization of American States members except Cuba at Punta del Este, Uruguay, on August 17, 1961. Its aims were admirable but its implementation remained deficient. ●●
  99. 1961 UAMS charter signed at Tananarive, 1961 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Union of African and Malagasy States, the moderate French-linked grouping, did not sign its charter of union until its fourth conference, at Tananarive, in September 1961. ●●
  100. 1961 Army revolt in Algeria, 1961 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The mutiny of several army contingents in Algeria in April 1961 showed the opposition to De Gaulle was largely confined to the highest officers, whom he then removed. ●●