Events, Verisoph

c. September 1935 Fischer's race theories cited in drafting the Nuremberg Laws 2 cit. Nazi legal drafters and race theorists cite Eugen Fischer's earlier work, including his 1908 study of the Rehoboth Basters, as scientific grounding for the Nuremberg Laws banning marriage and sexual relations between Jews and non-Jewish Germans. Historians treat this as a documented, direct intellectual line from German colonial race science in South-West Africa to Nazi racial law. politics / science ●●

3 October 1935 Second Italo-Ethiopian War Begins 0 cit. Italian forces under Marshal Pietro Badoglio invaded Ethiopia in a war of colonial conquest condemned by the League of Nations but met with only token sanctions. The campaign employed systematic aerial bombing of civilian targets alongside conventional military operations. It ended with the Italian occupation of Addis Ababa in May 1936 and the proclamation of Italian East Africa. diplomacy / war ●●

c. December 1935 Italy Uses Mustard Gas in Ethiopia 1 cit. Italian forces repeatedly used mustard gas, sprayed from aircraft, against Ethiopian troops and civilian populations in violation of the 1925 Geneva Protocol, which Italy had signed. Mussolini personally authorized the gas attacks, and Badoglio expanded their use through the following months. Historians estimate the gas killed thousands of Ethiopians and contaminated water sources and grazing land used by civilians long after the war. technology / war ●●●

August 1935 Texas Rangers absorbed into the Department of Public Safety 0 cit. The Texas Legislature created the Texas Department of Public Safety and folded the Rangers into it as one of its divisions, ending the Rangers' history as a separate, loosely regulated state force. The reorganization was driven partly by scandals during Governor Miriam "Ma" Ferguson's administration, when Ranger commissions had been handed out as political patronage, and it imposed civil-service standards, training, and a modern chain of command that the force had previously lacked. politics ●●●

c. 1935 Herders frozen as timeless 'tribesmen' 0 cit. Colonial administrators and popular writing cast the Maasai and other herders as noble, unchanging primitives, a living picture of Africa before modernity, even as grazing curbs and quarantines wrecked their economies. The romantic image justified leaving the pastoralists outside development while their real conditions worsened. Historians argue this 'timeless tribesman' myth masked an active process of marginalisation. culture / society ●

c. 1935 Studying Anthropology under Malinowski at the LSE 0 cit. From the mid-1930s Kenyatta studied social anthropology at the London School of Economics under Bronislaw Malinowski, a founder of the discipline. He turned the tools of European scholarship back on his own people, framing Kikuyu society as a coherent, functioning order rather than the 'primitive' subject colonial writing described. The seminars produced the thesis that became his book on Kikuyu life. culture / science ●●

c. 1935 Independent African churches break from the missions 0 cit. Alongside the schools, Kikuyu founded independent churches such as the African Independent Pentecostal Church and the African Orthodox Church, worshipping as Christians while keeping their own customs and clergy. They gained African ordinations from outside the established missions and grew into lasting institutions. The split gave the community a Christianity it governed itself, born directly from the oath crisis. religion / society ●●

3 October 1935 Fascist Italy invades Ethiopia 1 cit. Mussolini's forces crossed from Eritrea into Ethiopia without a declaration of war, seeking to avenge Adwa and build an Italian empire in East Africa. The League of Nations declared Italy the aggressor and voted economic sanctions, but left out oil and did not close the Suez Canal, so the measures failed to stop the war. The invasion became a test case for whether the League could deter aggression, and it failed that test. diplomacy / war ●●●

c. 1935 The Pan-African circle: James, Makonnen, Nkrumah, Abrahams, Du Bois 0 cit. Through the later 1930s Kenyatta moved in a tight Pan-African network with C.L.R. James, the Guyanese organiser Ras Makonnen, the young Kwame Nkrumah, the writer Peter Abrahams, and the elder statesman W.E.B. Du Bois. Many worked through Padmore's International African Service Bureau. These friendships, more than Moscow, shaped the politics he carried home. politics / society ●●

1935 Protesting Italy's invasion of Ethiopia 0 cit. Mussolini's invasion of Ethiopia in 1935 galvanised Black activists in Britain, and Kenyatta joined the campaigns defending the one African state that had kept its independence. The cause bound the London Pan-Africanists together and sharpened their anti-colonial edge. It was a formative moment for the movement that met again in 1945. politics / war ●

c. 1935 Enrolling at the LSE under Bronislaw Malinowski 0 cit. Kenyatta entered the London School of Economics to study social anthropology under Bronislaw Malinowski, a founder of the field. Malinowski's seminar taught that a culture had to be understood on its own terms. For Kenyatta it offered a scholarly language in which to defend Kikuyu life against colonial contempt. culture / science ●●●

1935 A bit part in Sanders of the River 0 cit. Short of money, Kenyatta took a small part as an extra in the 1935 film Sanders of the River, whose leads were played by the American singer Paul Robeson and Nina Mae McKinney. The film was a celebration of benign British rule in Africa that Robeson later disowned. For Kenyatta it was one of many odd jobs that kept him afloat in London. culture / economy ●

c. 1935 The negritude movement takes shape in Paris 0 cit. Black students from the French colonies, among them Aime Cesaire of Martinique, Leopold Sedar Senghor of Senegal, and Leon Damas of Guiana, launched the journal L'Etudiant noir. Cesaire is credited with coining the term negritude, which affirmed Black identity and African cultural values against French assimilation. The movement gave Pan-Africanism a strong literary and cultural voice in the French-speaking world. culture / politics / society ●●

1935 Makhan Singh builds militant trade unionism 0 cit. The Sikh activist Makhan Singh reorganised the Labour Trade Union of Kenya into the Labour Trade Union of East Africa, pushing a militant, multiracial model of organised labour. He argued that workers should combine across race against colonial employers. He is widely regarded as a father of the Kenyan trade union movement. economy / politics ●●

c. 1935 MI5 tracks George Padmore in London 0 cit. The Trinidadian pan-Africanist George Padmore, after breaking with the Communist International, settled in London and was watched by MI5 and Special Branch. He became a mentor to a generation of African and Caribbean nationalists, including Kwame Nkrumah. British intelligence saw his flat as a hub of dangerous anti-colonial organising. politics / society ●●

1935 John F. Kennedy enrols at the LSE 0 cit. The young John F. Kennedy, future president of the United States, enrolled at the LSE in 1935 to study under the political theorist Harold Laski. He fell ill soon after and returned home before he could take up his studies in full. The brief episode is often cited as a mark of the School's global draw. politics / society ●

c. 1935 Settles in London and reunites with C.L.R. James 0 cit. Padmore settled in London in the mid-1930s and reconnected with C.L.R. James, his boyhood friend from Trinidad. The two men, close allies and sometime rivals, became central to the city's anti-colonial scene. Their partnership helped turn London into an organizing center for African freedom. culture / politics / society ●●

October 1935 Italy invades Ethiopia and galvanizes Pan-African organizing 0 cit. Italy's invasion of Ethiopia in October 1935 outraged Africans and their diaspora, since Ethiopia stood as a symbol of independence. Padmore and C.L.R. James helped form the International African Friends of Abyssinia to rally support. The crisis pulled a scattered network into organized political action. diplomacy / politics / society ●●●

1935 Nkrumah enrolls at Lincoln University in the United States 0 cit. In 1935 Nkrumah sailed to the United States and enrolled at Lincoln University in Pennsylvania, a historically Black college. He earned a bachelor's degree in economics and sociology in 1939 and later a bachelor of theology. He supported himself with menial jobs and read widely in Pan-African and socialist thought. politics / society ●●

July 1935 The Comintern retreats from colonial work at its Seventh Congress 0 cit. At its Seventh Congress the Comintern adopted the Popular Front line, seeking alliances with Britain and France against fascism. To avoid antagonizing those imperial powers, it softened its anti-colonial agitation and wound down bodies like the Negro workers' committee. Historians describe this as the moment Moscow put its own security ahead of the colonial cause, exposing the limits of Soviet support. diplomacy / politics ●●●

1935 Bernays sells Lucky Strikes for American Tobacco ai_extracted 1 cit. From the mid-1930s Bernays did extensive work for George Washington Hill's American Tobacco Company, helping sell Lucky Strike cigarettes. He later reversed course, gave up tobacco clients, and lobbied against the habit once its dangers were undeniable. ●●

c. 1935 Pass laws and grazing controls hem in Somali movement 3 cit. Under the closed-district regime, Somalis needed permits to move between areas, and the state controlled grazing and stock across the north. The rules cut into the mobility that pastoral life depended on. They also kept the region sealed from the wider colony and its economy. economy / politics ●●

c. 1935 The estates run on resident and migrant plantation labour 0 cit. The tea estates depended on a large workforce of pluckers and field hands, housed on the estates or drawn in from nearby reserves. Wages were low and the labour was tied to the plantation. This pattern of estate labour on land taken from local communities carried on well past the end of colonial rule. economy / society ●●

25 November 1936 Anti-Comintern Pact wikidata 0 cit. pact between Nazi Germany and Japan prior to World War II ●●●

7 March 1936 Remilitarization of the Rhineland 0 cit. German troops re-enter the demilitarized Rhineland in open breach of Versailles; Britain and France do nothing. politics / war ●●●

1936 Hirota cabinet puts economy on quasi-war footing ai_extracted 1 cit. In 1936 the Hirota cabinet agreed to put Japan's economy on a quasi-war footing, beginning with a boost to the military expenditure budget. ●●●

20 July 1936 Montreux Convention 0 cit. Convention giving Turkey control of the Bosporus and Dardanelles and regulating passage of warships in and out of the Black Sea. Its rules still govern the straits today. diplomacy / politics / war ●●●

August 1936 Founding of the World Jewish Congress 0 cit. Jewish delegates from 32 countries hold a first plenary assembly in Geneva, founding the World Jewish Congress as a permanent representative body of Jewish communities amid rising Nazi persecution. diplomacy / politics / religion ●●

17 July 1936 to 1 April 1939 Spanish Civil War 0 cit. no story Franco's Nationalists, backed by Germany and Italy, defeat the Republic, backed by the Soviet Union and international volunteers. Around half a million die and Franco rules Spain until 1975. politics / war ●●●●

c. 1936 to c. 1938 The Great Terror 0 cit. Stalin's purges sweep the Soviet party, army, and society, with show trials of old Bolsheviks and mass executions by the NKVD. Around 750,000 people are shot and over a million sent to the Gulag. politics ●●●●

February 1936 Publication of The General Theory 2 cit. John Maynard Keynes publishes The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money, arguing that governments must manage demand to prevent mass unemployment. Keynesian economics dominates Western policy for the next four decades. economy ●●●●

19 July 1936 to 1937 Anarchist revolution in Catalonia 0 cit. After defeating the military uprising in Barcelona, the anarchist CNT-FAI leads the collectivization of industry and land across Catalonia and Aragon. The experiment is rolled back after fighting among the Republican factions in May 1937. politics / society ●●●

1936 to 1939 The 1936-39 Arab Revolt 0 cit. Palestinian Arabs staged a widespread revolt against British rule and Jewish immigration from 1936 to 1939. Britain suppressed it and later curbed Jewish immigration. politics / war ●●●

26 September 1936 France abandons the gold standard 0 cit. France and the last members of the gold bloc finally devalued and left gold after years of grinding deflation. Countries that had clung to gold longest suffered the deepest and longest slumps. economy / politics ●●●

c. 1936 Founding of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory 0 cit. A group of Caltech students and researchers, including Frank Malina and Jack Parsons, began rocket experiments in the Arroyo Seco. The work grew into the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, later run for NASA. science / technology ●●●●

31 October 1936 The GALCIT rocket group's first test firings in the Arroyo Seco 0 cit. Parsons and his colleagues, nicknamed the Suicide Squad, conducted their first static rocket motor tests in the Arroyo Seco canyon near Pasadena. JPL treats this experiment as the moment of its founding. science ●●●●

1936 Argus cameras are named for the hundred-eyed giant of Greek myth 0 cit. The Argus camera brand, launched in Michigan in 1936, borrows the name of Argus Panoptes, the hundred-eyed all-seeing giant of Greek myth. economy / religion / technology ●

1936 Germany rearms and remilitarizes the Rhineland (1935-1936) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Under British-driven appeasement, France gave away its advantages: Germany was allowed to rearm in 1935 and to remilitarize the Rhineland in 1936. ●●

1936 French devaluation of 1936 shatters the gold bloc ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The French devaluation law of October 2, 1936, reduced the franc's gold content and set up an exchange stabilization fund. It shattered the gold bloc but, Quigley argues, was mismanaged and did not end the deflation. ●●

1936 Four-Year Plan begins state control of the economy ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Four-Year Plan, created in 1936, became the entering wedge of outside control over German business. After war began, the Ministry of Munitions under Todt and Speer came to dominate economic life. ●●

1936 Italy completes conquest of Ethiopia ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Ethiopia was conquered on 2 May 1936 and annexed to Italy a week later. League sanctions were then removed just as they were beginning to take effect. ●●

1936 Remilitarization of the Rhineland rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley argues the Ethiopian crisis gave Hitler the chance to announce German rearmament and reestablish the air force in March 1935 and to remilitarize the Rhineland on 7 March 1936, the most important event of the appeasement period. ●●

1936 Anti-Comintern Pact rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. The Anti-Comintern Pact, a union of Germany and Japan against Communism and the Third International, was signed in November 1936 and joined by Italy a year later. ●●

1936 Outbreak of the Spanish Civil War ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Spanish republic lasted only five years before the Civil War began on 18 July 1936, after a period of shifting coalition governments and rising conflict between Right and extreme Left. ●●

1936 Popular Front wins Spanish election ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Spanish election of 16 February 1936 followed a violent campaign in which the Falange were the worst offenders; the Popular Front won 266 of 473 seats against 153 for the Right and 54 for the Center. ●●

1936 Sanjurjo seeks German aid in Berlin ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley reports that Sanjurjo went to Berlin on 4 February 1936 but could get no German commitment beyond a promise of transport planes to move Moroccan forces to Spain if the loyal fleet made sea transport dangerous. ●●

1936 French proposal for non-intervention in Spain ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Impelled by pacifism and a desire to avoid war, French Premier Léon Blum and Foreign Minister Yvon Delbos proposed on 1 August 1936 that the chief Powers sign an agreement not to intervene in Spain. ●●

1936 Germany and Italy recognize the Franco government ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After the failure to capture Madrid, Germany and Italy decided on extensive support for Franco, recognizing his government and withdrawing recognition from Madrid on 18 November 1936; Italy signed a secret alliance ten days later. ●●

1936 Japan joins the Anti-Comintern Pact ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On November 25, 1936, Japan joined the Anti-Comintern Pact, aligning with the aggressor states. Efforts to strengthen it into a full German-Japanese alliance dragged on for years, concluding only in September 1940. ●●

1936 Anglo-Egyptian Treaty of 1936 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A 1936 treaty regulated relations between Britain and Egypt, establishing a twenty-year alliance and allowing Britain to keep 10,000 troops in the Canal Zone. Its creation of a new Egyptian army and a military academy opened officer careers to poor Egyptians like Nasser. ●●

1936 Neill Malcolm named High Commissioner for German Refugees (1936) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As Hitler's persecutions grew, Sir Neill Malcolm was made High Commissioner for German Refugees in 1936, and the RIIA began a research program on refugees the following year. ●●

1936 Hitler remilitarizes the Rhineland ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley calls Hitler's March 1936 remilitarization of the Rhineland the most crucial event in the whole history of appeasement, since a demilitarized Rhineland had been the one thing deterring German moves eastward. ●●

1936 Franco's fascist revolution underway in Spain ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The book says that by early August 1936 Franco's fascist revolution was well underway, aided by Mussolini, Hitler and Portugal. It presents Franco's rise as enabled by British and French policy. ●●

1936 Hitler remilitarizes the Rhineland rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The book cites Quigley that Hitler violated the Locarno agreements by remilitarizing the Rhineland in March 1936, and that the Milner Group simply dishonored its guarantee. It frames this as clearing the way for German expansion east. ●●

1936 Keynes publishes The General Theory ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Keynes's masterwork, The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money, appeared in February 1936. It transformed the understanding of the modern monetary economy and still underpins much of central-bank policy. ●●

1936 He remained a strong supporter of Roosevelt, though, lending his name to th... candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story He remained a strong supporter of Roosevelt, though, lending his name to the book I’m for Roosevelt!, published during the election year of 1936. Roosevelt enthusiastically... ●●

1936 By late 1936, according to rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By late 1936, according to Kennan, use of these techniques had made the U. ●●

1936 United Fruit wins Guatemala concession negotiated by Dulles ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Ubico showered United Fruit with concession agreements, including one in 1936 that his agents negotiated personally with Dulles (1936) ●●

1936 Among Jewish businessmen (1936) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Reichsbank also issued new rules making it harder to transfer money to Palestine, persuading Max that Palestine had reached the limits of its abso... ●●

1936 CHAPTER 32––The Twilight Dynasty Even as Max helped people ... (1936) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Schacht’s, a strategy that had at first paid off handsomely, enabling him to survive in a charmed sphere, protected by invisible barriers, if surround... ●●

1936 CHAPTER 33––Orphans of the Storm The bond between Max and E... (1936) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “I do not envy him his life,” Eddie Warburg said of him in 1938, “but I do envy him his real nobility of character which enables him to carry on with ... ●●

1936 As always in Jewish history (1936) rejected ai_extracted 2 cit. no story — As with so many German Warburgs, Ingrid ended up staying in New York far longer than she had dreamed. After graduating from Hamburg University in 1... ●●

1936 After two world wars (1936) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story He often told trainees that they never knew whom their client might be dining with that night. A striking case of this wisely democratic strategy invo... ●●

1936 Eric and his family moved into Noah’s Ark (1936) candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story M. Warburg in 1936—became a postwar mayor, as did Max Brauer, who had bravely jumped from a window of Altona City Hall in 1933 and fled to America. Er... ●●

1936 It seems that this possibility of the Foundation giving all... (1936) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story It seems that this possibility of the Foundation giving all of its funds for the purposes of the proposed bank was the last great chance which he saw for the establishment of that institution.”35 Max bitterly reproached the “hundred percent retreat” of Sir Osmond.36 Siegmund was involved enough in Max’s scheme to draw fire from the Zionist press in America. ●●

1936 Gestapo becomes supreme police organ of the Reich ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Bettina never publicized this heroic work and before her death destroyed all documents related to the effort, save a simple list of beneficiaries.39 — The Warburgs’ special influence during the Third Reich depended upon their matchless access to government officials, a situation threatened on February 10, 1936, when the Gestapo, under Heinrich Himmler, emerged as supreme police organ of the Third Reich. ●●

1936 In November 1936, the official organ of the Italian Fascist... (1936) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In November 1936, the official organ of the Italian Fascist party, Fascista Regime, claimed that Felix Warburg and Kuhn, Loeb had bankrolled Lenin, Trotsky, and the entire Bolshevik Revolution.48 And what punishment did the Nazis mete out to these malefactors? ●●

1936 “Under these circumstances,” he said, “it is particularly... (1936) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “Under these circumstances,” he said, “it is particularly admirable how Uncle Max keeps his balance and even his sense of humour.”50 What sort of business could a Jewish bank do in 1936? ●●

1936 14. FW. B332 F11, letter to Chaim Weizmann rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 14. FW. B332 F11, letter to Chaim Weizmann, August 18, 1936. ●●

1936 Jack Parsons: the occultist who helped found JPL 0 cit. Jack Parsons, a self-taught genius of rocket propulsion, co-founds what becomes NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory while devoutly practicing Crowley's Thelemic magic. Rocket science and ceremonial magick sat side by side in the same brilliant, reckless mind. religion / science ●●●

1936 Sachs had intentionally listed the peaceful potentials of fission first and seco rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Sachs had intentionally listed the peaceful potentials of fission first and second among its prospects.1218 To emphasize the “ambivalence” of the discovery, he said later, the “two poles of good and evil” it embodied, he turned near the end of the discussion to Francis Aston’s 1936 lecture, “Forty Years of Atomic Theory”—it had been published in 1938 as part of a collection, Background to Modern Science, which Sachs had brought along to the White House—where the English spectroscopist had ridiculed “the more elderly and apelike of our prehistoric ancestors” who “objected to the innovation of cooked food and pointed out the grave dangers attending the use of the newly discovered agency, fire.”1219 Sachs read the entire last paragraph of the lecture to Roosevelt, emphasizing the final sentences:1220 Personally I think there is no doubt that sub-atomic energy is available all around us, and that one day man will release and control its almost infinite power. ●●

1936 It emphasized the secret German uranium research at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story It emphasized the secret German uranium research at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institutes, about which they had learned from the physical chemist Peter Debye, the 1936 Nobel laureate in chemistry and director of the physics institute at Dahlem, who had been expelled recently to the United States, ostensibly on leave of absence, when he refused to give up Dutch citizenship and join the Nazi Reich. ●●

1936 He knew fifteen people, he told Bush, “who at one time or another felt so strong rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story He knew fifteen people, he told Bush, “who at one time or another felt so strongly about [compartmentalization] that they intended to reach the President.”1936 The central issue as always was freedom of scientific speech: “Decisions are often clearly recognized as mistakes at the time when they are made by those who are competent to judge, but . ●●

1936 For, in 1936, Hitler continued to benefit from his... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story For, in 1936, Hitler continued to benefit from his unique combination of psychotic intuition and demonic willpower. ●●

1936 Franco's coup triggers the Spanish Civil War ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In July 1936 a military coup led by General Francisco Franco triggered the Spanish Civil War, with Franco openly supported by large shipments of equipment from Germany and Italy. ●●

1936 he intervened on Szilard’s behalf with the Admiralty, Churchill’s old bailiwick, writing the head of rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story he intervened on Szilard’s behalf with the Admiralty, Churchill’s old bailiwick, writing the head of the Department of Scientific Research and Development cannily: I daresay you remember my ringing you up about a man working here who had a patent wh ●●

1936 Schacht received in Paris by Léon Blum ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In August 1936, five months after the reoccupation of the Rhineland, Germany's Economics Minister Hjalmar Schacht was received in Paris by Léon Blum, Socialist Party head and Prime Minister of a Popular Front government. ●●

1936 1936: s to be reflected in real and tangible inventions. In September 1936, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story s to be reflected in real and tangible inventions. In September 1936, while waiting for his paper to be published, the twenty-four-year-old doctoral c ●●

1936 1936: eal with, all the more so as he became successful. When Shockley gradu rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story eal with, all the more so as he became successful. When Shockley graduated from MIT in 1936, Mervin Kelly came up from Bell Labs to interview him and ●●

1936 Turing conceives the Universal Machine ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Von Neumann’s project was the physical realization of Alan Turing’s Universal Machine, a theoretical construct invented in 1936 ●●

1936 “Institutes like nations are perhaps happiest if they have n rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “Institutes like nations are perhaps happiest if they have no history,” declared Abraham Flexner, the founding director of the Institute for Advanced ●●

1936 perhaps not ENIAC as first completed but certainly all later rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “Von Neumann was well aware of the fundamental importance of Turing’s paper of 1936 ‘On computable numbers …’ which describes in principle the ‘Univer ●●

1936 He entered the Massachusetts Institute of Technology at the rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story He entered the Massachusetts Institute of Technology at the age of seventeen, delivering milk in a Model T Ford to pay for his tuition and graduating ●●

1936 He studied mathematical physics under Enrico Fermi and becam rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story He studied mathematical physics under Enrico Fermi and became a vocal critic of Mussolini, whose rise to power prompted him to move to Norway, with hi ●●

1936 Turing gave Newman a draft of his paper in April of 1936 candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After a full year of work, Turing gave Newman a draft of his paper in April of 1936 ●●

1936 “I have just discovered a possible application of the kind o rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “I have just discovered a possible application of the kind of thing I am working on at present,” Turing wrote to his mother in October 1936 ●●

1936 een logical function and strings of symbols is no longer the rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Two-way translation between logical function and strings of symbols is no longer the mathematical abstraction it was in 1936 ●●

1936 Event of 1936 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Af- p o p u l a t i o n s a t w a r 79 ter 1936, they withdrew contraceptives from the market, made abortion illegal, and offered mothers cash incenti ●●

1936 f one of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institutes, was rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story f one of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institutes, was able to undertake extensive research on the Nazi program in cities and towns. Kopp was even permitted access to the secret Nazi Heredity Courts. Throughout 1936, Kopp wrote articles for eugenic publications, participated in promotional roundtables with suc ●●

1936 elm Institutes, the Society for Racial Hygiene and rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story elm Institutes, the Society for Racial Hygiene and indeed all of German medicine.140 Fischer, Lenz, Rüdin and the other stalwarts became the medical generals of Hitler’s campaign against humanity. In 1936, Rüdin assumed leadership of the Institute for Racial Hygiene in Munich, one of the main center ●●

1936 found himself defined as Jewish and subject to rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story found himself defined as Jewish and subject to encircling anti-Jewish decrees. Like many practicing Christians of Jewish ancestry, he fled across the Czech border in 1936, establishing a clinic in Marienbad. When anti-Jewish agitation spread into Czechoslovakia, Katzen- Ellenbogen moved again, this ●●

1936 Fund for German Science, now the German Research rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Fund for German Science, now the German Research Society.107 A cascade of German Research Society grants financed Verschuer’s continuing heredity research, including a 1935 grant for twin studies. In 1936 and 1937, Verschuer again received funding for twin research and his search for the specific co ●●

1936 ere merely sound science. Eugenical News even gave rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ere merely sound science. Eugenical News even gave senior Nazi leaders a platform to justify their decrees. The Carnegie Institution still took no action against its Cold Spring Harbor enterprise. In 1936, the brutal Nazi concentration camps multiplied. Systematic Jewish pauperization accelerated. J ●●

1936 lose watch on North Carolina’s progress. Laughlin and rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story lose watch on North Carolina’s progress. Laughlin and others held the view that the state’s population was riddled with unfit humans, and that their spawn had infiltrated the entire United States. In 1936, Laughlin was commissioned by Connecticut governor Wilbur Cross to undertake a “Survey of the H ●●

1936 Mavrogordatos, Stillborn Republic: Social Coalitions and Party Strategies in Greece, 1922–1936 (Berk rejected ai_extracted 2 cit. no story Mavrogordatos, Stillborn Republic: Social Coalitions and Party Strategies in Greece, 1922–1936 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983). ●●

1936 Though Hitler scored brilliant short-term successes in 1936 and 1938, the diplomacy of the Third Rei rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Though Hitler scored brilliant short-term successes in 1936 and 1938, the diplomacy of the Third Reich failed to bring about the anti-Soviet alliance proposed in Mein Kampf. ●●

1936 It was ideology which provided Hitler with the lens through which he understood the inter- national rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story It was ideology which provided Hitler with the lens through which he understood the inter- national balance of power and the unfolding of the increasingly glo- balized struggle that began in Europe with the Spanish Civil War in the summer of 1936. ●●

1936 By 1936, the Northeim tourist g 48 “EVERY WORKER HIS WORK’ office was attracting 60,000 visitors an rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By 1936, the Northeim tourist g 48 “EVERY WORKER HIS WORK’ office was attracting 60,000 visitors annually and the Thingstaette had established itself as a popular venue on the Nazi conference circuit. ●●

1936 Air Ministry contracts IG Farben for Leuna fuel plant ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On ro June 1936 the Air Ministry signed a second major contract with IG Farben, this time to build a plant at Leuna capable of turning out 200,000 tons of air fuel per annum. ●●

1936 In July 1936, the project began to slip definitively out of the hands of German industry. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In July 1936, the project began to slip definitively out of the hands of German industry. ●●