Events, Verisoph

1939 Information history in 1939 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story plex, original, and quite detached from anything people in the field were doing. ♦♦ He never bothered to publish it. ●●

1939 left their home in the landlocked Valdres district of Norway rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Stewart to Abraham Flexner, 1939 ON MAY 2, 1847, newlyweds Thomas and Kari Veblen, who spoke barely a word of English, left their home in the landloc ●●

1939 the stupidity of the Stock Exchange boys rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “I refuse to accept however, the stupidity of the Stock Exchange boys, as an explanation of the trend of stocks,” he remarked to Ulam in 1939 ●●

1939 although prevented from leaving until 1940 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Kurt Gödel was brought to Princeton (from Vienna) on a stipend of $2,400 for 1939 (although prevented from leaving until 1940); Stan Ulam (from Warsaw ●●

1939 ROSPECT of a visit from an architect usually costs Professor rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story —Alan Turing, 1939 “THE PROSPECT of a visit from an architect usually costs Professor Veblen a day’s work and a night’s sleep,” noted Abraham Flexner ●●

1939 ad his office in one of the buildings along Nassau Street; t rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “Flexner had his office in one of the buildings along Nassau Street; the mathematicians had rooms in Fine Hall, which was the University’s mathematica ●●

1939 jointly constituted the School of Economics and Politics who rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Treasury, jointly constituted the School of Economics and Politics whose establishment, without the approval of the other faculty, led to Flexner’s re ●●

1939 “When I went around for interviews in 1939 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “When I went around for interviews in 1939, I saw many of my classmates already working,” he says ●●

1939 I mean it!”25 Klári’s parents escaped to Princeton with the rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story I mean it!”25 Klári’s parents escaped to Princeton with the opening of the war, but her father, despondent, threw himself under a train over Christmas ●●

1939 Turing joins the Bletchley Park codebreakers ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In September of 1939, Turing joined the Foreign Office’s Government Code and Cypher School, sequestered at a Buckinghamshire estate known as Bletchley ●●

1939 documentary produced by the Mathematical Association of Amer rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story John von Neumann to Stan Ulam, December 9, 1939, SFU; Oskar Morgenstern, in John von Neumann, documentary produced by the Mathematical Association of ●●

1939 as pictured on her French driver’s license rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Klára (Klári) von Neumann, as pictured on her French driver’s license, issued July 15, 1939 ●●

1939 Marina von Neumann Whitman rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story (Marina von Neumann Whitman) John von Neumann with Cadillac V-8 coupe, en route to Florida, January 1939 ●●

1939 Look magazine's August 1939 article whitewashes Soviet Terror under Stalin rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Zuboff documents how Walter Duranty's Look magazine article portrays Stalin's regime as democratic while the Great Terror kills millions, illustrating how propaganda evades public comprehension of totalitarian control systems. ●●

1939 Event of 1939 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1939 Blacker’s Birth Control Investigation Committee dissolved itself with only a marginally improved spermicide, Volpar—standing for “voluntary pa ●●

1939 Czechoslovakia, Katzen- Ellenbogen moved again, this time to rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Czechoslovakia, Katzen- Ellenbogen moved again, this time to the democratic stronghold of Prague, where in 1938 he began working with refugee groups.17 After Hitler invaded Czechoslovakia in March of 1939, Katzen- Ellenbogen followed a typical route of flight. First, he crossed into Italy. After war ●●

1939 Frick decree compels German twins to register ai_extracted 1 cit. no story llnesses.” He listed rheumatism, stomach ulcers, cancer, heart defects, anemia and leukemia as the conditions he was focusing on. Verschuer assured, “A good deal of material has been collected.”60 In 1939, Interior Minister Frick issued a public decree compelling all twins to register with their loc ●●

1939 Nazi-Soviet pact and invasion of Poland ai_extracted 1 cit. Zuboff traces how just one week after propaganda whitewashed Stalin's regime, he signed a pact with Hitler, attacked Poland in September, and invaded Finland in November. ●●

1939 Allied empires outproduce Axis in GDP by 60% ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1939, as the war started, the combined GDP of the British and French empires exceeded that of Germany and Italy by 60 per cent. ●●

1939 Krauch launches the Schnellplan emergency programme ai_extracted 1 cit. no story To reach World War I levels by the end of 1939, Krauch launched the Schnellplan, a short-range emergency programme with absolutely top priority amongst all the Wehrmacht’s many programmes. ●●

1939 284 9 1939: Nothing to Gain by Waiting Within days of the Munich agreement, the Reichsbank economic rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 284 9 1939: Nothing to Gain by Waiting Within days of the Munich agreement, the Reichsbank economics department drafted a memorandum, which, though it was never circu- lated outside the offices of the central bank, nevertheless deserves to stand as ●●

1939 Apart from the elimination of the rumpof Czechoslovakia, the first key element in this strategy was rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Apart from the elimination of the rumpof Czechoslovakia, the first key element in this strategy was the incorpor- 292 1939: NOTHING TO GAIN BY WAITING ation of Poland alongside Italy into an offensive alliance against Britain and France. ●●

1939 Reich adopts the New Finance Plan ai_extracted 1 cit. no story To ease its cash flow problems the Reich adopted a new expedient in the form of the New Finance Plan (Neuer Finanzplan) of 20 March 1939. ●●

1939 They amounted in effect to a compulsory low-interest loan to the Reich, which by October 1939 had al rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story They amounted in effect to a compulsory low-interest loan to the Reich, which by October 1939 had already risen to a total of 4.831 billion Reichsmarks.* The idea behind the New Finance Plan was that if the Reich’s demand for credit could be met by p ●●

1939 However, in the spring of 1939 the formation of a triple alliance of France, Britain and the Soviet rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story However, in the spring of 1939 the formation of a triple alliance of France, Britain and the Soviet Union against Hitler seemed inevitable.” The British cabinet, despite the reservations of Chamberlain, was genuinely committed to seeking a Soviet dea ●●

1939 If these ideas are not translated immediately into action, then every sacrifice of blood in the next rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story If these ideas are not translated immediately into action, then every sacrifice of blood in the next war will not protect us against the bitter end, to which a lack of foresight and decisiveness has already condemned us once before.’ A step in the ri ●●

1939 Whereas Germany attempted to suck Romania into its orbit, Turkey opted for the Western powers, secur candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Whereas Germany attempted to suck Romania into its orbit, Turkey opted for the Western powers, securing the right flank of the British Empire in the Middle East.** Turkey’s decision was premised on the common understanding in the spring of 1939 that ●●

1939 In fact, the Wehrmacht’s military-economic office had already concluded in April 1939 that oil suppl rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In fact, the Wehrmacht’s military-economic office had already concluded in April 1939 that oil supplies from Romania would be sufficient to cover Germany’s needs only if the country was occupied by German troops, and if the entire Romanian oil indust ●●

1939 Following the German occupation of Prague on 15 March, it was, as we have seen, generally assumed th candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Following the German occupation of Prague on 15 March, it was, as we have seen, generally assumed that a Triple a 318 1939: NOTHING TO GAIN BY WAITING Alliance would soon bind France, Britain and the Soviet Union into a defensive system against Germ ●●

1939 As Germany’s diplomats clearly understood, Stalin’s increasing emphasis from the spring of 1939 onwa rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As Germany’s diplomats clearly understood, Stalin’s increasing emphasis from the spring of 1939 onwards on the classic Leninist doc- trine of the inevitability of inter-capitalist war opened distinct possibili- ties for Germany.'* After all, an allia ●●

1939 By the summer of 1939 the naval alliance with Japan was off the table. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By the summer of 1939 the naval alliance with Japan was off the table. ●●

1939 Ribbentrop signs the Nazi-Soviet non-aggression pact ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In the early hours of 24 August 1939, Hitler’s Foreign Minister Ribbentrop signed a non-aggression pact with the Soviet Union, which included secret provisions for the division of Eastern Europe into separate spheres of influence. ●●

1939 Hitler could hardly wait to : 320 1939: NOTHING TO GAIN BY WAITING announce the news from Moscow, b rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Hitler could hardly wait to : 320 1939: NOTHING TO GAIN BY WAITING announce the news from Moscow, boasting to his anxious generals that Germany now had nothing to fear from a blockade.'** Negotiations began immediately for a gigantic trade deal, the ●●

1939 This might seem a strange suggestion in light of the fact that Hitler went to war in September 1939 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story This might seem a strange suggestion in light of the fact that Hitler went to war in September 1939 in alliance with the Soviet Union against the British Empire, when Mein Kampf had called for the exact opposite. ●●

1939 Roosevelt signs the Cash and Carry Act ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Within weeks of the outbreak of war, the isolationists lost the argument in Congress.** On 3 November 1939 President Roosevelt signed into law the ‘cash and carry’ bill that lifted the strict American neutrality provisions banning the sale of weapons ●●

1939 Hitler approves munitions programme favoring heavy artillery ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Based on figures that Hitler had cribbed from the standard history of the Great War, it gave priority above all to howitzers and heavy mortars — the decisive weapons of trench war- fare.” On 12 December 1939 Hitler personally approved the final versi ●●

1939 Ju 88 bomber mass-production begins ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The long-awaited mass-production of the Ju 88 finally began in the autumn of 1939. ●●

1939 Ever since the raw materials crisis began in early 1939, Brauchitsch had been fretting that a non-mi rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Ever since the raw materials crisis began in early 1939, Brauchitsch had been fretting that a non-military ‘plenipotentiary’ might be appointed to ‘sort out’ the ammunition sector.” 345 THE WAGES OF DESTRUCTION The language was highly charged and th ●●

1939 Chief medical officer Dr Leonardo Conti declared as early as October 1939 that long hours and the re rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Chief medical officer Dr Leonardo Conti declared as early as October 1939 that long hours and the restric- ted wartime diet were pushing the civilian population to the limit. ●●

1939 The non-combatants and neutrals of Southern Europe moved in a similar fashion.*’ Most spectacularly, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The non-combatants and neutrals of Southern Europe moved in a similar fashion.*’ Most spectacularly, Mussolini reversed his position of the autumn of 1939 and declared war on France and Britain on ro June 1940. ●●

1939 Preemptiveness is essentially the rationale rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Preemptiveness is essentially the rationale imperial Japan, without being overly para- noid, used to justify its attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941, and which Nazi Germany, as a sham pretext, used to justify its invasion of Poland in 1939, To one observe ●●

1939 See, e.g., the British Cabinet rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story See, e.g., the British Cabinet papers for 1939, summarized in the Manchester Guardian, 1 January 1970; also Fleming, The Cold War, pp ●●

1939 The 1939 Hollywood film “Ninotchka”, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The 1939 Hollywood film “Ninotchka”, which satirized life in Russia, was singled out as a particularly effective feature film ●●

c. 1939 German Rhodes Scholarships terminated 0 cit. The Rhodes Trust ended the German scholarships as the Second World War began, after the scheme had already been compromised by Nazi control over which German students were allowed to study abroad. The program was never revived after the war in its original form. Germany was only later reintegrated into the scholarship's list of eligible countries. diplomacy / war ●

1939 Stibitz completes the Complex Number Calculator ai_extracted 1 cit. no story George Stibitz's relay-based Complex Number Calculator at Bell Labs is completed, able to handle complex-number arithmetic. ●●

1939 Duke of Kent becomes Grand Master, dies in wartime service 0 cit. Prince George, Duke of Kent, son of George V, became Grand Master of the United Grand Lodge of England in 1939. He continued to hold the office through the early part of the Second World War until his death in an air crash in Scotland in August 1942 while on active RAF service. His death ended a continuous run of royal Grand Masters that had lasted, with brief gaps, since the 18th century. society / war ●●

30 April 1939 New York World's Fair of 1939 0 cit. Built around the theme "The World of Tomorrow," this fair featured the Trylon and Perisphere and previewed television, nylon, and early concepts of highway-based suburban living to Depression-weary Americans. It opened four months before the outbreak of World War II in Europe, and several participating countries' pavilions closed early as the war began. culture / technology ●●

1939 Second World War erupts from rival imperialist claims rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Nkrumah frames the outbreak of the Second World War as the eruption of contentions between rival imperialisms that had been building since the redivision of the world after 1918. ●●

31 August 1939 Gleiwitz Incident 0 cit. SS operatives dressed as Polish soldiers staged an attack on a German radio station at Gleiwitz, leaving behind a murdered concentration camp prisoner dressed in a Polish uniform as fabricated evidence. Hitler cited the fake attack, along with a wider set of staged border incidents under Operation Himmler, as justification for invading Poland the next morning. The operation was confirmed by postwar testimony from SS officer Alfred Naujocks, who led it. diplomacy / war ●●●

26 November 1939 Mainila Shelling Incident 0 cit. Soviet artillery shelled the Soviet village of Mainila and the government publicly blamed Finland for the attack, despite Finnish forces having withdrawn their artillery out of range beforehand. The Soviet Union used the incident to renounce its non-aggression pact with Finland and launch the Winter War four days later. Soviet officials and archival records later confirmed the shelling was carried out by the Red Army itself. diplomacy / war ●●

1939 Hewlett-Packard is founded in a Palo Alto garage 0 cit. Bill Hewlett and Dave Packard, students of Stanford's Frederick Terman, started HP in a garage that is now treated as the birthplace of Silicon Valley. Wartime and Cold War military contracts for electronics gave the young company its first steady business. economy / technology / war ●●

1939 The Highlands Order in Council Seals the Preserve 0 cit. The Kenya (Highlands) Order in Council, made in 1938 and in force from 1939, at last gave the White Highlands the force of statute. It fixed the boundary of the reserved area and set up a Highlands Board controlling who could hold land there, formally barring Africans and Indians alike. The color bar on the best farmland was now written into imperial law, and it stood until the eve of independence. economy / politics ●●●

c. 1939 Reception and the book's later political life 0 cit. The book sold modestly at first and was read mainly by scholars, but it won respect as serious ethnography. In later years it became a foundational nationalist text, cited as evidence of a dignified African civilisation and of the land the settlers had taken. Its author's name, Jomo Kenyatta, became the name of a nation's leader. culture / politics ●●

March 1939 The Bank for International Settlements handles Reichsbank gold 1 cit. The Bank for International Settlements, the Basel clearing house owned by central banks, transferred gold belonging to Czechoslovakia to the German Reichsbank after Germany seized the country in 1939. During the war it went on accepting Reichsbank gold, some of it looted. The transactions later became a case study in how a neutral financial body kept dealing with the Reich. diplomacy / economy ●●●

4 November 1939 Cash and carry replaces the arms embargo 0 cit. The United States revises its Neutrality Acts to let warring nations buy American arms, but only if they pay in cash and carry the goods away in their own ships. The rule keeps America formally neutral while opening its factories to buyers with hard currency. For Britain and France it means every rifle and aircraft must be paid for up front in dollars or gold. diplomacy / economy / war ●●●

c. 1939 Mbiyu Koinange and the independent schools 0 cit. Mbiyu Koinange, a son of Senior Chief Koinange, studied in the United States and Britain and came home to build African-run education outside the mission system. Around 1939 he helped found the Kenya Teachers College at Githunguri, a center of the independent schools movement. During the emergency he worked abroad as a spokesman for the Kenya African Union and the detained leaders. After independence he became a close and powerful figure in Kenyatta's government. He died in 1981. culture / politics ●●

c. 1939 Kibaki starts mission schooling in colonial Nyeri 2 cit. As a child, Kibaki entered the Catholic mission school world around Karima and Gatuyaini in Nyeri. The Presidential Library account says missionaries from Karima Mission were recruiting boys for schooling and that Kibaki was nominated by his father. This was the first institutional step in the route from rural Othaya into colonial-era education networks. religion / society ●●●

27 September 1940 Tripartite Pact wikidata 0 cit. treaty establishing the Axis Powers of World War Two ●●●

22 June 1940 Armistice of 22 June 1940 wikidata 1 cit. no story armistice between France and Nazi Germany in World War II ●●●

1940 Nong'an plague wikidata 0 cit. no story ●●●

10 May 1940 to 25 June 1940 Fall of France 0 cit. Germany conquers the Low Countries and France in six weeks; the British army escapes at Dunkirk without its equipment. war ●●●●

10 July 1940 to 31 October 1940 Battle of Britain 0 cit. The RAF denies the Luftwaffe air superiority; the planned invasion of Britain is shelved. war ●●●●

1940 Proclamation of the New Economic Order ai_extracted 1 cit. In 1940 the Konoe cabinet proclaimed the New Economic Order, composed of a New Financial System, a New Fiscal Policy, and a New Labor System, as Japan approached entry into World War II. ●●●●

1940 Industrial Standardization Law ai_extracted 1 cit. The Industrial Standardization Law of 1940 set norms and standards rigorously enforced by the military, making quality control a lasting feature of Japanese manufacturing. ●●

1940 to 1950 Wartime switch to bank funding ai_extracted 1 cit. Between 1940 and 1950 Japanese firms radically switched their external funding from the stock market to bank borrowing, which averaged 60 percent of liabilities versus 40 percent equity; bank financing predominance persisted until the late 1980s. ●●●

16 September 1940 First Peacetime Draft: The Selective Service System 0 cit. With war spreading in Europe and Asia, Congress passes the Selective Training and Service Act, the first peacetime conscription law in American history. The Selective Service System registers tens of millions of men through World War II, Korea, and Vietnam. society / war ●●

1 March 1940 Franco's Spain represses Freemasonry 0 cit. Franco's regime passed the Law for the Repression of Freemasonry and Communism in 1940, making membership a crime. Many Spanish Freemasons were imprisoned, exiled, or executed. politics / religion ●●

16 September 1940 First peacetime draft under the Selective Service Act 0 cit. Congress passed the first peacetime conscription law in US history as war spread in Europe and Asia. It built the mass army the country used in the Second World War. politics / war ●●

1940 to 1945 Krupp uses forced and slave labour in the Second World War 0 cit. During the Second World War Krupp used tens of thousands of prisoners of war, forced labourers and concentration camp inmates in its plants. Conditions were often brutal and many workers died. society / war ●●●●

2 September 1940 The destroyers-for-bases deal ties Britain to American support 0 cit. The United States gave Britain fifty aging destroyers in exchange for 99-year leases on bases in British Atlantic and Caribbean territories. The deal traded imperial real estate for American aid as Britain stood nearly alone against Germany. politics / war ●

1 January 1940 to 1945 The BIS keeps operating under wartime pressure 1 cit. With American Thomas McKittrick as president, the BIS stayed open throughout World War II while much of its board and business were tied to Axis powers. Critics later charged that it handled looted gold and served German interests, while defenders said it preserved a neutral channel among central banks. economy / politics / war ●●●●

1940 Quigley: banker-engendered deflation caused World War II ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley argues the banker-engendered deflationary crisis of 1927-1940 can hardly be overestimated in importance. He claims it crippled democracies and gave an impetus to aggression, becoming a chief cause of World War II. ●●

1940 Amery's call forces Chamberlain from office ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The split between the anti-Bolshevik and three-bloc groups burst into the open when Leopold Amery cried to Chamberlain across the floor of the Commons on 10 May 1940, 'In the name of God, go!', leading to Chamberlain's fall. ●●

1940 British interdict German coal to Italy ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As part of economic warfare, Britain cut off seaborne German coal exports from the Baltic to Italy on March 5, 1940, three months before Italy entered the war. The move disrupted the Italian economy and strained German rail transport. ●●

1940 Soviet-Finnish Peace Treaty ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Winter War ended with the Soviet-Finnish Peace Treaty of March 12, 1940, made at the insistence of Finnish commander Baron Mannerheim. Its terms were harsher than the original Soviet demands, taking the whole Karelian Isthmus and the Hango base. ●●

1940 France orders Weygand to bomb Soviet oil fields ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On April 11, 1940, French premier Reynaud ordered General Weygand to raid the Soviet Caucasus oil wells from Syria as soon as possible. The plan reflected an Anglo-French inclination to fight Russia rather than Germany, but Weygand could not act before France fell. ●●

1940 Hitler orders occupation of Denmark and Norway ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Hitler issued formal orders on March 1, 1940 to occupy both Denmark and Norway, planning the operation with Norwegian Nazi Vidkun Quisling. The aim was to secure the Swedish iron-ore route through Narvik before Britain could cut it. ●●

1940 Denmark surrenders to Germany ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Denmark yielded to a German ultimatum on April 8, 1940 as German divisions overran the country and seaborne forces landed in Copenhagen. The same morning German agents and troops began seizing Norwegian airfields, ports, and radio stations. ●●

1940 Churchill replaces Chamberlain as prime minister ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As German armies struck west on May 10, 1940, Chamberlain resigned and Winston Churchill formed a national government. His arrival was received with relief by a public that wanted a fighter to rally resistance. ●●

1940 Dunkirk evacuation ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Between May 28 and June 4, 1940, the British Expeditionary Force evacuated 337,131 men from the beaches at Dunkerque under constant air attack, using 887 vessels of all kinds. Hitler had ordered no intensive ground assault on the perimeter. ●●

1940 King Leopold surrenders the Belgian army ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On May 27, 1940, King Leopold made an unconditional surrender of Belgian forces to the Germans, over his government's objections and without ensuring the Allied command was informed. The British at once began evacuating through Dunkerque. ●●

1940 Franco-German armistice at Compiegne ai_extracted 1 cit. no story France's armistice with Germany was negotiated in the same railway carriage at Compiegne where Germany had surrendered in 1918 and took effect on June 25, 1940. Hitler, expecting Britain to make peace, gave France surprisingly lenient terms. ●●

1940 Petain replaces Reynaud, seeks armistice ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Unable to win Cabinet agreement to keep fighting from overseas, Reynaud resigned on June 16, 1940 and was replaced by Marshal Petain. Surrounded by defeatists, Petain immediately asked Germany for an armistice. ●●

1940 Turning point of the Battle of Britain ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The turning point of the Battle of Britain came on September 15, 1940, when 56 German invading planes were shot down. Germany's failure to win air superiority forced the postponement and then cancellation of the invasion of Britain. ●●

1940 Germany, Italy, and Japan sign the Tripartite Pact ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The three Axis powers signed a military alliance on September 27, 1940, pledging mutual aid if one was attacked by a power not already in the war. The pact was aimed chiefly at deterring the United States from intervening. ●●

1940 Soviet Union demands Bessarabia from Romania ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On June 26, 1940, the Soviet Union gave Romania twenty-four hours to cede Bessarabia and northern Bukovina. Germany, which had a stake in Romanian oil, objected only to the demand for Bukovina. ●●

1940 Iron Guard government under Antonescu takes power ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On September 5, 1940, an Iron Guard government under Ion Antonescu took office in Bucharest after the territorial losses of that summer destroyed Romanian moderates. Its first act was to depose King Carol and replace him with his son Michael. ●●

1940 British air attack on the Italian fleet at Taranto ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On November 11, 1940, twenty-one British planes made a torpedo attack on the Italian fleet in Taranto harbor, sinking three of six battleships for the loss of two planes and one pilot. It was an early demonstration of carrier air power against battleships. ●●

1940 Italy attacks Greece from Albania ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Mussolini launched an attack on Greece from Albania on October 28, 1940, against the unanimous advice of his generals. It was stopped within three weeks and a Greek counterattack drove deep into Albania. ●●

1940 Wavell attacks Graziani in Egypt ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On December 7, 1940, General Archibald Wavell attacked Graziani's much larger Italian force in Egypt with 31,000 men and 225 tanks. In two months he captured 130,000 Italians and advanced 600 miles for the loss of only 500 killed. ●●

1940 Destroyers-for-bases deal with Britain ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In September 1940 Roosevelt, by executive action, gave Britain fifty old World War I destroyers in exchange for ninety-nine-year leases on naval and air bases from Newfoundland to Trinidad. He also proclaimed a limited National Emergency. ●●

1940 Selective Service Act of 1940 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In September 1940 Congress passed the Selective Service Act to build up the armed forces by compulsion, providing one year of training for 900,000 men. The men were not to be used outside the Western Hemisphere. ●●

1940 Japan sets up a puppet government at Nanking ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In March 1940 Japan installed a puppet Chinese government at Nanking. Its lack of real power convinced no one, as the interior of China remained loyal to Chiang Kai-shek's government at Chungking. ●●

1940 City bombing begins by accident over London ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The bombing of cities began when lost German planes dumped their loads on London on August 24, 1940, contrary to orders. The RAF retaliated on Berlin the next night, and Goering announced deliberate city bombardment soon after. ●●

1940 National Defense Research Committee created ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As France fell in 1940, Vannevar Bush persuaded Roosevelt to create the National Defense Research Committee, which he chaired, linking science to the U.S. war effort. ●●

1940 Sengier ships Congo uranium ore to New York ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After the fall of France, Edgar Sengier of Union Miniere shipped 1,250 tons of high-grade Katanga uranium ore to New York, where it sat unwanted for over two years. ●●

1940 Amery's "In the name of God, go!" and Chamberlain's fall ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In the bitter Commons debate of 8 May 1940 Amery flung Cromwell's words at the government benches. The split vote led to Chamberlain's replacement by Churchill and Amery's return to office. ●●

1940 Halifax sent to Washington after Lothian's death ai_extracted 1 cit. no story When Lothian died in December 1940 the Washington embassy was judged so important that Halifax was moved there from the Foreign Office while keeping his War Cabinet seat. ●●

1940 Walter Lippmann indicts modern education, 1940 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto quotes Walter Lippmann, who in a December 1940 address to the science association argued that modern education had stripped away the Western cultural tradition and was destroying Western civilization. ●●

1940 NKVD deports tens of thousands of Balts to Siberia ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Other examples include the NKVD’s forced deportation of some 35,000 to 50,000 “suspect” Latvians, Lithuanians, and Estonians to Siberian exile in 1940 and 1941, which has remained a rigidly enforced secret inside the USSR ever since. ●●