Events, Verisoph

21 March 1939 Transfer of Czechoslovak gold through the BIS 1 cit. After Germany occupied Czechoslovakia, the BIS acted on instructions to move gold held for the Czech National Bank into an account controlled by Germany's Reichsbank. The episode became the most documented controversy about the bank's wartime conduct. economy / politics / war ●●●●

20 January 1939 Schacht dismissed from the Reichsbank 0 cit. Hitler dismissed Schacht as Reichsbank President after he and the bank's directors warned that runaway military spending would bring inflation. His removal cleared the last check on financing the coming war. economy / politics ●●●

1939 Sanger launches the Negro Project 0 cit. In 1939 Sanger's organization began the Negro Project to expand birth control access in the segregated South, working with Black ministers and doctors. Her private writings about the effort are frequently quoted in later debates, sometimes accurately and sometimes out of context. politics / society ●●

1939 Federation of British Industries seeks pact with Germany ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1939 the Federation of British Industries sought an agreement with Germany to divide markets and fix prices across most economic activities, an example Quigley cites of Britain's drift into cartelized bilateralism. ●●

1939 Prevention of Violence Act of 1939 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley argues the erosion of civil liberties reached its most dangerous stage with the Prevention of Violence Act of 1939, which let a secretary of state arrest without warrant and deport without trial. ●●

1939 Britain and France recognize Franco's government ai_extracted 1 cit. no story England and France recognized the Franco government on 27 February 1939; after Madrid's surrender the Axis troops were evacuated from Spain following a triumphal march through the capital in June 1939. ●●

1939 Toll of the Spanish Civil War ai_extracted 1 cit. no story When the war ended much of Spain was wrecked and at least 450,000 Spaniards had been killed, of which 130,000 were rebels and the rest Loyalists, with an unpopular military dictatorship imposed by non-Spanish forces. ●●

1939 Germany captures Czechoslovakia's arsenal ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley argues Britain did not yield to superior force at Munich: in March 1939 when Germany overran Czechoslovakia it captured 469 superior tanks, 1,500 planes, 43,000 machine guns, and over a million rifles. ●●

1939 Germany seizes Memel and Italy seizes Albania ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Days after occupying the Czech rump, Germany seized Memel from Lithuania on 22 March 1939, and Italy seized Albania on 7 April 1939. ●●

1939 Czech gold reserves handed to Germany ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley reports that in May 1939 six million pounds of Czech gold reserves held in London were turned over to Germany, with the untrue excuse that the British government could not give orders to the Bank of England. ●●

1939 FBI-Reichsgruppe Industrie cartel agreement ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley describes British economic appeasement: a coal agreement was signed at Britain's request in late January 1939, and a general agreement between the Federation of British Industries and the Reichsgruppe Industrie was signed on 16 March 1939. ●●

1939 Hitler's 'export or die' speech ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In his speech of 30 January 1939 Hitler declared that Germany must export or die, reflecting the critical German economic situation caused by the speed of rearmament and shortage of foreign exchange. ●●

1939 British unilateral guarantee to Poland ai_extracted 1 cit. no story When news reached London of Hitler's demands on Poland, Britain suddenly issued a unilateral guarantee of Poland on 31 March 1939, later extended to Romania and Greece after Italy's attack on Albania. ●●

1939 Hitler's secret war conference on living space ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On 23 May 1939 Hitler told a secret conference of his generals that Danzig was not the real issue, but rather expanding Germany's living space in the East, and that war with Poland and a life-and-death struggle with England lay ahead. ●●

1939 Wilson's secret offer to abandon Poland ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley cites Dirksen's report that in July 1939 Sir Horace Wilson, Chamberlain's personal representative, told the German official Wohlthat that a nonaggression pact would enable Britain to rid herself of her commitments to Poland. ●●

1939 Soviet Union replaces Litvinov with Molotov ai_extracted 1 cit. no story To show its displeasure at British delays and quibbling over an alliance, the Soviet Union replaced foreign minister Litvinov, who favored the Western powers, with Molotov on 3 May 1939, a signal the West failed to heed. ●●

1939 Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Ribbentrop signed a nonaggression pact with Molotov in Moscow; its published portion barred aggressive action between the signers, while a secret protocol delimited spheres of interest in eastern Europe and gave Russia a free hand in Bessarabia. ●●

1939 German invasion of Poland ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The German invasion of Poland at 4:45 a.m. on 1 September 1939 began the Second World War; Polish resistance collapsed by 16-17 September, and Britain and France declared war two days after the invasion. ●●

1939 German invasion of Poland begins ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Germany opened World War II in Europe with a dawn air assault on Poland on September 1, 1939, wiping out the Polish air force largely on the ground. Armored spearheads and dive-bombers broke Polish resistance into isolated fragments. ●●

1939 German submarine sinks the liner Athenia ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In open disobedience to Hitler's orders, a German submarine torpedoed the passenger liner Athenia in the Atlantic on September 3, 1939, killing 112 people. It came the same day Britain and France declared war. ●●

1939 Molotov-Ribbentrop agreement divides Poland ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On September 28, 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union signed a new agreement partitioning Poland. Lithuania shifted into the Soviet sphere and the German-Soviet boundary was drawn along the Bug River near the old Curzon Line. ●●

1939 Nazi-Soviet Trade Agreement ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On August 19, 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union signed a trade agreement under which Germany extended 200 million marks in credit for machinery in exchange for Russian raw materials. It set up an economic partnership that lasted until the German invasion. ●●

1939 Japan defeated at Nomonhan; truce signed ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A major Japanese defeat by Soviet forces at Nomonhan on the Manchurian-Mongolian frontier ended with a truce on September 16, 1939, one day before Soviet forces entered Poland. The defeat helped turn Japanese expansion southward rather than against Siberia. ●●

1939 The Venlo incident ai_extracted 1 cit. no story At Venlo on the Dutch frontier on November 8, 1939, S.S. Security Police posing as anti-Hitler negotiators shot a Dutch officer and abducted two British intelligence agents into Germany. The episode suggested Britain was seeking a way out of the war. ●●

1939 Anglo-French mutual-assistance pact with Turkey ai_extracted 1 cit. no story France and Britain signed a mutual-assistance pact with Turkey on October 19, 1939. A secret clause excused Turkey from taking up arms against Russia, which left the Soviet Union unreassured. ●●

1939 Soviet Union attacks Finland ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After Finland rejected Soviet territorial demands, the Soviet Union attacked at several points on November 28, 1939, launching the Winter War. The Finns, though outnumbered, used terrain and winter weather to devastate early Soviet assaults. ●●

1939 Soviet Union expelled from the League of Nations ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In its most efficient act, the League condemned the Soviet Union in eleven days in December 1939 and expelled it as an aggressor over Finland. Quigley notes the contrast with the fifteen months it had spent on Japanese aggression, which brought no punishment. ●●

1939 British radar chain begins continuous operation ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A chain of British radar stations, laid out in 1937, began continuous operation in April 1939 and could detect aircraft up to 100 miles away. Superior British scientific inventions, especially radar, were decisive in the Battle of Britain. ●●

1939 Neutrality Acts revised for cash-and-carry ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In November 1939 Congress revised the Neutrality Acts to let the Entente powers buy supplies, repealing the munitions embargo and putting all belligerent purchases on a cash-and-carry basis. Loans were still forbidden and Americans barred from belligerent ships. ●●

1939 U.S. cancels its 1911 commercial treaty with Japan ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In September 1939 Washington gave the required six-month notice to cancel its 1911 commercial treaty with Japan. This opened the door to a range of economic pressures, and the 'moral embargo' was extended to raw materials vital to Japan's war machine. ●●

1939 Frisch and Meitner name nuclear 'fission' ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In February 1939 Frisch and Meitner reported quantitative results of uranium fission in Nature, introducing the word 'fission' and the Atomic Age. ●●

1939 Roosevelt reads Einstein's atomic warning ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Szilard, Wigner, and Teller prompted Einstein to warn Roosevelt about a possible atomic bomb; the President read the memorandum on 11 October 1939. ●●

1939 Colonial subjects at the start of World War II, 1939 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley notes that when World War II began in 1939, roughly six hundred million people, a quarter of humanity and mostly nonwhite, were colonial subjects of European states. ●●

1939 Hodson leaves Round Table for the Ministry of Information (1939) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story When the Second World War broke out in 1939, H. V. Hodson left the Round Table editorship for the Ministry of Information. Quigley asserts that ministry was completely controlled by the Milner Group. ●●

1939 1939 White Paper reverses Palestine policy (May 1939) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After the failed London conference, the government issued a new policy statement (Cmd. 6019) in May 1939. Quigley calls it a drastic reversal of previous statements and a turn in favor of the Arabs. ●●

1939 Clarence Streit launches Union Now ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Streit first presented his federal-union plan in lectures at Swarthmore College and in his book Union Now. Quigley links the effort to the Rhodes Scholarship network and Milner Group figures like Aydelotte. ●●

1939 Occupation of Bohemia and Moravia as a turning point ai_extracted 1 cit. Quigley marks Germany's March 1939 occupation of Bohemia and Moravia as the point where the Milner Group turned against appeasement, while the Chamberlain group did not. ●●

1939 National Service Act of 1939 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley says Amery, Grigg, Lothian, and The Times drove the conscription campaign that produced the National Service Act, the Group's chief post-March 1939 cause. ●●

1939 Lady Astor turns on Chamberlain in the Commons ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After the occupation of Bohemia and Moravia, Lady Astor pressed Chamberlain to condemn Germany's action and was met with the retort "You caused it yourself," a sign Quigley reads as the Group's shift away from appeasement. ●●

1939 Chamberlain's guarantee to Poland ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley reads Chamberlain's unilateral guarantee to Poland as a gesture to voters, worded to cover Polish independence but not territorial integrity so that frontier revision could still proceed. ●●

1939 British and German industry sign the Dusseldorf cartel agreement ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A master agreement between British and German industry, negotiated at Dusseldorf, was signed in London. Quigley frames it as part of the Chamberlain group's economic concessions to Germany. ●●

1939 German-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Only after the Nazi-Soviet pact did Halifax turn Britain's unilateral guarantee to Poland into a formal mutual-assistance pact, meant to warn Hitler that public opinion would force Britain into war. ●●

1939 Lothian named Ambassador to the United States ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As war began, Lord Lothian was sent to Washington. Quigley says the Group, having built its foreign policy on closer union with the US, stationed more than a dozen members there to draw America into the war. ●●

1939 U.S. defense budget in 1939 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto states that in 1939, on the eve of war, the U.S. defense budget was $11 billion in year-2000 dollars, and that by his writing it was twenty-four times higher in peacetime. He uses the comparison to argue the leadership fears its own people. ●●

1939 CFR's 1939 War and Peace Studies ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The book cites the 1939 War and Peace Studies as evidence of the Council on Foreign Relations' power within the State Department. It presents the CFR as an evolution of the Network's earlier group, The Inquiry. ●●

1939 Franco dictatorship takes over Spain ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The book covers the arc from the Spanish-American War of 1898 to the Franco dictatorship that took over Spain in 1939. It presents Franco's victory as the result of non-Spanish forces and a deceptive nonintervention policy. ●●

1939 The 1939 Battle of Poland ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The book states that in the 1939 Battle of Poland millions of Polish civilians were executed or murdered. It presents Hitler's attack on Poland as finally forcing the Network's hand toward World War II. ●●

1939 Operation Himmler and the 1939 attack on Poland ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The book describes Operation Himmler, in which Nazis staged fake Polish attacks using concentration camp prisoners in German uniforms. It says these were used to justify attacking Poland in 1939. ●●

1939 A very interested FDR wrote him on May 23, 1939, “I appreciate the effort y... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A very interested FDR wrote him on May 23, 1939, “I appreciate the effort you have made to prevent misunderstanding in Italy of the point of view of the American government and... ●●

1939 6 Aldrich’s Mistake For his part, on May 23, 1939, Aldrich told the Bankers... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 6 Aldrich’s Mistake For his part, on May 23, 1939, Aldrich told the Bankers Club of New York that the immediate threat of war had been greatly diminished in recent weeks, and... ●●

1939 The German intelligence services had rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The German intelligence services had also systematically recruited sympathizers among the various émigré groups and by the eve of World War II had trained and armed several large squadrons of Ukrainian nationalists for use in both the 1939 division of Poland and the later blitzkrieg attack on the US ●●

1939 Soviets execute thousands of Polish officers at Katyn ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The preponderance of available evidence in this still-controversial episode points to the conclusion that Soviet security troops executed approximately 8,000 nationalist Polish army officers taken prisoner during 1939, then stacked the bodies like cordwood in mass graves at an isolated outpost. ●●

1939 Most of the region had rejected ai_extracted 2 cit. no story Most of the region had been controlled by Poland between World Wars I and II, but the Soviets claimed it as their own following the Russian invasion of eastern Poland under the 1939 Hitler-Stalin pact. ●●

1939 Both men were freed, however rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Both men were freed, however, in the confusion that followed the German and Soviet invasions of Poland in 1939. ●●

1939 Soviet Union relocates half a million khutor farmers ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Beginning in 1939, the Soviet state forcibly relocated khutor dwellers who had been living on individual farmsteads outside collective villages. This resettlement affected more than half a million peasants and deprived them of their dispersed holdings. ●●

1939 Arriving in England in 1939 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Arriving in England in 1939 at seventy-three, Lucie shared her son’s admiration for British gentleness and fairness. Sure of Hitler’s defeat, she... ●●

1939 They found it miraculous to be back in their Stockholm flat (1939) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story She succeeded in her work despite these impediments. The Children’s Transport movement was a magnificent achievement that had snatched ten thousand ch... ●●

1939 On January 2 (1939) candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On January 2, 1939, Hitler called Schacht to the Obersalzberg for a report on the London talks. By this point, the Führer had lost patience with the n... ●●

1939 CHAPTER 34––Surreal Saviors During his new life in New York (1939) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Now the political scene provided scope for his latent diplomatic skills. When Stalin invaded Finland in December 1939, the Finnish ambassador in Washi... ●●

1939 Like many sons of strong (1939) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story He married Josepha Spiero, who had two children from a previous marriage. While her son was sent to safety in America in 1939, the protection of her J... ●●

1939 CHAPTER 36––Little Man and Fat Boy Settled in a comfortable... (1939) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story He had the good fortune to serve on the Executive Committee of the Joint, which remained in a position to aid European Jewry until American entry into... ●●

1939 CHAPTER 38––The Upstart On April 18 (1939) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story CHAPTER 38––The Upstart On April 18, 1939, Siegmund Warburg had become a naturalized British citizen, giving him a measure of wartime security and pr... ●●

1939 It was Carola who held together the Warburg family (1939) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In many ways, the European socialism represented by Ben-Gurion and other early leaders pleased the Warburgs more than the conservative nationalism tha... ●●

1939 1939 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story That it could outspend any other country, if the political will existed at home, was clear from the statistics: even as late as 1939, U.S. defense composed only 11.7 percent of tot... ●●

1939 1939 Economic rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Clearly, economic power was never the only influence upon military effectiveness, even in the mechanized, total war of 1939–1945; economics, to paraphrase Clausewitz, stood in abou... ●●

1939 1939 European rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story What was more perturbing was the Russian indications of how they intended to ensure that the formerly independent countries of east-central Europe would contain regimes “friendly t... ●●

1939 2. MMW Ma VI, letter from Max to rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 2. MMW Ma VI, letter from Max to Edward M.M. Warburg, July 13, 1939. ●●

1939 Bohr insisted that we would never succeed in producing nuclear energy and he als rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Bohr insisted that we would never succeed in producing nuclear energy and he also insisted that secrecy must never be introduced into physics.”1124 Bohr’s skepticism, says Wheeler, concerned “the enormous difficulty of separating the necessary quantities of U235.”1125 Fermi noted in a later lecture that “it was not very clear [in 1939] that the job of separating large amounts of uranium 235 was one that could be taken seriously.”1126 At the Princeton meeting, Teller remembers, Bohr insisted that “it can never be done unless you turn the United States into one huge factory.”1127 More crucial for Bohr was the issue of secrecy. ●●

1939 on September 1, 1939, and precipitated the Second World War candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story on September 1, 1939, and precipitated the Second World War. ●●

1939 I’d never had such a pleasant life, ever—this concentrated five hours work every rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story I’d never had such a pleasant life, ever—this concentrated five hours work every night.”1246 Through the spring of 1939, in contrast, after his early experiments with fission, Frisch found himself “in a state of complete doldrums. ●●

1939 * * * Werner Heisenberg sent his considered conclusions to the German War Offic rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story * * * Werner Heisenberg sent his considered conclusions to the German War Office on December 6, 1939, while Fermi and Szilard waited for the $6,000 the Briggs Uranium Committee had allocated to them for graphite studies and Frisch prepared his pessimistic Chemical Society review. ●●

1939 As a result of the German bombing of Warsaw in the autumn of 1939, an act German candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As a result of the German bombing of Warsaw in the autumn of 1939, an act Germany represented as tactical because the Polish city was heavily fortified, the British Air Ministry had repudiated its pledge to refrain from strategic bombing.1346 But neither belligerent was eager to exchange bombing raids, and although nightly blackouts added inconvenience and apprehension to the wartime burden of the people of both nations, the implicit truce held until mid-May 1940. ●●

1939 Soon after the news of the discovery of fission reached Berkeley in late January rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Soon after the news of the discovery of fission reached Berkeley in late January 1939 he had devised an elegantly simple experiment to explore the phenomenon. ●●

1939 An attache was duly dispatched to Berkeley to scold Ernest Lawrence, the 1939 No rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story An attache was duly dispatched to Berkeley to scold Ernest Lawrence, the 1939 Nobel laureate in physics, for giving away secrets to the Germans in perilous times. ●●

1939 When Hitler made his temporary pact with Stalin in 1939 it included an exchange rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story When Hitler made his temporary pact with Stalin in 1939 it included an exchange of prisoners, and Houtermans was handed back to the Gestapo.” Max von Laue, whom Frisch celebrates as “one of the few German scientists with the prestige and courage to stand up against the Nazis,” managed to free Houtermans and arranged for him to work with a wealthy German inventor, Baron Manfred von Ardenne, who had studied physics and who maintained a private laboratory in Lichterfelde, outside Berlin.1449, 1450 Von Ardenne was pursuing uranium research independently of Heisenberg and the War Office; to raise funds for the work he had approached the German Post Office, which commanded a large and largely unused budget for research. ●●

1939 “In 1939,” he had already written Vannevar Bush passionately in late May, before rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “In 1939,” he had already written Vannevar Bush passionately in late May, before the cooling-system and contractor debates, “the Government of the United States was given a unique opportunity by Providence; this opportunity was lost. ●●

1939 Discovery of delayed neutrons in fission ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The “most significant fact assuring us that the chain reaction could be controlled,” says Compton, was one of the Richard Roberts team’s earliest discoveries at the Carnegie Institution’s Department of Terrestrial Magnetism following Bohr’s announcement of the discovery of fission in 1939—in Compton’s words, that “a certain small fraction of the neutrons associated with the fission process are not emitted at once but come off a few seconds after fission occurs.”1680 With a pile operating at k only marginally above 1.0, such delayed neutrons would slow the response sufficiently to allow time for adjustment.1681 For once Compton made a quick decision: with control seemingly assured, he allowed Fermi to build CP-1 in the west stands. ●●

1939 * * * Work toward an atomic bomb had begun in the USSR in 1939 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story * * * Work toward an atomic bomb had begun in the USSR in 1939. ●●

1939 As early as September 1939 they proposed its use from bases in the Philippines, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As early as September 1939 they proposed its use from bases in the Philippines, Siberia or the Aleutians in the event of war against Japan.2184 It was the world’s first pressurized bomber and at 70,000 pounds the heaviest production bomber ever built, 135,000 pounds loaded, a weight that required an 8,000-foot runway to lumber airborne. ●●

1939 And Slovakia was not an enthusiastic part of a Cze... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story And Slovakia was not an enthusiastic part of a Czech-dominated state, as it would demonstrate by seceding in 1939 and again in 1992. The new Yugoslavi ●●

1939 League of Nations expels the Soviet Union ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The last act of the League of Nations, which no longer contained Germany, Japan, or Italy, was to expel the Soviet Union after it attacked Finland in ●●

1939 against us difficult.20 The high point of that pol... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story em against us difficult.20 The high point of that policy was, of course, the Hitler-Stalin Pact of 1939. ●●

1939 it overestimated the difficulty of isotope separation and underestimated U. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story it overestimated the difficulty of isotope separation and underestimated U. ●●

1939 an act Germany represented as tactical because the Polish city was heavily fortified, the British Ai rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story an act Germany represented as tactical because the Polish city was heavily fortified, the British Air Ministry had repudiated its pledge to refrain from strategic bombing. ●●

1939 and early 1940, the nuclear arms race began. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story and early 1940, the nuclear arms race began. ●●

1939 while Fermi and Szilard waited for the $6,000 the Briggs Uranium Committee had allocated to them for rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story while Fermi and Szilard waited for the $6,000 the Briggs Uranium Committee had allocated to them for graphite studies and Frisch prepared his pessimistic Chemical Society review. ●●

1939 when the news of fission arrived; like Philip Abelson, he was excited by the discovery and chagrined rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story when the news of fission arrived; like Philip Abelson, he was excited by the discovery and chagrined to have missed it and had walked the streets for hours the night he heard. ●●

1939 to announce the news of fission, had moved to the Naval Research Laboratory in 1941 to work on urani rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story to announce the news of fission, had moved to the Naval Research Laboratory in 1941 to work on uranium enrichment for the Navy and had made valuable progress independently of the Manhattan Project in the intervening years. ●●

1939 Bohr announces the discovery of fission ai_extracted 1 cit. no story and had attended the conference there on January 25 at which Niels Bohr announced the discovery of fission. ●●

1939 which is difficult to reconcile with Fermi’s proposal to Dunning of a confirming experiment on Jan. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story which is difficult to reconcile with Fermi’s proposal to Dunning of a confirming experiment on Jan. ●●

1939 is the only Sunday between LS’s July 9 letter to Fermi and his post-meeting July 19 letter to AE. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story is the only Sunday between LS’s July 9 letter to Fermi and his post-meeting July 19 letter to AE. ●●

1939 1939: , 469 Nelson, Ted, 410 –11, 418 –19, 456 Netscape, 208 ne... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story r , 469 New York Times , 115 , 149 , 245 , 422 , 458 , 469 , 473 , 479 –80 New York World’s Fair (1939), 64 , 67 , 68 NeXT, 411 , 414 Nishi, Kay, 359 Nixon, Richard, 278 , 280 NM Electronics, 188 nonc ●●

1939 1939: (Lanier), 419 Wiener, Norbert, 64 , 223 , 226 , 243 , 267 ,... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story , William, 3 World Book Encyclopedia , 436 –37, 442 World Health Organization, 388 World’s Fair (1939), 218 World War II, 72 , 89 , 138 , 172 code breaking in, 76 –79 science promoted by, 218 –19 Z3 d ●●

1939 1939: His Physics Department, however, was more purist. Its chairman wrote t rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story His Physics Department, however, was more purist. Its chairman wrote to Conant in December 1939, saying that the machine was “desirable if money can b ●●

1939 1939: t innovators, putting together a variety of ideas. In the IBM pavilion rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story t innovators, putting together a variety of ideas. In the IBM pavilion at the 1939 New York World’s Fair, he saw an electric calculator that used punc ●●

1939 1939: s silicon rather than glowing filaments in a bulb. “It has today occur rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story s silicon rather than glowing filaments in a bulb. “It has today occurred to me that an amplifier using semiconductors rather than vacuum is in princi ●●

1939 1939: h exciting seemed to be happening in either field. Televisions were no rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story h exciting seemed to be happening in either field. Televisions were not yet a consumer product, and the most notable new inventions put into the time ●●

1939 1939: 402 , 453 National Semiconductor, 343 Navy, U.S., 469 Nelson, Ted, 410 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 402 , 453 National Semiconductor, 343 Navy, U.S., 469 Nelson, Ted, 410 –11, 418 –19, 456 Netscape, 208 networks, 243 , 482 data blocks in, 240 –41 dis ●●

1939 1939: Thomas, Jr. (IBM chief), 151 Watson, Thomas, Sr. (IBM founder), 477 Wa rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Thomas, Jr. (IBM chief), 151 Watson, Thomas, Sr. (IBM founder), 477 Wavy Gravy, 388 Wayne, Ron, 348 weather patterns, 95 weather predictions, 115 weav ●●

1939 Event of 1939 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story less, promulgated the doctrine of consolidating “socialism in one country.” He eliminated all of the other original revolutionary leaders in a decade of purges, and deployed a largely conscripted labor force to build up Russia’s industrial capacity. ●●