Events, Verisoph

1938 1938 European rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story According to the rough approximations which we have already seen,28 the Greater Germany of 1938 had a share of the world’s manufacturing output and a “relative war potential” which... ●●

1938 1938 Military Technology rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Yet all this could not obviate the fact that the Allies possessed twice the manufacturing strength (using the distorted 1938 figures, which downplay the U.S.’ share), three times t... ●●

1938 23. LBI-HS. Box 5, letter from Siegmund Warburg rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 23. LBI-HS. Box 5, letter from Siegmund Warburg, January 27, 1938. ●●

1938 1. MMW Ma VI, letter from Edward M.M rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 1. MMW Ma VI, letter from Edward M.M. Warburg to Max Warburg, June 21, 1938. ●●

1938 6. Der Stürmer, September 1938 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 6. Der Stürmer, September 1938. ●●

1938 22. LBI-JS. Siegmund G. Warburg Correspondence 1938–1949.... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 22. LBI-JS. Siegmund G. Warburg Correspondence 1938–1949. Letter from Siegmund G. Warburg, November 18, 1939. ●●

1938 15. MMW. Kara Corp. 1938 “Agreement between Kara rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 15. MMW. Kara Corp. 1938 “Agreement between Kara Corp. and the European Warburgs.” ●●

1938 16. MMW. Kara Corp. 1938–1946. Letter from Liebmann rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 16. MMW. Kara Corp. 1938–1946. Letter from Liebmann to Dr. E. Spiegelberg and Hans Meyer, December 6, 1938. ●●

1938 8. MMW. Kara Corp, 1938–1946 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 8. MMW. Kara Corp, 1938–1946. ●●

1938 2. LBI-HS. Siegmund G. Warburg Correspondence, 1938–1949.... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 2. LBI-HS. Siegmund G. Warburg Correspondence, 1938–1949. Letter from Siegmund G. Warburg, September 11, 1944. ●●

1938 16. LBI-HS. Siegmund G. Warburg Correspondence, 1938–1949... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 16. LBI-HS. Siegmund G. Warburg Correspondence, 1938–1949. Letter from Siegmund G. Warburg, September 11, 1944. ●●

1938 24. LBI-HS. Siegmund G. Warburg Correspondence, 1938–1949... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 24. LBI-HS. Siegmund G. Warburg Correspondence, 1938–1949, letter from Siegmund G. Warburg, October 1, 1949. ●●

1938 8. LBI-HS. Siegmund G. Warburg Correspondence, 1938–1949.... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 8. LBI-HS. Siegmund G. Warburg Correspondence, 1938–1949. Letter from Siegmund G. Warburg, September 11, 1944. ●●

1938 Japan begins military atomic bomb studies ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Japanese studies toward an atomic bomb began first within the military.1285 The director of the Aviation Technology Research Institute of the Imperial Japanese Army, Takeo Yasuda, a lieutenant general and an alert electrical engineer, conscientiously followed the international scientific literature that related to his field; in the course of his reading in 1938 and 1939 he noticed and tracked the discovery of nuclear fission.1286 In April 1940, foreseeing fission’s possible consequences, he ordered an aide who was scientifically trained, Lieutenant Colonel Tatsusaburo Suzuki, to prepare a full report. ●●

1938 This was not done in the past [in the Manhattan Project] and it is not being don rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story This was not done in the past [in the Manhattan Project] and it is not being done at present.”1938 He tracked the consequences of the government’s policies of restriction: The attitude taken toward foreign born scientists in the early stages of this work had far reaching consequences affecting the attitude of the American born scientists.1939 Once the general principle that authority and responsibility should be given to those who had the best knowledge and judgment is abandoned by discriminating against the foreign born scientists, it is not possible to uphold this principle with respect to American born scientists either. ●●

1938 German troops march into Austria in the Anschluss ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On March 12, 1938, German troops marched into Austria with no resistance. The Austrian population, much of it deliriously joyful, seemed to feel that it preferred a future as a German province to being a minor player on the Central European stage. ●●

1938 Halifax reminds France that Locarno guarantee applies only to French border candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On March 22, 1938, shortly after the annexation of Austria, Halifax reminded the French leaders that the Locarno guarantee applied only to the French border and might lapse if France implemented its treaty commitments in Central Europe. ●●

1938 Roosevelt suggests holding negotiations on neutral ground regarding Czechoslovakia candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In September 1938, President Roosevelt suggested holding a negotiation on some neutral ground regarding the Czechoslovak crisis, though he made clear the United States would assume no obligations in the conduct of the negotiations. ●●

1938 Chamberlain meets Hitler at Berchtesgaden ai_extracted 2 cit. On September 15, 1938, Chamberlain decided to visit Hitler at Berchtesgaden. After enduring several hours of Hitler's ranting about mistreatment of the Sudeten Germans, Chamberlain agreed to dismember Czechoslovakia, ceding all districts with populations more than 50-percent German. ●●

1938 Hitler escalates demands at Bad Godesberg ai_extracted 1 cit. no story At Bad Godesberg on September 22, 1938, Hitler raised the ante and made clear he sought the abject humiliation of Czechoslovakia, demanding immediate evacuation of the entire Sudeten territory starting September 26 to be completed within forty-eight hours. ●●

1938 Munich Conference dismembers Czechoslovakia ai_extracted 2 cit. On September 29, 1938, the four leaders (Chamberlain, Daladier, Hitler, and Mussolini) met in Munich, the birthplace of the Nazi Party. Chamberlain and Daladier accepted Mussolini's draft containing Hitler's Bad Godesberg program, with Czech representatives left languishing in anterooms while their country was being dismembered. ●●

1938 the Austrian physicist had earned wide respect by hard and careful work. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story the Austrian physicist had earned wide respect by hard and careful work. ●●

1938 development that physicists throughout the world pursued in all innocence of any intention of findin rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story development that physicists throughout the world pursued in all innocence of any intention of finding the engine of a new weapon of mass destruction—only one of them, the remarkable Hungarian physicist Leo Szilard, took that possibility seriously—the ●●

1938 her article was gathering dust on back shelves, but Bohr had promulgated the liquid-drop model of th rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story her article was gathering dust on back shelves, but Bohr had promulgated the liquid-drop model of the nucleus and the confused chemistry of uranium increasingly preoccupied Lise Meitner and Otto Hahn. ●●

1938 and 1939 he noticed and tracked the discovery of nuclear fission. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story and 1939 he noticed and tracked the discovery of nuclear fission. ●●

1938 1938: Ken Kesey (1935–2001) holding a flute on the bus. Stewart Brand (1938– rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Ken Kesey (1935–2001) holding a flute on the bus. Stewart Brand (1938– ). The first issue, fall 1968. ●●

1938 Information history in 1938 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story fered depressive breakdowns and bouts of hypochondria that forced him into sanatoria. Princeton beckoned but Gödel vacillated. ●●

1938 ” Klári von Neumann observed upon her arrival in Princeton i rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “Everybody was working somewhere else,” Klári von Neumann observed upon her arrival in Princeton in 1938 ●●

1938 Bigelow left Sperry and joined IBM in Endicott rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story At the end of 1938, Bigelow left Sperry and joined IBM in Endicott, New York, as their first employee with the job title of electronic engineer ●●

1938 He explained how the United States had to maintain quotas ag rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story He explained how the United States had to maintain quotas against immigrants, effectively excluding Jews, in order to placate “the ordinary American” ●●

1938 o talk an hour and a half on ‘the interpretation of quantum rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Bohr, of course mostly political—but we even managed to talk an hour and a half on ‘the interpretation of quantum mechanics.’ I’m sure we were showing ●●

1938 Bohr brings news of fission to Princeton ai_extracted 1 cit. no story News of the discovery of fission in late 1938 had arrived in Princeton with Niels Bohr in early 1939, raising for the first time the real possibility, ●●

1938 14.1 Android (operating system) Anschluss (1938) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story digital, 1.1, 1.2, 5.1, 8.1, 9.1, 12.1, 14.1 Android (operating system) Anschluss (1938), 6.1, 10.1 antiaircraft fire control, 1.1, 5.1, 5.2, 7.1, ●●

1938 (1938) suicide of father (1939) pregnancy and miscarriage rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story (1938) suicide of father (1939) pregnancy and miscarriage (1942) death, in La Jolla (1963) and computer programming, 10.1, 10.2 and depression, 1 ●●

1938 Event of 1938 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Birth control was one of the few American industries to prosper, serving a $250 million market by 1938 ●●

1938 h border in 1936, establishing a clinic in rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story h border in 1936, establishing a clinic in Marienbad. When anti-Jewish agitation spread into Czechoslovakia, Katzen- Ellenbogen moved again, this time to the democratic stronghold of Prague, where in 1938 he began working with refugee groups.17 After Hitler invaded Czechoslovakia in March of 1939, K ●●

1938 a Mengele.” He would drop by the Verschuer rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story a Mengele.” He would drop by the Verschuer home for tea, sometimes bringing his family. Mengele even made an impression on Verschuer’s children, who years later remembered him in friendly terms.30 In 1938, Mengele joined the SS and received his medical degree, yet continued his close association wit ●●

1938 s an article on congenital heart disease, also rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story s an article on congenital heart disease, also for Zwillingsund Familienforschungen.59 Verschuer’s preoccupation with twin studies expanded feverishly. He required more and more twins. In a September 1938 application for funds from the German Research Society, Verschuer explained his plans. “Large-s ●●

1938 ing on the subject of eugenics. Since the rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ing on the subject of eugenics. Since the terms ‘eugenics’ and ‘human genetics’ are in the minds of many persons synonymous, human genetics has suffered a loss of prestige as a result. “9 In his June 1938 presidential address to the Eugenics Research Association, Snyder boldly laid the framework for ●●

1938 ” The purpose? To bring Nazi-style ethnic cleansing rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ” The purpose? To bring Nazi-style ethnic cleansing to Connecticut in an organized, scientific fashion. The plan was to trace the ancestry of all 1.75 million residents of Connecticut. Page 63 of the 1938 final report stated that the eugenic commission would “determine the racial decent of the prese ●●

1938 Japan’s Quest for Autonomy: National Security and Foreign Policy, 1930–1938 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Japan’s Quest for Autonomy: National Security and Foreign Policy, 1930–1938. ●●

1938 By 1938 Junkers, even before it began its most dramatic period of expansion, already ranked alongsid rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By 1938 Junkers, even before it began its most dramatic period of expansion, already ranked alongside Daimler-Benz as Germany’s twelfth largest private employer. ●●

1938 From the spring of 1938 onwards, Hitler began seri- ously to contemplate the need for a major war in rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story From the spring of 1938 onwards, Hitler began seri- ously to contemplate the need for a major war in the West, as a prelude to his drive against the Soviet Union. ●●

1938 Britain adopts the Scheme L air programme ai_extracted 1 cit. no story THE WAGES OF DESTRUCTION ‘business as usual’, London adopted an ambitious new air programme (Scheme L), which called for the production of 12,000 modern combat aircraft over the next two years.” Meanwhile, in France the decision was taken both to ste ●●

1938 Goering approves the New Military-Economic Production Plan ai_extracted 1 cit. no story To make up the gap, on 12 July 1938 Goering approved a new version of the Four Year Plan known as the New Military-Economic Production Plan (Wehrwirtschaftliche Neuer Erzeugungsplan).*° By the middle of 1941 Krauch aimed to reach monthly production o ●●

1938 In the autumn of 1938 freight trains regularly left stations festooned with red repair slips 258 IN rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In the autumn of 1938 freight trains regularly left stations festooned with red repair slips 258 INTO THE DANGER ZONE indicating faulty brakes, and the deterioration in Germany’s once proud railway network had become so severe that it had begun to a ●●

1938 This at least was the conclusion that emerged from a day-long conference on 2 June 1938 attended by candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story This at least was the conclusion that emerged from a day-long conference on 2 June 1938 attended by a roster of Germany’s most prestigious economics professors and hosted by the Reichsbank together with the Wehrmacht’s military-economic office.** The ●●

1938 As the Reichsbank concluded, it was increasingly idle to discuss the ‘correct’ devaluation necessary rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As the Reichsbank concluded, it was increasingly idle to discuss the ‘correct’ devaluation necessary to bring the German and international price systems into alignment, since ‘the entire price struc- ture of foreign trade both in commodity and countr ●●

1938 Beck did not comment on the Luftwaffe, but internal sources make it clear that it was far from ready rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Beck did not comment on the Luftwaffe, but internal sources make it clear that it was far from ready for war in the autumn of 1938.”° The German army would certainly have defeated the Czechs. ●●

1938 Aryanization seizes Jewish factories and banks ai_extracted 1 cit. Aryanization sales in 1938 included 340 major factories, almost all of which were in textiles and clothing, 370 wholesale trading firms and no less than 22 private banks, including such prestigious names as Warburg and Bleichroeder.'” Both ‘ordinary’ ●●

1938 It banned them from selling goods at trade fairs and debarred them from holding any position of auth rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story It banned them from selling goods at trade fairs and debarred them from holding any position of authority in any firm.!”° Taken together, the various measures adopted in 1938 amounted to a comprehensive expropriation of the Jewish population. ●●

1938 Roosevelt proposes an international refugee committee ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On 25 March 1938, within weeks of the Anschluss, President Roosevelt had proposed the formation of an international committee to address the problem of ‘political refugees’ from Germany and newly annexed Aus- tria.'** On 6 July delegates from thirty- ●●

1938 It was not until after the conference with Goering on 12 November 1938 that Reichsbank president Hja candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story It was not until after the conference with Goering on 12 November 1938 that Reichsbank president Hjalmar Schacht was authorized to attempt one last act of cynical financial wizardry.’ In collaboration with the Austrian Economic Minister Hans Fisch- b ●●

1938 The draft memorandum of 3 October 1938 concluded with a dramatic warning: The National Socialist sta rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The draft memorandum of 3 October 1938 concluded with a dramatic warning: The National Socialist state leadership has managed, despite the critical situation of recent times, to avoid a war that would have jeopardized its earlier successes. ●●

1938 On 20 October 1938 it announced that it would need to claim no less than 4.5 million tons of steel i rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On 20 October 1938 it announced that it would need to claim no less than 4.5 million tons of steel in 1939, almost a quarter of Germany’s total production, a figure not reached until the height of the Stalingrad battle in 1942.° The fivefold expansio ●●

1938 On 11 November 1938, Keitel, the chief of the OKW, noted: ‘After having been put in the picture abou rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On 11 November 1938, Keitel, the chief of the OKW, noted: ‘After having been put in the picture about the armaments programmes by the Commanders-in- Chief, the Fuehrer intends to prioritize the entire armaments programme of the Wehrmacht according to ●●

1938 The 1938 Reich budget closed with an excess of spending over tax revenue and safe long-term borrowin rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The 1938 Reich budget closed with an excess of spending over tax revenue and safe long-term borrowing of 5.7 billion Reichsmarks.*’ The additional shortfall allowed for in the 1939 budget came to 6 billion Reichsmarks. ●●

1938 Anglo-American Trade Agreement signed ai_extracted 1 cit. The Anglo-American Trade Agreement signed on 2 November 1938 sent a clear message to Berlin.”’ As Britain and America celebrated their new unity of purpose, Goebbels issued strict instructions banning the German press from any comment implying that B ●●

1938 However, studies done by the Luftwaffe staff in 1938 had concluded that a strategic air war against rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story However, studies done by the Luftwaffe staff in 1938 had concluded that a strategic air war against Britain was out of the question unless Germany could somehow gain control of airbases along the channel coastline.* Given the pessimism of the Wehrmac ●●

1938 What haunted everybody was the experience of World War 1.1” 361 THE WAGES OF DESTRUCTION Faced with rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story What haunted everybody was the experience of World War 1.1” 361 THE WAGES OF DESTRUCTION Faced with this possibility, Backe demanded that every effort should be made to draft additional labour from outside Germany.'’* In 1938 the acute labour shorta ●●

1938 Zuse completes the Z1 calculator ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Konrad Zuse finishes the Z1, a binary mechanical calculator built in his parents' Berlin apartment. ●●

1938 Frank Buchman founds Moral Re-Armament ai_extracted 1 cit. no story American evangelist Frank Buchman founded the Moral Re-Armament movement, which Nkrumah says later spent heavily to advocate collaboration between colonial rulers and the peoples they oppressed. ●●

c. March 1938 Nazi Germany seizes control of Interpol 0 cit. After Germany annexed Austria in March 1938, the Vienna-based International Criminal Police Commission came under Nazi control along with the rest of the Austrian state apparatus. By 1940 the organization's presidency and headquarters had passed to senior SS and Reich Security Main Office officials, including Reinhard Heydrich and later Ernst Kaltenbrunner, and historians have documented that its files and networks were used to help track down political dissidents and Jews during the war. politics / war ●●●

December 1938 Himmler's decree against the 'Gypsy plague' 0 cit. In December 1938 Heinrich Himmler issued a decree on combating what it called the Gypsy plague, ordering that the Roma be registered and handled on racial grounds. It pulled earlier local persecution into a single national, racial framework. The decree marked a step from harassment toward the systematic policy that led to genocide. politics / society ●●●

4 March 1938 Oil found in commercial quantities at Dammam No. 7 0 cit. After years of dry holes, well number seven at Dammam finally strikes oil in commercial volumes, proving Saudi Arabia sat atop enormous reserves. It began the transformation of a poor desert kingdom into the world's swing producer. economy / technology ●●●

18 March 1938 Mexico nationalizes its oil and creates Pemex 0 cit. President Lázaro Cárdenas expropriates the foreign oil companies after a labor dispute and hands their assets to the new state firm Pemex. It was the first major nationalization of oil and became a model for producer states that followed. economy / politics ●●●

18 March 1938 Mexico nationalizes oil and creates Pemex 0 cit. President Lazaro Cardenas expropriated the assets of foreign oil companies and placed the industry under a new state firm, Petroleos Mexicanos (Pemex). Oil became a national asset run by the government rather than by private investors. The move became a model for developing states that wanted to own their own natural resources. economy / politics ●●●

1938 Facing Mount Kenya Published 0 cit. Kenyatta published Facing Mount Kenya, an anthropological account of Kikuyu life drawn from his LSE work and issued under the name Jomo Kenyatta. The book defended Kikuyu land tenure, initiation customs, and social structure as a rational way of life and made a nationalist argument for African self-determination. It became a landmark text of African intellectual assertion and is read as both scholarship and political manifesto. culture / politics ●●●

c. 1938 The Radical Anti-Colonial of the London Years 0 cit. By the end of his British years Kenyatta was a known radical, writing pamphlets against colonial rule, associating with communists and Pan-Africanists, and campaigning against land theft and the colour bar. This period is documented fact and stands in tension with the cautious, order-preserving leader he later became. Historians who debate his legacy point to the gap between the militant of London and the conservative president of independent Kenya. politics ●●

1938 Facing Mount Kenya defends the custom as social order 0 cit. In Facing Mount Kenya Kenyatta argued that irua, including the female rite, was woven into the whole Kikuyu order of marriage, age-sets, law, and belonging, so that banning it by missionary fiat would unravel the society. His purpose was to defend cultural sovereignty against what he called missionary imperialism, not to praise the physical cutting for its own sake. Read today, the argument is a claim about the right of a people to define its own institutions, which does not settle the separate question of the bodily harm the female rite caused. culture / politics ●●●

c. 1938 Cultural sovereignty versus missionary imperialism 0 cit. The Kikuyu defenders framed the fight not as a defense of cutting but as a stand for the right of a people to govern its own customs against outsiders who held power over their schools, jobs, and churches. In their telling the missionaries were agents of a foreign order trying to remake Kikuyu society from above. This framing let the movement claim the high ground of self-determination while leaving the underlying harm of the practice unaddressed. culture / politics ●●

1938 Facing Mount Kenya is published under the name Jomo Kenyatta 0 cit. In 1938 his LSE work appeared as Facing Mount Kenya: The Tribal Life of the Gikuyu, with an introduction by Malinowski. The cover carried the name Jomo Kenyatta, the persona he had built in London, and a photograph of the author in a skin cloak holding a spear. It was one of the first full ethnographies of an African people written by one of its own. culture / politics / science ●●●

1938 The book's argument: land, culture, and self-rule 0 cit. The book presented Kikuyu society as a coherent, self-governing order with its own religion, land system, and law, wrecked by European settlement rather than uplifted by it. Its heart was the claim that land was held communally and stolen by the settlers. Under the anthropology sat a plain political case for Kikuyu land rights and eventual self-rule. culture / economy / politics ●●●

1938 The chapter on initiation and irua 0 cit. One chapter defended irua, the initiation rite that included female circumcision, a practice missionaries were then trying to stamp out. Kenyatta argued it was central to Kikuyu identity and law and should not be judged by outside standards. The defence made the book contentious then and remains one of its most criticised passages today. culture / religion / society ●●

c. 1938 British intelligence watches C.L.R. James 0 cit. The Trinidadian writer and revolutionary C.L.R. James was tracked by British intelligence during his years in London and later expelled from the United States during the McCarthy era. His pan-African and Marxist writings marked him as a subversive in official eyes. The security services filed his contacts and movements across two continents. politics / society ●

c. 1938 A Storyteller and a Showman 0 cit. Contemporaries described Kenyatta as a magnetic, theatrical figure, given to elaborate dress and long, vivid stories about Africa. In his London years he lectured British audiences and the Workers' Educational Association and told African tales that drew crowds, and as president he cultivated a commanding image with his beaded cap, fur cloak, and flywhisk. The persona was a deliberate act of self-fashioning that helped build his mythic authority as Mzee, the grand old man of the nation. politics / society ●●

1938 Kenyatta writes Facing Mount Kenya from the seminar 0 cit. Jomo Kenyatta, later the first leader of independent Kenya, studied social anthropology under Malinowski at the LSE and produced the ethnography Facing Mount Kenya, published in 1938 with an introduction by Malinowski. The book described Kikuyu society from the inside and defended it against colonial contempt. It shows how the School's anthropology could serve an African nationalist cause. politics / science ●●●

1938 Launches the journal International African Opinion 0 cit. The International African Service Bureau launched its journal, International African Opinion, in 1938. It carried anti-colonial argument and news across the diaspora and into the colonies. Padmore's prolific journalism gave the movement a steady public voice. culture / politics / society ●●

c. October 1938 The J stamp for Jewish passports 0 cit. Swiss authorities negotiated an arrangement with Nazi Germany under which the passports of German Jews were marked with a red letter J. The stamp let Swiss border guards identify and turn back Jewish refugees while keeping the frontier open to other Germans. The Swiss request for a way to single out Jewish travellers is documented; historians describe it as an act of state antisemitism in refugee policy. politics / society ●●●

July 1938 The Kamba resist forced destocking 0 cit. In 1938 the colonial government ordered the Kamba to sell off large numbers of cattle, claiming their herds were destroying the land. The Ukamba Members Association, led by Muindi Mbingu, organised protests and a march of around two thousand people who camped in Nairobi to demand a hearing. The campaign forced the government to back down, a rare early victory against colonial rule. economy / politics ●●

July 1938 Muindi Mbingu and the Ukamba destocking protest 6 cit. Samuel Muindi Mbingu led the Ukamba Members Association against a colonial policy that forced Kamba herders to sell off cattle the government judged to be surplus. In July 1938 he led about three thousand livestock owners on a march to Nairobi, where they camped in protest. The government arrested him in October and deported him to Lamu, but the pressure worked and compulsory destocking was dropped by the end of the year. He became a lasting figure of Kamba resistance. economy / politics ●●

1938 Moi moves through Kapsabet mission and government schooling 1 cit. By the late 1930s Moi had moved from Kabartonjo to Africa Inland Mission schooling at Kapsabet and then to Government African School at Kapsabet. This placed him inside both mission and colonial-government education rather than inside independent African schooling or the forest-resistance world. religion / society ●●

1939 to 1944 World War II in Albania wikidata 0 cit. no story involvement of Albania in World War II ●●●●

30 November 1939 to 13 March 1940 Winter War wikidata 0 cit. no story 1939-1940 war between the Soviet Union and Finland ●●●●

23 August 1939 Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact 0 cit. Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union sign a non-aggression pact with a secret protocol dividing eastern Europe between them. politics ●●●●

1 September 1939 Invasion of Poland 0 cit. Germany invades Poland; Britain and France declare war two days later. The Second World War begins in Europe. war ●●●●●

April 1939 Dividend increase permits required ai_extracted 1 cit. Beginning in April 1939, firms with dividend rates of 10 percent or more needed a Ministry of Finance permit to raise their dividend rate, making stock investment less attractive. ●●

1939 Hitler dismisses Schacht and nationalizes the Reichsbank ai_extracted 1 cit. In 1939 Hitler sacked Schacht as Reichsbank president after disagreements and took more direct control over the central bank through a new law; he nationalized the Reichsbank the same year. ●●●

January 1939 Reichsbank renamed and subordinated to the Reich government ai_extracted 1 cit. In January 1939 the Reichsbank Law was changed, renaming the bank the Deutsche Reichsbank and making it directly accountable and subordinate to the Reich government rather than private shareholders or the Reparations Commission. ●●●

22 May 1939 Pact of Steel 0 cit. Full military and political alliance between Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy, committing each to join the other's wars. It bound Italy to Germany on the eve of the Second World War. diplomacy / politics / war ●●●

28 September 1939 German-Soviet Boundary and Friendship Treaty 0 cit. Treaty dividing conquered Poland between Germany and the Soviet Union after their September invasions, with secret protocols adjusting spheres of influence and pledging suppression of Polish resistance. It supplemented the earlier Nazi-Soviet pact. diplomacy / politics / war ●●

1 January 1939 Founding of Hewlett-Packard 0 cit. Bill Hewlett and David Packard formalize their partnership, working from a Palo Alto garage now marked as the birthplace of Silicon Valley. HP grows into a leading maker of instruments, computers, and printers. economy / technology ●●●

8 September 1939 Creation of the Executive Office of the President 0 cit. Following the Brownlow Committee's warning that the president needs help, Roosevelt's Executive Order 8248 creates the Executive Office of the President and moves the Budget Bureau into it. The modern institutional presidency, with its large White House staff, dates from this reorganization. politics ●●●

1 April 1939 Franco's victory in the Spanish Civil War 0 cit. Francisco Franco declares victory over the Spanish Republic after three years of civil war fought with German and Italian support. His authoritarian regime rules Spain until his death in 1975. politics / war ●●●●

1 September 1939 to 1945 The Second World War and the Empire 0 cit. The empire again mobilized on a vast scale, but the war drained Britain's wealth and strength. Victory came at the cost of the resources and prestige needed to hold the empire together. war ●●●●●

17 September 1939 Soviet Invasion of Poland 0 cit. Following the secret protocol, the Red Army invaded eastern Poland weeks after Germany attacked from the west. The Soviets annexed the territory, including western Ukrainian and Belarusian lands. politics / war ●●●

30 November 1939 to 1940 Winter War with Finland 0 cit. The Soviet Union attacked Finland after it refused territorial demands, meeting fierce resistance and heavy Soviet losses. Finland ceded land in the peace but kept its independence. war ●●●

May 1939 The 1939 White Paper 0 cit. Britain's 1939 White Paper sharply limited Jewish immigration and land purchase in Palestine. It angered the Zionist movement, especially as Jews sought refuge from Europe. politics ●●●

1 September 1939 to 1941 Nazi T4 program begins murdering disabled people 1 cit. Under the T4 "euthanasia" program, Nazi doctors murdered more than 70,000 disabled and mentally ill people they judged unworthy of life. The killing methods pioneered here were later used in the death camps. politics / science ●●●

1939 to 1945 Pius XII and the Church during the Second World War 0 cit. Pope Pius XII led the Church through the war and the Holocaust, avoiding open condemnation of Nazi genocide while the Vatican sheltered some refugees. His silence remains one of the most debated questions in modern Church history. politics / religion / war ●●●