Events, Verisoph

January 1940 Mao Zedong publishes On New Democracy 0 cit. Mao set out a model of revolution led by a communist party but rooted in the peasantry and aimed first at foreign domination and landlordism. His stress on rural guerrilla struggle in a poor, mostly agrarian country spoke to conditions across the colonized world more directly than Soviet industrial doctrine. Historians credit the Maoist model with shaping liberation movements from Asia to Africa. politics / war ●●

25 July 1940 General Guisan's Rütli Report and the National Redoubt 0 cit. After the fall of France left Switzerland fully surrounded by the Axis, General Henri Guisan gathered his officers at the Rütli meadow, the Confederation's founding site, and set out a plan to withdraw the army into an Alpine fortress and fight on if invaded. The National Redoubt aimed to make conquering Switzerland more costly than it was worth. The stance is often cited as armed neutrality, though the country's survival also owed much to its economic usefulness to Germany. war ●●

c. 1940 Britain ships its gold across the Atlantic 0 cit. To meet the cash-and-carry rule, Britain sends gold and dollar securities across the Atlantic to pay for American supplies. Some shipments travel by warship under guard. The purchases keep the war going but steadily drain the reserves the country needs to buy anything from abroad. economy / war ●●●

December 1940 Britain's reserves near exhaustion 0 cit. By late 1940 Britain's gold and dollar reserves are close to running out. The Treasury warns that the country can no longer pay cash for the American arms it depends on. Churchill puts the problem directly to President Roosevelt, saying Britain will soon be unable to pay in full for shipping and supplies. diplomacy / economy / war ●●●

c. 1940 American Viscose, Courtaulds' prize in America 0 cit. The American Viscose Corporation is the United States rayon business owned by the British textile firm Courtaulds. It is highly profitable and one of the most valuable British-owned companies in America. As Britain's dollars run low, this healthy overseas asset becomes a target for sale to raise cash. economy ●●

c. 1940 Britain liquidates its American investments 0 cit. Through 1940 and 1941 the British government requisitions and sells off British-owned direct investments in the United States to raise dollars. Company after company held by British owners is cashed in to pay for the war. The policy strips Britain of the overseas holdings that had underpinned its financial strength for decades. economy / war ●●●

c. 1940 More gold leaves the country 0 cit. Alongside the sale of companies, Britain keeps shipping gold abroad to settle its bills. Reserves that took generations to build are handed over in a matter of months. The critic Andrew Boyle and others later called this stretch the selling of the family silver, the disposal of the nation's accumulated wealth to stay in the fight. economy / war ●●

c. 1940 Yaaku stigmatised as il-torrobo 2 cit. Even after adopting Maasai ways, the Mukogodo were looked down on by Maasai and Samburu as il-torrobo, a slur for hunter-gatherers without cattle. The stigma of their foraging past shaped marriage, status, and belonging. It pressed many to distance themselves from the old identity. society ●

25 June 1941 to 19 September 1944 Continuation War wikidata 0 cit. no story 1941-1944 Finnish war against USSR ●●●●

22 June 1941 Operation Barbarossa 0 cit. Germany invades the Soviet Union along a 2,900-kilometre front, the largest invasion in history. war ●●●●●

7 December 1941 Attack on Pearl Harbor 0 cit. Japan strikes the US Pacific Fleet; the United States enters the war, and Germany declares war on America four days later. war ●●●●●

14 August 1941 Atlantic Charter 0 cit. Joint declaration by Roosevelt and Churchill setting out principles for the postwar world, including self-determination and freer trade. It became a founding reference for the United Nations. diplomacy / politics / war ●●●

1941 Gershom Scholem founds academic Kabbalah studies 0 cit. With Major Trends in Jewish Mysticism, Gershom Scholem established the scholarly study of Kabbalah as a serious field of history. His research reshaped how both scholars and the public understood the tradition. religion / science ●●●●

8 September 1941 to 1944 Siege of Leningrad 0 cit. German and Finnish forces encircled Leningrad for nearly 900 days, cutting off food and fuel. Hundreds of thousands of residents died, most from starvation, before the blockade was broken. society / war ●●●●

1941 to 1945 The Holocaust 1 cit. Nazi Germany and its collaborators murdered about six million European Jews during the Second World War. The genocide became a central argument for Jewish statehood. society / war ●●●●●

11 March 1941 The Lend-Lease Act makes Britain dependent on American supply 0 cit. Lend-Lease let the United States ship arms, food, and materiel to Britain and other allies without immediate payment, keeping them in the war. It deepened Britain's reliance on American industry and finance and hastened the shift in global leadership. economy / war ●●●

14 August 1941 The Atlantic Charter sets Anglo-American war aims 0 cit. Churchill and Roosevelt met at sea and issued a joint statement of principles for the postwar world, including self-determination and free trade. Its call for self-determination pointed toward the eventual dismantling of empires, including Britain's. politics / war ●●

c. 1941 Parsons is initiated into the Ordo Templi Orientis 0 cit. Parsons joined the Agape Lodge, the California branch of Aleister Crowley's occult order the Ordo Templi Orientis. He embraced Crowley's religion of Thelema and its motto, Do what thou wilt. religion ●●●

c. August 1941 Parsons helps invent jet-assisted takeoff rockets 0 cit. Parsons developed solid propellants for JATO units that gave overloaded aircraft extra thrust on takeoff. The successful flight tests proved the military value of the Caltech group's work. science / war ●●●

July 1941 Hubbard is commissioned as a US Navy officer in World War II 0 cit. Hubbard served as a naval officer during the war, later greatly embellishing his wartime record. His actual service was modest and marked by disputed command incidents. war ●●

1941 United States supplies Britain through Lend-Lease ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Instead of the commercial financing used in World War I, the US provided Britain 27 billion dollars in Lend-Lease supplies, received 6 billion back, and wrote off the account for about 800 million in the postwar settlement. ●●

1941 Germany invades the Soviet Union ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Despite purges, low living standards, and inefficiency, Soviet industrial power had grown enough that the world was amazed at the USSR's ability to withstand the German assault that began on June 22, 1941. ●●

1941 Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Facing economic strangulation and expecting that seizing the Dutch Indies would draw an American war, the Japanese militarists decided to strike first, producing the attack on Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941. ●●

1941 Coup d'etat in Yugoslavia overthrows the regency ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On the night of March 26-27, 1941, a military coup overthrew the Yugoslav regency days after it had signed the Tripartite Pact, replacing Prince Paul with young King Peter. The new government signed a friendship treaty with the Soviet Union. ●●

1941 Germany invades Yugoslavia and Greece ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Hours after Yugoslavia signed a treaty with the Soviet Union, the Luftwaffe bombarded Belgrade and thirty-three German divisions invaded Yugoslavia and Greece in early April 1941. Both countries were overrun within three weeks. ●●

1941 Roosevelt's Four Freedoms speech ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In January 1941 Roosevelt stated America's foreign-policy aims in his 'Four Freedoms' speech: freedom of speech and worship, and freedom from want and fear. It framed the goals America hoped to advance while staying out of the war. ●●

1941 Lend-Lease Act becomes law ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Introduced as H.R. 1776 on January 10, 1941, the Lend-Lease bill became law two months later. It let the President transfer defense articles to any nation whose defense he deemed vital to the United States. ●●

1941 Atlantic Charter issued ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After four days of conferences aboard the Prince of Wales, August 9-12, 1941, Roosevelt and Churchill issued the Atlantic Charter as their first formal statement of war aims. It renounced territorial aggrandizement and endorsed self-determination and free trade. ●●

1941 Selective service extended by one vote ai_extracted 1 cit. no story An act extending the term of selective-service training by eighteen months passed Congress on August 12, 1941, by a single vote, 203-202. Republicans were solidly opposed, with only 21 voting for it. ●●

1941 Hitler declares war on the United States ai_extracted 2 cit. no story Hitler declared war on the United States on December 11, 1941, four days after Pearl Harbor. Quigley calls this Hitler's greatest mistake, since it spared the Roosevelt Administration from having to justify attacking Germany after being struck by Japan. ●●

1941 German torpedo destroys the Reuben James ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In the undeclared naval war in the Atlantic, the destroyer Reuben James was blown apart with great loss of life in late October 1941. Such incidents multiplied as American escorts covered British convoys. ●●

1941 Nazi Germany invades the Soviet Union ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The German armies launched Operation Barbarossa against the Soviet Union at dawn on June 22, 1941, at the peak of their power. Within days huge pincer envelopments captured hundreds of thousands of Soviet troops. ●●

1941 German envelopment east of Kiev ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After Hitler shifted emphasis south, German Army Group South completed a vast envelopment east of Kiev between August 24 and September 21, 1941, capturing 665,000 prisoners. Hitler called it the greatest battle in history; his chief of staff called it the greatest strategic blunder of the campaign. ●●

1941 Hitler orders the attack on Moscow ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On September 6, 1941, in Directive No. 35, Hitler abruptly accepted his generals' advice and ordered an attack on Moscow. By then it was arguably too late for a successful assault on the Soviet capital. ●●

1941 Hitler assumes personal command of the army ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On December 19, 1941, Field Marshal Walther von Brauchitsch was relieved as commander in chief and Hitler took the post himself. He ordered that the army was not to withdraw a single step. ●●

1941 Soviet-Japanese Neutrality Pact ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Foreign Minister Matsuoka signed a Soviet-Japanese Neutrality Pact in Moscow on April 13, 1941. It later allowed the Soviet Union to shift Far Eastern forces westward to help defend Moscow. ●●

1941 Japan moves troops into southern Indochina ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On July 21, 1941, Japan's threats won from Vichy France the right to move troops into southern Indochina. This posed a threat to British Malaya and triggered a sharp American response. ●●

1941 United States freezes Japanese assets ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On July 26, 1941, the United States froze all Japanese financial assets, virtually ending trade between the two countries. The British Commonwealth and the Netherlands Indies followed with similar restrictions, cutting off oil and other vital goods. ●●

1941 Japan orders the attack on Pearl Harbor ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On November 10, 1941, operations orders went out to the Japanese Navy to destroy the American fleet at Pearl Harbor on December 7th. Orders had already been issued to conquer Thailand, Malaya, the Philippines, and other objectives. ●●

1941 Attack on Pearl Harbor rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Japanese air strike on Pearl Harbor began at 7:55 on December 7, 1941, and within thirty minutes wiped out the Battle Line of the Pacific Fleet. American losses included some 2,400 killed and four battleships sunk. ●●

1941 Soviet-Polish agreement of July 1941 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After the German attack on Russia, the Soviet Union reestablished relations with the Polish government-in-exile and signed an agreement on July 30, 1941, cancelling the 1939 partition treaties and granting amnesty to imprisoned Poles. It allowed General Anders to raise a new Polish army. ●●

1941 Blackett and Operational Research ai_extracted 1 cit. no story P. M. S. Blackett pioneered Operational Research for the British war effort. In 1941 he argued that scientists could bring numerical thinking to military operations. ●●

1941 OSRD established ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In May 1941 the Office of Scientific Research and Development was created with Bush as chairman and Conant as his deputy, expanding the wartime mobilization of science. ●●

1941 All-out atomic effort decided before Pearl Harbor ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The decision to make an all-out effort to unlock atomic energy was taken on 6 December 1941, the day before the attack on Pearl Harbor. ●●

1941 Khrushchev's secret speech: Stalin ignored 1941 invasion warnings ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley quotes Khrushchev's 1956 secret speech charging that Stalin disregarded repeated warnings of the German attack. It states that by April 3, 1941, Churchill had personally warned Stalin through Ambassador Cripps that Germany was regrouping to attack the USSR. ●●

1941 Gatto hears the Pearl Harbor announcement on the radio ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto recalls hearing FDR announce the Pearl Harbor attack on the radio eight days before his sixth birthday, a memory that dates to December 1941. ●●

1941 Scale of Soviet labor camps before 1941 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The book quotes Quigley that estimates of people held in Soviet slave-labor camps before 1941 ranged from two million to twenty million. It presents Soviet terror as a Network-tolerated horror. ●●

1941 Year 1941: Iran’s Foreign Policy 1941–1973 (Charlottesville: rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Iran’s Foreign Policy 1941–1973 (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1975). ●●

1941 Year 1941: The British forced him from his throne in 1941. Hi rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The British forced him from his throne in 1941. His eldest son, the future Mohammad Reza Shah, stands second from left. ●●

1941 The slaughter that followed the candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The slaughter that followed the German attack on the Soviet Union in June 1941 is without equal in world history. ●●

1941 Millions of Soviet POWs starved in German camps ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The evidence indicates that between 3 and 4 million captured Soviet soldiers were intentionally starved to death in German POW camps between 1941 and 1944. ●●

1941 Hitler was, however, willing to candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Hitler was, however, willing to go along with the pretense of a supposedly independent “Russian Liberation Movement” as a propaganda ploy, so a psychological warfare operation built around those themes was undertaken by Gehlen and Strik-Strikfeldt as early as 1941 and continued throughout the war. ●●

1941 Vlasov, who had been personally rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Vlasov, who had been personally honored by Stalin in 1941 for his courage in the defense of Moscow against German attack, had defected to the Nazis the next year following a humiliating defeat. ●●

1941 Franz Six leads the Vorkommando Moskau into the USSR ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1941 Six led the Vorkommando Moskau, an advance squad of the Nazi invasion, whose job it was to seize Communist party and NKVD archives in order to compile lists of hunted Soviet officials and to liquidate those who were caught. ●●

1941 Hilger, it is true, had rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Hilger, it is true, had initially opposed the German invasion of the USSR in 1941 and had mentioned this to Hitler during a private conference on the eve of the blitzkrieg. Hilger’s advice was rejected, however, and he continued to serve the Reich dutifully throughout the war. ●●

1941 The Nazis poured money and rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Nazis poured money and arms into the OUN during the two years leading up to the Germans’ 1941 invasion of the USSR. ●●

1941 The Latvian Fascist Perkonkrust Führer rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Latvian Fascist Perkonkrust Führer Gustav Celmins, for example, had organized a Latvian SS unit in 1941 and served as a Nazi agent inside nationalist circles throughout the war. He went on to become an officer in the powerful Rome branch of Intermarium. ●●

1941 Thousands of Jewish prisoners were murdered by the SS at rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Thousands of Jewish prisoners were murdered by the SS at the forced-labor camp; hundreds of thousands were killed at the extermination center. On Zegners, see “Aplilciba 1941 y 20 ... ●●

1941 509–17 and 527–30. For text and commentary on 1941 Vichy rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 509–17 and 527–30. For text and commentary on 1941 Vichy document concerning Vatican position on treatment of Jews discussed in footnote, see L. Poliakov, “The Vatican and the Jewi... ●●

1941 to Luther, January 8, 1941, marked “Urgent!”; Luther to Vizenkonsul rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story to Luther, January 8, 1941, marked “Urgent!”; Luther to Vizenkonsul Beuttler, January 13, 1941; Der Chef der Sicherheitspolizei und des SD (VI A 42 Ke/Str.) to Luther, January 10, ... ●●

1941 British and Soviet troops occupy Iran ai_extracted 1 cit. no story To prevent Nazi operations in Iran and secure their supply lines, British and Soviet troops enter Iran on August 25, 1941. ●●

1941 Reza Shah abdicates the throne ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Reza Shah abdicates on September 16, 1941, unable to resist Allied pressure and internal political collapse, abandoning his dictatorship. ●●

1941 Rentschler Announces National City's Defense Financing Role rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story At National City Bank's annual stockholders meeting on January 17, 1941, Chairman Rentschler announced the bank's active participation in war financing. The bank would distribute bonds and finance war production. ●●

1941 Chase Bank Mobilizes for War Intervention rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On October 2, 1941, Chase chairman Winthrop Aldrich moved to position his bank behind U.S. entry into World War II. Aldrich used his banking position and political connections to advance American military intervention. ●●

1941 • • • In 1941 a real estate developer built a six-foot high wall right rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story • • • In 1941 a real estate developer built a six-foot high wall right across Detroit’s 8 Mile district. ●●

1941 Ingrid’s apartment overlooked the garden of the Museum of Mo... (1941) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Ingrid steadfastly ignored hints of family displeasure about Veniero’s character. In January 1941, he issued an ultimatum; either Ingrid would marry h... ●●

1941 CHAPTER 35––Deathwatch Even as the Warburgs sounded the ala... (1941) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story CHAPTER 35––Deathwatch Even as the Warburgs sounded the alarm about the German menace in America and Britain, the Nazis exploited their good name in ... ●●

1941 CHAPTER 36––Little Man and Fat Boy Settled in a comfortable... (1941) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Shortly after Germany invaded Poland, he inscribed on its back: “The events of the war and the revolutionary time in Germany only made it ever clearer... ●●

1941 Part Five THE RETURN OF THE ALSTERUFER AND MITTELWEG WARBURG... (1941) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Part Five THE RETURN OF THE ALSTERUFER AND MITTELWEG WARBURGS ——Siegmund Warburg and his son, George, in officer training corps uniform, Deerhaddn, 1... ●●

1941 CHAPTER 41––Museum Pieces In 1941 (1941) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story CHAPTER 41––Museum Pieces In 1941, Frieda Schiff Warburg had a heart attack, which was delicately styled a “breakdown” by the family. It began a slow... ●●

1941 It was Carola who held together the Warburg family (1941) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In many ways, the European socialism represented by Ben-Gurion and other early leaders pleased the Warburgs more than the conservative nationalism tha... ●●

1941 1941 European rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In Hitler’s case, the issue is complicated by his scorn for the United States as a degenerate, miscegenated power, but he also sensed that he dared not wait until the mid-1940s to ... ●●

1941 1941 Military Campaign rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In the Russo-German war, the Wehrmacht resumed its brutal offensives once the winter of 1941–1942 had passed and battled its way toward the Caucasus; at almost the same time, the f... ●●

1941 1941 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story If the fate of the Axis Powers was sealed after December 1941, there was little indication that they knew it. ●●

1941 1941 Economic rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The first of the extra-European disputes between Russia and the West was very much a legacy of such ad hoc wartime arrangements; in 1941–1943 Iran had been placed under tripartite ... ●●

1941 10. New York World Telegram, February 19, 1941 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 10. New York World Telegram, February 19, 1941. ●●

1941 6. The New York Times, January 29, 1941 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 6. The New York Times, January 29, 1941. ●●

1941 7. New York Herald Tribune, April 25, 1941 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 7. New York Herald Tribune, April 25, 1941. ●●

1941 8. JW. Box 16, “Harry G. Green 5/41,” rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 8. JW. Box 16, “Harry G. Green 5/41,” letter to Senator Bennett C. Clark, May 8, 1941. ●●

1941 1. New York World Telegram, February 19, 1941 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 1. New York World Telegram, February 19, 1941. ●●

1941 1. LBI-SGW-SZ. Letter from Siegmund G. Warburg to rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 1. LBI-SGW-SZ. Letter from Siegmund G. Warburg to Stefan Zweig, May 14, 1941. ●●

1941 George Seldes reports on tobacco industry health risks in In Fact journal rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Independent journalist George Seldes reports on medical discoveries about tobacco risks in his muckraking journal In Fact, one of the few voices speaking against tobacco industry propaganda. ●●

1941 World War II 1941-1945 devastates Russia rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story World War II from 1941-1945 cost Russia multiple millions of military and civilian casualties and vast economic devastation, the most traumatic event in twentieth-century Russian history. ●●

1941 “He was impressed and he was concerned rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “He was impressed and he was concerned.”1167 Both Teller and Wigner, Szilard wrote in a background memorandum in 1941, “shared the opinion that no time must be lost in following up this line of development and in the discussion that followed, the opinion crystallized that an attempt ought to be made to enlist the support of the Government rather than that of private industry. ●●

1941 12 A Communication from Britain James Bryant Conant traveled to London in the rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 12 A Communication from Britain James Bryant Conant traveled to London in the winter of 1941 to open a liaison office between the British government and the National Defense Research Council.1403 Conant was the first American scientist of administrative rank to visit the beleaguered nation following the ad hoc exchanges of the Tizard Mission and he came to count the trip “the most extraordinary experience of my life.” “I was hailed as a messenger of hope,” he writes in his autobiography. ●●

1941 In that summer of 1941, with recollections of what I had seen and heard in Engla rejected ai_extracted 2 cit. no story In that summer of 1941, with recollections of what I had seen and heard in England fresh in my mind, I was impatient with the arguments of some of the physicists associated with the Uranium Committee whom I met from time to time. ●●

1941 “In the summer of 1941,” John Dunning’s associate Eugene Booth remembers, “Brigg rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “In the summer of 1941,” John Dunning’s associate Eugene Booth remembers, “Briggs visited us in the basement of Pupin at Columbia to see our experiment for the separation of U235 by [gaseous] diffusion of uranium hexafluoride. ●●

1941 The Minister of Posts, imagining himself handing Hitler the decisive secret weap rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Minister of Posts, imagining himself handing Hitler the decisive secret weapon of the war, had funded the building of a million-volt Van de Graaff and two cyclotrons, all under construction in 1941. ●●

1941 After the summer of 1941 the German bomb program depended entirely on uranium an rejected ai_extracted 2 cit. no story After the summer of 1941 the German bomb program depended entirely on uranium and Vemork heavy water. ●●

1941 In May 1941 he lectured on “Super-explosive U235,” reviewing existing knowledge rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In May 1941 he lectured on “Super-explosive U235,” reviewing existing knowledge.1468, 1469 He was aware that an explosive chain reaction depended on U235 and understood the necessity of isotope separation: “Because of the potential application of this explosive chain reaction a practical method of achieving this must be found. ●●

1941 “It was from September 1941,” he remarks in consequence, “that we saw an open ro rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “It was from September 1941,” he remarks in consequence, “that we saw an open road ahead of us, leading to the atomic bomb.”1501 He decided to talk to Bohr. ●●

1941 His son Aage, a Nobel laureate in his turn and his father’s successor as directo candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story His son Aage, a Nobel laureate in his turn and his father’s successor as director of the Copenhagen institute, summarizes it in a memoir: The impression that in Germany great military importance was given to [atomic energy research] was strengthened by the visit to Copenhagen in the autumn of 1941 of Werner Heisenberg and C. ●●

1941 Bush delivers third NAS report to Roosevelt ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Bush personally delivered the third National Academy of Sciences report to the President on November 27, 1941. ●●

1941 13 The New World Enrico Fermi’s team at Columbia University had been hard at w rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 13 The New World Enrico Fermi’s team at Columbia University had been hard at work through 1941 while the government deliberated. ●●

1941 Zhukov counterattacks German army outside Moscow ai_extracted 2 cit. no story December 6, 1941, the day of the bomb program expansion, marked another tidal event: Soviet forces under General Georgi Zhukov counterattacked across a two-hundred-mile front against the German Army congealed in snow and –35°F cold only thirty miles outside Moscow. ●●

1941 * * * In Japan both the Army Air Force and the Imperial Navy had moved separate rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story * * * In Japan both the Army Air Force and the Imperial Navy had moved separately since 1941 to promote atomic bomb research.1779 The Riken, Yoshio Nishina’s prestigious Tokyo laboratory, primarily served the Army, exploring the theoretical possibilities of U235 separation by way of the gaseous barrier diffusion, gaseous thermal diffusion, electromagnetic and centrifuge processes. ●●

1941 * * * Gaseous-diffusion research had progressed at Columbia University since Jo rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story * * * Gaseous-diffusion research had progressed at Columbia University since John Dunning and Eugene Booth had first demonstrated measurable U235 separation in November 1941. ●●

1941 Otto Frisch had tried gaseous thermal diffusion (differing from Philip Abelson’s candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Otto Frisch had tried gaseous thermal diffusion (differing from Philip Abelson’s liquid thermal diffusion) at Birmingham early in 1941 and proved it inadequate for separating uranium isotopes, but Nishina had no knowledge of that secret work. ●●

1941 The bill for this came due after 1941, in a murder... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The bill for this came due after 1941, in a murderous civil war which started all over again in 1991. Romania acquired millions of Hunga ●●

1941 There were still occasional flashes of intuition, ... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story There were still occasional flashes of intuition, as in his design of the campaign against France in 1940 and in his refusal to permit a retreat in fr ●●