Events, Verisoph

1941 that “the targets chosen were in congested industrial areas and were carefully picked so that bombs rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story that “the targets chosen were in congested industrial areas and were carefully picked so that bombs which overshot or undershot the actual railway centers under attack [in this instance] should fall on these areas, thereby affecting morale. ●●

1941 it met again in Cambridge to hear from other Uranium Committee members and from Bainbridge. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story it met again in Cambridge to hear from other Uranium Committee members and from Bainbridge. ●●

1941 was inventing a relatively cheap way to make uranium hexafluoride. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story was inventing a relatively cheap way to make uranium hexafluoride. ●●

1941 following a conference with his colleagues, he stressed their consensus that isotope separation woul rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story following a conference with his colleagues, he stressed their consensus that isotope separation would be feasible “only for special applications in which cheapness is but a secondary consideration. ●●

1941 Imperial Army authorizes Japanese atomic bomb research ai_extracted 1 cit. no story the official order came through: the Imperial Army Air Force authorized research toward the development of an atomic bomb. ●●

1941 he heard from George Flerov, one of the two young physicists in his Moscow laboratory who had discov candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story he heard from George Flerov, one of the two young physicists in his Moscow laboratory who had discovered the spontaneous fission of uranium in 1940 and reported their discovery in a cable to the Physical Review. ●●

1941 “this was the first I had heard about even the remote possibility of a bomb. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “this was the first I had heard about even the remote possibility of a bomb. ●●

1941 to determine the man-made element’s various cross sections. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story to determine the man-made element’s various cross sections. ●●

1941 to promote atomic bomb research. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story to promote atomic bomb research. ●●

1941 and proved it inadequate for separating uranium isotopes, but Nishina had no knowledge of that secre rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story and proved it inadequate for separating uranium isotopes, but Nishina had no knowledge of that secret work. ●●

1941 Stalin discusses postwar borders with Eden in Moscow ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On the occasion of Eden's visit to Moscow in December 1941, Stalin discussed postwar territorial arrangements and made clear his preference for practical arithmetic over declarations of principle, seeking recognition of the 1941 Soviet borders. ●●

1941 1941: Ed Roberts (1941–2010). rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Ed Roberts (1941–2010). Altair on the cover, January 1975. ●●

1941 1941: evailed and authorized Aiken to build his machine. 20 In April 1941, a rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story evailed and authorized Aiken to build his machine. 20 In April 1941, as IBM was constructing the Mark I to Aiken’s specifications at its lab in Endico ●●

1941 1941: nasoff or the lawyer to make a filing for patents. Mauchly proceeded t rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story nasoff or the lawyer to make a filing for patents. Mauchly proceeded to forge ahead during that fall of 1941 with his own design for a computer, which ●●

1941 1941: ar, and the Internet—were spawned by the military. America’s entry int rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ar, and the Internet—were spawned by the military. America’s entry into World War II in December 1941 provided the impetus to fund the machine that Ma ●●

1941 1941: hor for the balls-in-the-air ferment in the halls. In November 1941 Br rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story hor for the balls-in-the-air ferment in the halls. In November 1941 Brattain had made his last journal entry, into his notebook #18194, before leaving ●●

1941 1941: Ed Roberts (1941–2010). Altair on the cover, January 1975. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Ed Roberts (1941–2010). Altair on the cover, January 1975. ●●

1941 Information history in 1941 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story en theory and practice—the clashing cultures. “For the mathematician, an argument is either perfect in every detail or else it is wrong,” he wrote in 1941. ●●

1941 re going out all over Europe and when such illumination as w rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “In these grim days when the lights are going out all over Europe and when such illumination as we have in the blackout is likely to come, figurativel ●●

1941 ntinue to be a little troubled about the idea of our so-call rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “I continue to be a little troubled about the idea of our so-called enemy aliens traveling too far afield,” wrote Aydelotte in December 1941, who had ●●

1941 Gödel file their petitions for citizenship rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gödel file their petitions for citizenship, this status will be changed in accordance with the modified rule regarding Austrians.”25 Despite these ob ●●

1941 Did you hear about this?” von Neumann wrote to Stan Ulam in rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Did you hear about this?” von Neumann wrote to Stan Ulam in May of 1941 ●●

1941 Event of 1941 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ” In 1941 Sweden greatly broadened grounds for sterilization, and by the end of the decade authorities had cited eugenic indications in sterilizing mo ●●

1941 5, in small ways helping others survive. For rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 5, in small ways helping others survive. For example, Austrian journalist Eugen Kogon worked as a clerk in Buchenwald’s hospital under the notorious Dr. Erwin Ding-Schuler. It was Ding-Schuler who in 1941 wrote in his diary, “Since tests on animals are not of sufficient value, tests on human beings ●●

1941 This system was brought back in 1941 to Japan itself and became the core of the wartime resource all rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story This system was brought back in 1941 to Japan itself and became the core of the wartime resource allocation system. ●●

1941 I provide a new account of the dynamic that launched Germany into war and explain both how this sust rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story I provide a new account of the dynamic that launched Germany into war and explain both how this sustained a successful war effort up to 1941 and how it reached its inevitable limit in the Russian snow. ●●

1941 In the spring of 1941, before the United States began to intervene decisively in the naval war, it d rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In the spring of 1941, before the United States began to intervene decisively in the naval war, it did briefly seem as though British supply lines might be severed. ●●

1941 Preemptiveness is essentially the rationale rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Preemptiveness is essentially the rationale imperial Japan, without being overly para- noid, used to justify its attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941, and which Nazi Germany, as a sham pretext, used to justify its invasion of Poland in 1939, To one observe ●●

1941 1912-41 - China: The disorders rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 1912-41 - China: The disorders which began with the Kuomintang rebellion in 1912, which were redirected by the invasion of China by Japan and finally ended by war between Japan and the United States in 1941, led to demonstrations and landing parties ●●

1941 Woodhouse, The Struggle for Greece, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Woodhouse, The Struggle for Greece, 1941-1949 (London, 1976) pp ●●

1941 New York Times, 24 June rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story New York Times, 24 June 1941; for an interesting account of how US officials laid the groundwork for the Cold War during and immediately after World War 2, see the first chapter of Blanche Wiesen Cook, The Declassified Eisenhower (New York, 1981), a ●●

1941 1941 - Greenland: Taken under rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 1941 - Greenland: Taken under protection of the United States in April ●●

1941 Greek Communists found ELAS and EAM ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Founded during the course of 1941-42 on the initiative of the Greek Communist Party, ELAS and its political wing EAM cut across the entire left side of the political spectrum, numbering many priests and even a few bishops amongst its follow- ers ●●

1941 Luftwaffe secures aircraft deal with Vichy France ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On February 12, 1941, the Luftwaffe finally obtains agreement from France to produce 3,000 aircraft and 13,500 aero-engines under license. ●●

1941 Italy threatens to halt Mediterranean naval operations ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By February 1941, the Italian navy threatens to halt its Mediterranean operations unless Germany supplies at least 250,000 tons of fuel. ●●

1941 German army plans 40,000 tanks for post-Soviet war ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In May 1941, German army internal planning document calls for production of almost 40,000 tanks and 130,000 half-tracks over three years for post-Soviet operations. ●●

1941 Nazis begin gas van experiments for mass killing ai_extracted 2 cit. no story By end of 1941, learning process from hand executions leads to first experiments with gas vans, eventually abandoned as too slow compared to shooting methods. ●●

1941 France agrees to aircraft production for Wehrmacht rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story February 12, 1941: Luftwaffe secures agreement for 3,000 aircraft and 13,500 engines from France. ●●

1941 US Congress passes the Lend-Lease Act ai_extracted 1 cit. no story March 11, 1941: Congress appropriates $8.3 billion for British war supplies including 11,800 aircraft. ●●

1941 Italy demands 250,000 tons fuel from Germany monthly rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story February 1941: Italian navy threatens to halt Mediterranean operations without massive fuel deliveries. ●●

1941 Wehrmacht exhausts available male population for warfare rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Summer 1941: 85% of German men aged 20-30 already in Wehrmacht; manpower fully committed. ●●

1941 Hitler predicts inevitable global war with America ai_extracted 1 cit. no story January 9, 1941: Hitler addresses commanders at Berchtesgaden about inevitable global war with America. ●●

1941 German army plans post-Soviet campaign with 36 Panzer divisions rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story May 1941: Army planning document calls for 40,000 tanks and 130,000 half-tracks for invasion of Middle East. ●●

1941 Hitler declares Jewish destruction the war's consequence ai_extracted 1 cit. no story December 12, 1941: Hitler tells Nazi leadership that Jewish destruction must follow world war. ●●

1941 Einsatzgruppe A destroys Baltic Jewish communities ai_extracted 1 cit. no story June 25-26, 1941: Horrific pogrom at Kaunas begins systematic destruction of 270,000 Jews by spring 1942. ●●

1941 Leningrad encircled by German and Finnish forces ai_extracted 1 cit. no story October 1941: 2.5 million trapped as city enters famine with 4,000 daily deaths by December. ●●

1941 Wehrmacht starves Soviet POWs to death ai_extracted 1 cit. no story December 1941: Of 3.35 million captured Red Army soldiers, only 1.1 million alive; 600,000 starved by February 1942. ●●

1941 Einsatzgruppe A executes German Jews at Kaunas ai_extracted 1 cit. no story November 25-29, 1941: Mass execution of German Jews deported from Berlin, Breslau, Munich, Frankfurt. ●●

1941 Event rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Marriner Eccles was the Governor of the Federal Reserve Sys- tem in 1941 ●●

1941 Modern business enterprise since 1941 In many sectors of the American economy,... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Modern business enterprise since 1941 In many sectors of the American economy, but above all in the central sectors of production and distribution, World War II put the capstone on the institutional developments of the interwar years and set the stage for the impressive growth of the modern business enterprise and of the economy itself in the postwar years ●●

1941 Bombing of Pearl Harbor rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Cooper describes arriving at the Pearl Harbor Naval Shipyard and finding a pier still marked by damage from the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor decades earlier. ●●

25 June 1941 Executive Order 8802 bans discrimination in defense industry 0 cit. President Franklin Roosevelt signed an order banning racial discrimination in the defense industry and federal government, issued under pressure from a threatened March on Washington led by labor leader A. Philip Randolph. It created the Fair Employment Practices Committee to enforce the policy. It was the first federal action against employment discrimination since Reconstruction. economy / politics ●●

1941 Zuse completes the Z3 programmable computer ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Zuse's Z3 becomes the first fully working, programmable, automatic digital computer, using electromechanical relays. ●●

1941 Mauchly visits Atanasoff in Iowa ai_extracted 1 cit. no story John Mauchly travels to Iowa State to see Atanasoff's partly built computer, a visit that later spawns a bitter patent dispute. ●●

2 January 1941 XX Committee runs the Double-Cross System 0 cit. MI5 stood up the Twenty (XX) Committee to coordinate the Double-Cross System, under which nearly every German agent sent to Britain was identified, captured, and turned into a double agent feeding false information back to German intelligence. The system fed deception operations through the war, including the D-Day deception plan Fortitude. It is regarded as one of MI5's major wartime successes. politics / war ●●●

14 August 1941 The Atlantic Charter sketches a postwar world 0 cit. Meeting aboard warships off Newfoundland, Roosevelt and Churchill set out shared aims for the world after the war, including the right of peoples to choose their own government. The term United Nations was first used soon after for the wartime alliance against the Axis. The charter's language of self-determination would echo through the decolonization decades, even as its authors still ruled vast empires. diplomacy / politics ●●

1941 to 1945 The Holocaust destroys the Ashkenazi heartland 1 cit. Nazi Germany's murder of six million Jews fell hardest on the Ashkenazi heartland of Eastern Europe. Mobile killing units and death camps in occupied Poland wiped out the great communities of Poland, Lithuania, Ukraine, and Belarus, in some countries killing about nine in ten Jews. This is a shared chapter in the wider story of the Holocaust, but its epicenter was the Yiddish-speaking world. politics / society / war ●●●

1941 Gershom Scholem revives the study of Kabbalah 0 cit. With Major Trends in Jewish Mysticism, Gershom Scholem overturned the rationalist dismissal of Kabbalah and established it as a serious field of history. His scholarship restored the mystical tradition to the center of the Jewish story and reframed the long dialogue between reason and mysticism. religion / science ●●●

c. 1941 The Home Guard's real role behind the Dad's Army image 0 cit. Popular memory, fixed later by the television comedy Dad's Army, pictures the Home Guard as bumbling old men. The record is more serious: they guarded key sites, manned anti-aircraft and coastal batteries, and were meant to fight delaying actions against paratroops and invasion. Historians note the force freed regular troops for other duties and would have faced heavy losses had Germany landed. society / war ●●

January 1941 The Murder of Lord Erroll 0 cit. In January 1941 Josslyn Hay, the Earl of Erroll and a leading Happy Valley figure, was found shot dead in his car outside Nairobi. Sir Jock Delves Broughton, whose wife had been Erroll's lover, was tried for the murder and acquitted, and the killing was never solved. The scandal exposed the tangled affairs of the settler elite to the world at the height of the war and became the most famous story of Happy Valley excess. culture / society ●

c. 1941 Olenguruone and the Spread of the Oath 8 cit. Squatters moved to the crowded Olenguruone settlement from 1941 refused the government's farming rules and bound themselves together with a mass oath of unity, an early form of the Mau Mau oath. Their long resistance ended in eviction and prosecution around 1950, but the practice of oathing whole communities spread from there into central Kenya. Many historians trace the militant, land-centred core of Mau Mau back to the squatters of Olenguruone. politics / society ●●●

c. 1941 The Squatters Resist at Olenguruone 0 cit. From 1941 the government resettled Kikuyu squatters evicted from settler farms at Olenguruone in the Rift Valley, but only as tenants bound to strict destocking and soil conservation rules, not as owners of the land they cleared. The settlers there refused to accept tenant status or the cultivation and stock limits, insisting the land was theirs, and their long standoff with the administration ran through the 1940s. Historians such as Tabitha Kanogo and Frank Furedi treat Olenguruone as the crucible where squatter grievance hardened into open, organized defiance of the colonial state. economy / politics / society ●●●

1941 Britain conquers Italian Somaliland in the war 0 cit. During the East African campaign of the Second World War, British and Commonwealth forces drove the Italians out and took over both Italian Somaliland and the Ogaden under military administration. For a time Britain governed most Somali lands together, and some British officials floated uniting them. Cold War and colonial rivalries killed the idea, and Italy returned to administer the south under a UN trusteeship. politics / war ●

5 May 1941 Liberation and the restoration of Haile Selassie 0 cit. British, Commonwealth, and Ethiopian patriot forces drove the Italians out during the East African campaign of the Second World War. Haile Selassie re-entered Addis Ababa five years to the day after he had fled, restored to his throne. The Italian occupation had lasted only about five years and was never fully secured against the patriot resistance in the countryside. politics / war ●●

March 1941 Lend-Lease keeps Britain in the war at a price 0 cit. With British cash reserves nearly exhausted, Congress passed the Lend-Lease Act, letting the United States supply arms and goods without immediate payment. The aid kept Britain fighting, but Washington first pressed Britain to spend down its dollar reserves and sell overseas assets, and it used its leverage to push for opening the closed markets of the British Empire. diplomacy / economy / war ●●●

c. 1941 Britain liquidates its overseas assets to pay for war 0 cit. To buy American supplies before Lend-Lease, Britain sold off large parts of its foreign investment portfolio, including the forced sale of the American Viscose company at a low price. The dismantling of the overseas assets built up over a century stripped Britain of the invisible earnings that had long balanced its books. economy / war ●●

July 1941 Banda re-qualifies as a doctor in Edinburgh 0 cit. Because his American degree is not accepted in the British Empire, Banda moves to Scotland and studies for the Scottish triple conjoint diploma. In July 1941 he is awarded licentiates of the Royal Colleges of Physicians and Surgeons of Edinburgh and Glasgow, gaining the right to practice as a doctor across British territory. He is now both American-trained and British-qualified. society ●●

1941 Kimathi enlists briefly with the King's African Rifles ai_extracted 1 cit. In 1941 Kimathi joined the King's African Rifles as a sweeper. He deserted soon after, put off by the poor conditions endured by African troops, and his short service was confined to Kenya. ●

1941 Freedom House and the Freedom in the World survey 0 cit. Freedom House, founded in New York in 1941, is a US-based organization that rates political rights and civil liberties worldwide in its annual Freedom in the World report. Most of its budget comes from the US government. Its rankings are widely cited, and its role has drawn the same debate as NED over US-funded advocacy. politics / society ●●

c. 1941 The Swiss National Bank buys looted Nazi gold 2 cit. Through the war the Swiss National Bank bought well over a billion francs of gold from Germany's Reichsbank, providing hard currency that helped Germany pay for war materials. Much of that gold had been looted from the central banks of occupied countries such as Belgium and the Netherlands, and some came from the possessions of Holocaust victims. In the 1946 Washington Agreement Switzerland paid 250 million francs to the Allies without admitting wrongdoing; historians divide over whether the trade was active complicity or the pragmatism of a cornered small state. economy / war ●●●

March 1941 The Treasury forces the sale of American Viscose 0 cit. Under pressure from both the American and British Treasuries, Courtaulds is required to sell American Viscose to raise dollars for the war. The sale is arranged in March 1941, weeks before Lend-Lease removes the cash requirement. Britain is made to give up one of its best foreign assets at the moment its bargaining position is weakest. diplomacy / economy / war ●●●

March 1941 Sold below its value to a Wall Street syndicate 0 cit. American Viscose is sold for about 54 million dollars to a syndicate led by Morgan Stanley and Dillon, Read and Company. Estimates of the company's real worth ran well over 100 million dollars. The bankers soon resold the business at a large profit, so much of the gap between the sale price and the true value went to the Wall Street buyers rather than to Britain. economy ●●●

c. 1941 Courtaulds and Churchill protest the terms 0 cit. Courtaulds objects that it was forced to sell a sound business far too cheaply, and the British government later pays the firm partial compensation. Churchill protests the harshness of the terms to Washington. The Viscose sale becomes a lasting symbol of Britain being made to liquidate its finest asset while an American syndicate profited. diplomacy / economy ●●

c. January 1941 The dollar assets run dry 0 cit. By early 1941 Britain has spent almost all of its usable overseas dollar assets. The reserves that had paid for two years of purchases are nearly gone. With no way left to pay cash, Britain can only keep buying American supplies if the United States changes the terms. economy / war ●●●

11 March 1941 The Lend-Lease Act ends the cash demand 0 cit. President Roosevelt signs the Lend-Lease Act, letting the United States supply arms and materials to Britain and its allies without immediate cash payment. It rescues Britain from the dollar crisis that had forced sales like American Viscose. It also ties Britain more closely to American supply and American terms for the rest of the war. diplomacy / economy / war ●●●●

1941 Erich Fromm's Escape from Freedom 0 cit. Erich Fromm asked why people flee the burden of freedom into authoritarian movements, blending Freud and Marx to explain the appeal of fascism. It carried the Institute’s concerns to a wide American readership. ●●

25 August 1942 to 7 September 1942 Battle of Milne Bay wikidata 0 cit. no story 1942 battle ●●

1942 Battle for Vlasenica wikidata 0 cit. no story 1942 operation of the People's Liberation Army of Yugoslavia to the assault of Vlasenica ●●

23 August 1942 to 2 February 1943 Battle of Stalingrad 0 cit. The German Sixth Army is encircled and destroyed; the strategic initiative in the east passes to the Soviet Union for good. war ●●●●●

1942 Bank of Japan Law of 1942 ai_extracted 2 cit. The Bank of Japan Law was introduced in 1942, largely as a translation of Hitler's Reichsbank Law of 1939. The Ministry of Finance later fought off attempts to change it while the BoJ kept sole charge of window guidance. ●●●●

1942 Workmen's Annuity and Insurance Law ai_extracted 1 cit. The 1942 Workmen's Annuity and Insurance Law for the first time required payment of annuities for old age, disability, or death, and was broadened in 1944 to include other personnel and women. ●●

1942 National Financial Control Association established ai_extracted 1 cit. In 1942, as the mobilized war economy was fully implemented, the National Financial Control Association was established as the nerve center of wartime credit allocation, with Ichimada as its first secretary-general. ●●●

1942 to 1991 Credit quantity as BoJ's central policy tool, 1942-1991 ai_extracted 1 cit. Research cited by the author shows the Bank of Japan used the quantity of credit creation as its central monetary policy operating and target variable at least from 1942 to 1991. ●●●

5 October 1942 Founding of Oxfam 0 cit. Quakers, academics and activists found the Oxford Committee for Famine Relief to send food through the Allied blockade to starving civilians in occupied Greece. It grew into the global Oxfam confederation. diplomacy / society ●●●

9 February 1942 First Meeting of the Joint Chiefs of Staff 0 cit. The heads of the Army, Navy, and Army Air Forces meet as a body to coordinate American strategy with the British Combined Chiefs during World War II. The National Security Act of 1947 makes the Joint Chiefs a permanent statutory institution. war ●●●

13 June 1942 to 1945 Founding and Dissolution of the OSS 0 cit. Roosevelt creates the Office of Strategic Services under William Donovan to run wartime espionage, sabotage, and analysis. Truman dissolves it on October 1, 1945, but its veterans and methods seed the CIA two years later. war ●●●

13 August 1942 to 1947 Launch of the Manhattan Project 0 cit. The Army establishes the Manhattan Engineer District to build an atomic bomb, growing into a secret empire of sites at Oak Ridge, Hanford, and Los Alamos employing 130,000 people. It produces the weapons used against Japan and the template for big federal science. science / technology / war ●●●●

December 1942 Beveridge Report published 0 cit. William Beveridge's report proposes a comprehensive system of social insurance to defeat want, disease, ignorance, squalor, and idleness. It becomes the blueprint for the British welfare state. economy / society ●●●●

24 February 1942 Voice of America begins broadcasting 0 cit. The Voice of America made its first broadcast in February 1942 to counter Axis propaganda with U.S. news in foreign languages. It became the main external broadcasting arm of the United States. politics / war ●●●

13 June 1942 to 1945 U.S. Office of War Information created 0 cit. President Roosevelt established the Office of War Information on 13 June 1942 to coordinate government messaging during World War II. It shaped posters, films, and news to support the war effort at home and abroad. society / war ●●●

15 February 1942 The Fall of Singapore legendary 0 cit. Japanese forces captured the great British naval base and took tens of thousands of prisoners. The defeat shattered the myth of British invincibility in Asia. war ●●●●

1 June 1942 Skinner v. Oklahoma limits eugenic sterilization 0 cit. The U.S. Supreme Court struck down a law to sterilize repeat criminals, calling reproduction a basic human right. The ruling began to turn American law against forced sterilization, though it did not overturn Buck v. Bell. politics / science ●●

3 October 1942 First V-2 rocket reaches space 0 cit. A German V-2 test flight became the first human-made object to reach the edge of space. The rocket, designed as a weapon, proved that large liquid-fueled machines could fly to the boundary of space. science / technology / war ●●●●

March 1942 Parsons co-founds the Aerojet Engineering Corporation 0 cit. Parsons, Malina, Forman, von Karman and others formed Aerojet to manufacture rocket engines for the military. The company grew into a major American propulsion firm. science / war ●●●

c. 1942 Parsons becomes leader of the Agape Lodge 0 cit. Parsons took over leadership of the Agape Lodge of the OTO after Wilfred Talbot Smith stepped aside. He ran its rituals from his home on South Orange Grove Avenue. religion ●●●

c. 1942 Parsons develops castable composite solid rocket propellant 0 cit. Parsons formulated a stable castable propellant using asphalt and potassium perchlorate, known as GALCIT 53. The breakthrough pointed toward the composite solid fuels later used in large rockets and missiles. science ●●●

1942 American Birth Control League renamed Planned Parenthood 0 cit. The organization Sanger founded was renamed the Planned Parenthood Federation of America in 1942, dropping the phrase birth control for a broader family planning identity. It grew into the largest reproductive health provider in the United States. politics / society ●●●

1942 Germany conquers core of Western Civilization by 1942 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In Quigley's framework, Nazi Germany as a semi-peripheral power had overrun much of the European core of Western Civilization by 1942 before being defeated by the United States and the Soviet Union. ●●

1942 Fritz Todt killed in air crash ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Fritz Todt, the engineer set to run Germany's economic mobilization, died in an airplane crash on February 12, 1942. Albert Speer succeeded him but had to share authority with several rival offices. ●●

1942 Thousand-bomber raid on Cologne ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Using new intersecting radio-beam navigation, Britain launched a thousand-bomber raid on Cologne in May 1942. Bomb damage, however great, had no decisive effect on Germany's ability to wage war. ●●