Events, Verisoph

c. 1946 Geneva becomes the United Nations' European home 0 cit. After the League dissolved, the United Nations took over its Geneva headquarters, the Palais des Nations, as the organisation's European office. Switzerland hosted the UN's second-largest centre for decades before it finally joined the organisation as a member in 2002. Geneva remained a hub for disarmament talks, human rights bodies and humanitarian agencies. diplomacy ●●

11 April 1946 France abolishes forced labour in its African colonies 0 cit. The law sponsored by Félix Houphouët-Boigny ends forced labour across French Africa, and the indigénat penal code is abolished the same year. Until then colonial economies relied on coerced labour and cash-crop extraction rather than services for the governed. The timing shows how far the colonial state was built to extract rather than to develop. economy / politics ●●

December 1946 Nairobi National Park becomes Kenya's first 0 cit. Kenya gazetted Nairobi National Park, the country's first national park, on the plains south of the colonial capital. Maasai who grazed cattle across the area lost access to a stretch of their dry-season range. The park set the template for later ones, drawing a hard line between protected wildlife inside and the people kept outside. environment / politics / society ●●●

1946 Moi teaches in the colonial education service 2 cit. From 1946 to 1955 Moi worked as a teacher in the colonial education system, including Tambach. He rose through school postings and was remembered as strict, sober and disciplined, traits that colonial officials and later Kenyan political allies read as signs of moderation and reliability. politics / society ●●●

1946 The Commissioner for Cooperatives becomes the gatekeeper 1 cit. In 1946 the colonial state appointed the first Commissioner for Cooperatives and began building a Department of Cooperative Development. That office mattered because cooperative membership, registration, bylaws, marketing, finance and official supervision now ran through a state gate. The cooperative became both a route into cash income and a route into bureaucratic control. economy / politics ●●●

c. 1946 Kenya Fuel and Bark turns wattle money into nationalist infrastructure contested 3 cit. Kenya Fuel and Bark grew out of the black-wattle bark economy in Central Kenya, where African growers and traders fought settler and state control over marketing. Kiburi House became a nationalist node, tied in Kenyan memory to Kenya Fuel and Bark, KAU activity, Mau Mau detainees and later state neglect. The Muigai point must be handled directly: a business-history source names Johnstone Muigai as leading Kenya Fuel and Bark, while Kenyan reporting foregrounds Kiburi Thumbi and names James Muigai among early company figures. That identity conflict needs company-register or memoir confirmation before the app treats "JJ Muigai" as settled. culture / economy / politics ●●●

30 October 1947 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade wikidata 0 cit. multilateral agreement regulating international trade ●●●

1947 U.S. reverse course on occupation policy ai_extracted 1 cit. By 1947, with the advent of the Cold War, MacArthur's democratization policies had been seriously undermined and a major unannounced U-turn in the U.S. stance toward Japan had taken place, with GHQ now advancing the continuation of the wartime mobilization system. ●●●●

1947 Anti-Monopoly Law enacted ai_extracted 1 cit. An Anti-Monopoly Law and a Law for the Elimination of Excessive Concentration of Economic Power were enacted in 1947 as part of the occupation's deconcentration program. ●●●

January 1947 Reconstruction Finance Bank established ai_extracted 1 cit. In January 1947 the Reconstruction Finance Department was separated from the Industrial Bank of Japan and established as the public Reconstruction Finance Bank, tasked with preferential funding of strategic industries and funded by government bills the central bank had to discount. ●●●

1947 Priority lending regulations of 1947 ai_extracted 1 cit. With the 1947 Regulations on the Provision of Funds by Financial Institutions, announced by the Ministry of Finance, the government reestablished the wartime priority production system, ranking 460 types of business into lending categories. ●●●

March 1947 Emergency Measures Law of March 1947 ai_extracted 1 cit. Japan's postwar financial control measures, compared by Yoshino to Schacht's policies of the early 1920s, were fully implemented with the Emergency Measures Law of March 1947. ●●●

1947 to 1949 Temporary Law for Credit Allocation enacted and rescinded ai_extracted 1 cit. In 1947 the Temporary Law for Credit Allocation moved the Bond Committee to the central bank; in 1949 the law was rescinded and the Ministry of Finance reclaimed oversight of private-sector bond issuance. ●●●

1947 Temporary Interest Rates Adjustment Law reintroduced ai_extracted 1 cit. In 1947 the occupation reintroduced the wartime interest-fixing law as the Temporary Interest Money Rates Adjustment Law, enabling the BoJ and Ministry of Finance to set interest rate ceilings; it remained 'temporary' until the 1980s. ●●●

23 February 1947 Founding of the International Organization for Standardization 0 cit. no story ISO begins operations in Geneva after delegates from 25 countries agreed in London in 1946 to create a new body to unify industrial standards worldwide. diplomacy / science / technology ●●●

4 April 1947 Founding of the International Civil Aviation Organization 0 cit. no story The Chicago Convention of 1944 enters into force, creating ICAO in Montreal to set worldwide standards for civil aviation safety and navigation. diplomacy / technology ●●●

15 August 1947 Independence of India 0 cit. British India is partitioned and the Dominion of India becomes independent, ending nearly two centuries of British rule. politics ●●●●●

14 August 1947 Independence of Pakistan 0 cit. no story Pakistan is created as an independent state for Muslims of British India in the partition that ended British rule. politics ●●●●

22 October 1947 to 1 January 1949 Indo-Pakistani War of 1947-1948 0 cit. no story India and Pakistan fight their first war over the princely state of Kashmir immediately after partition. A UN ceasefire divides Kashmir along a line that remains disputed today. war ●●●

1947 Founding of Hyundai 0 cit. Chung Ju-yung founds the Hyundai construction company in Seoul. The chaebol expands into shipbuilding and cars, building the world's largest shipyard and helping drive South Korea's industrialization. economy ●●●

1947 Founding of LG 0 cit. Koo In-hwoi founds Lak Hui Chemical in Busan, making cosmetics and later Korea's first plastics. With its Goldstar electronics arm it becomes the LG chaebol, one of South Korea's largest conglomerates. economy ●●

15 August 1947 Partition of India 0 cit. British India is divided into independent India and Pakistan along religious lines. Around 15 million people are displaced and hundreds of thousands to a million killed in communal violence, leaving a rivalry that still shapes South Asia. politics / society ●●●●

26 July 1947 National Security Act of 1947 0 cit. Truman signs the law that rebuilds the national security machinery, creating a unified military establishment, the National Security Council, the CIA, and an independent Air Force. It is the founding charter of the Cold War national security state. politics / war ●●●●

18 September 1947 War Department Becomes the Department of Defense 0 cit. The National Security Act takes effect, merging the War and Navy departments into a National Military Establishment under a single Secretary of Defense. Amendments in 1949 rename it the Department of Defense and strengthen the secretary's authority. politics / war ●●●●

18 September 1947 Founding of the United States Air Force 0 cit. The Army Air Forces become an independent service under the National Security Act, recognizing air power's decisive role in World War II. The new service soon carries the nuclear deterrent at the heart of Cold War strategy. technology / war ●●●

18 September 1947 Founding of the CIA 0 cit. The Central Intelligence Agency begins operating under the National Security Act as the successor to the wartime OSS. It becomes the country's principal foreign intelligence and covert action service. politics / war ●●●●

10 April 1947 Founding of the Mont Pelerin Society 0 cit. Friedrich Hayek gathers 39 economists and intellectuals, including Milton Friedman and Ludwig von Mises, to defend classical liberalism against collectivism. The society becomes the seedbed of the neoliberal movement. economy / politics ●●●

December 1947 The transistor 1 cit. Researchers at Bell Labs built the first working transistor, a tiny solid state switch and amplifier. Transistors replaced bulky vacuum tubes and are the basic building block of all modern electronics. technology ●●●●●

October 1947 HUAC Hollywood hearings and the blacklist 0 cit. The House Un-American Activities Committee held hearings on communism in Hollywood in October 1947, leading to the jailing of the Hollywood Ten and an industry blacklist. Suspected leftists were barred from work in film for years. culture / politics ●●●●

15 August 1947 Indian Independence and Partition 0 cit. British India was split into the independent states of India and Pakistan. The hasty partition triggered mass migration and communal violence that killed hundreds of thousands and displaced millions. politics / society ●●●●●

c. 1947 Beginning of the Cold War 0 cit. Wartime cooperation gave way to rivalry between the Soviet Union and the United States and their blocs, split by what Churchill called an Iron Curtain. The contest shaped global politics for over four decades. politics / war ●●●●

10 April 1947 Mont Pelerin Society founded 0 cit. Economists and thinkers led by Friedrich Hayek founded the Mont Pelerin Society to defend free markets and classical liberalism. It became influential in the spread of free market economic ideas. economy / politics ●●●

30 October 1947 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade signed 0 cit. Twenty three nations signed the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade to reduce trade barriers. It governed world trade through successive negotiating rounds until it was replaced by the World Trade Organization. economy ●●●●

29 November 1947 The UN Partition Plan 0 cit. The UN General Assembly voted in 1947 to partition Palestine into Jewish and Arab states with an international zone for Jerusalem. Zionist leaders accepted the plan while Arab leaders rejected it. politics ●●●●

c. 1947 to c. 1997 Decolonization dissolves the empire as US primacy sets in 0 cit. From Indian independence in 1947 to the handover of Hong Kong in 1997, Britain shed its empire while the United States led the postwar order. Power passed to Washington through economics, alliances, and institutions rather than conquest. politics / society ●●

17 August 1947 The Radcliffe Line partitions India 0 cit. A British lawyer drew the border between India and Pakistan in a few weeks with little local knowledge. The hurried partition split provinces and communities, triggering mass migration and communal killings. politics / society ●●●

c. 1947 Oral Roberts and the healing revivals 0 cit. Oral Roberts led large tent healing revivals and pioneered religious television, later teaching a doctrine of seed-faith giving in which donations are expected to bring a greater return. He was a central figure in spreading prosperity and healing teaching across America. economy / religion ●●●

1947 Ajax cleanser is named after the Greek warrior Ajax 0 cit. Colgate-Palmolive launched its Ajax cleanser in 1947, naming it after Ajax, the powerful Greek warrior of the Trojan War, to suggest strength against dirt. economy / religion / war ●●

1947 Postwar reform remakes Japanese schools 0 cit. Under US occupation, Japan's Fundamental Law of Education created a six-three-three system and expanded equal access. It set the frame for Japan's exam-driven, high-achieving schools. politics / society ●●●

c. 1947 to c. 1957 HUAC, McCarthyism, and the Hollywood blacklist 0 cit. The House Un-American Activities Committee and Senator McCarthy investigate suspected communists, and studios blacklist writers and actors who invoke their rights. Fear of association silences a generation of dissenting speech without a single censorship law. culture / politics ●●●●

1947 Dialectic of Enlightenment 0 cit. Max Horkheimer and Theodor Adorno publish Dialectic of Enlightenment, arguing that reason itself turned into a tool of domination and that a culture industry manufactures passive consumers. A cornerstone of critical theory and of the study of mass culture. culture / society ●●●

1947 Stalin forces Czechoslovakia to reject Marshall aid ai_extracted 1 cit. Czechoslovakia accepted the Marshall Plan offer on 7 July 1947 but was forced by Stalin's direct order to Gottwald to reverse the decision three days later. ●●

1947 Truman Doctrine proclaimed ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On 12 March 1947 Truman told a joint session of Congress the U.S. must support free peoples resisting subjugation, and won $400 million in aid for Greece and Turkey. ●●

1947 Marshall Plan announced at Harvard ai_extracted 1 cit. no story At Harvard's 1947 commencement, Secretary of State Marshall proposed American economic support for a European Recovery Program open even to the Soviet bloc, which Stalin rejected. ●●

1947 National Security Act reorganizes U.S. security ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The National Security Act of 1947 unified the armed services, created the National Security Council, and set up the CIA and NSA, a system Quigley says was built on secrecy and anonymity. ●●

1947 Truman's loyalty oath order ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On 21 March 1947 Truman ordered a loyalty oath from all government workers, giving investigators a weapon to prosecute concealed Communists for perjury. ●●

1947 United Nations World magazine founded ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1947 Michael Straight founded United Nations World, reorganized from Asia magazine, to promote the new United Nations. ●●

1947 United Nations votes to partition Palestine ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Britain appealed to the United Nations, which voted in November 1947 to partition Palestine into intertwining Jewish and Arab zones with an international zone in Jerusalem. The Arab League rejected partition and swore to resist it by force. ●●

26 July 1947 The National Security Act builds the Cold War state 0 cit. The National Security Act creates the modern American security establishment: the Department of Defense, the CIA, the National Security Council, and the Air Force. It lays the institutional foundation of the permanent military and intelligence apparatus. politics / war ●●●●

1947 Everson decision removes God from school, 1947 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto points to the Supreme Court's 1947 Everson decision as the moment religion was fully removed from American public schools. ●●

1947 Everson v. Board of Education decided ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto points to the 1947 Supreme Court decision Everson v. Board of Education as the ruling that began removing religion from American public schools. He treats it as the start of the 'separation of church and state' doctrine applied to schools. ●●

1947 CIA founded as a Network creation ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The book asserts the CIA, founded in 1947, is a creation of the Network used to covertly destabilize and topple uncooperative nations. It presents US foreign policy costs as accruing to America while benefits go to the Network. ●●

1947 Malagasy revolt of 1947 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story During French colonial rule, a revolt broke out in Madagascar in 1947. French forces killed large numbers of Malagasy, by some reports around one hundred thousand. ●●

1947 India gains independence ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The book notes that from the Company's conquest, India would stay in British hands for another 144 years. It finally won its freedom in August 1947. ●●

1947 Year 1947: Ayatollah Kashani, who had learned that Qavam plan rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Ayatollah Kashani, who had learned that Qavam planned to arrest him, issued a fatwa ordering soldiers to join the rebellion, which he called a “holy war against the imperialists.” ... ●●

1947 He was permitted to enter rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story He was permitted to enter the United States without State Department opposition even at the height of the 1947 controversy, much to the dismay of the British, who had been, after all, the target of Dornberger’s rockets. ●●

1947 ”8 By the end of rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ”8 By the end of 1947 Gehlen had restored, for the most part, the lines of command that Berlin had once used to control its assets inside the collaborationist organizations during the war. Two SS veterans, Franz Six and Emil Augsburg, took charge of essential aspects of émigré work for Gehlen. ●●

1947 By late 1947, however, Gehlen rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By late 1947, however, Gehlen had become “an alarm signal” (as Höhne of Der Spiegel puts it) in a series of secret conferences with General Lucius Clay, then the U. ●●

1947 ” By the end of rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ” By the end of 1947 the U. ●●

1947 CHAPTER SEVEN “I … Prefer rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story CHAPTER SEVEN “I … Prefer to Remain Ignorant” The emerging East-West conflict had entered a new and clearly more hostile phase early in 1947. ●●

1947 Britain ends support for Greek monarchists ai_extracted 1 cit. no story When the British announced in early 1947 that they were withdrawing their sponsorship of the monarchists, almost every observer concluded that a leftist victory was at hand. There was, however, another force in Greece, and it is to them that U. ●●

1947 ”24 Greece in 1947 and rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ”24 Greece in 1947 and Italy in 1948 also taught the CIA that it could employ former Nazi collaborators on a large scale in clandestine operations and get away with it. ●●

1947 ” And Lithia, which began rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ” And Lithia, which began under army auspices in November 1947, authorized “liquidation in [the] United States Zone [of Germany] of the Kundermann Ring, a large scale Czechoslovakian intelligence net. ●●

1947 State Department intelligence report of candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story State Department intelligence report of May 1947, “the Vatican … is the largest single organization involved in the illegal movement of emigrants … [and] the justification … for its participation in this illegal traffic is simply the propagation of the Faith. ●●

1947 24. Rodes memo to DDI Frankfurt, May 22, 1947 (top rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 24. Rodes memo to DDI Frankfurt, May 22, 1947 (top secret), copy in author’s collection. On Poppe’s work for British and American agencies: Poppe, op. ●●

1947 John S. Guthrie memorandum for the secretary, Security Control Sect... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story John S. Guthrie memorandum for the secretary, Security Control Section, JIG, “Subject: Assignment of Code Word,” December 8, 1947 (top secret), (for Hagberry) and November 21, 1947... ●●

1947 X [Kennan]: It’s America vs. Russia … Until Russia Is rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story X [Kennan]: It’s America vs. Russia … Until Russia Is Forced to Cooperate or Collapse,” Newsweek (July 21, 1947), p.16. 33. ●●

1947 CIA created to replace the wartime OSS ai_extracted 1 cit. no story It was still a new agency, created in 1947 to replace the wartime Office of Strategic Services (1947) ●●

1947 Presidents, cabinet secretaries, national security advisers, and CI... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Presidents, cabinet secretaries, national security advisers, and CIA directors approved them, authorized by the 1947 law that created the CIA and assi (1947) ●●

1947 NSC authorizes CIA covert psychological operations ai_extracted 1 cit. no story National Security Council issued first directive authorizing CIA to conduct covert psychological operations against Soviet activities. ●●

1947 Tanganyika groundnuts scheme launched ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Tanganyika groundnuts scheme was launched in 1947 as a colonial development project, representing high-modernist agricultural planning that failed to achieve its objectives. ●●

1947 Meriwether himself, born in 1947, ruefully observed: ‘If I had lived through the Depression, I rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Meriwether himself, born in 1947, ruefully observed: ‘If I had lived through the Depression, I would have been in a better position to understand events. ●●

1947 CIA Growth and Expansion rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By 1953, the CIA had grown to six times its size at founding in 1947, with fifteen thousand employees across fifty countries. ●●

1947 CHAPTER 40––Itinerant Preacher Jimmy Warburg didn’t have to... (1947) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After two failed marriages and an explosively uneven career, Jimmy, fifty-two, tried to start afresh. In 1947, he was scouting about for a new secreta... ●●

1947 CHAPTER 42––The Cousins Club Siegmund Warburg had the spark... (1947) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In the early postwar years, he again pictured Western economies slouching toward Armageddon. After a New York visit in 1947, he told Fritz, “A real de... ●●

1947 6. MMW. Fritz M. Warburg Akten. Paket 3 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 6. MMW. Fritz M. Warburg Akten. Paket 3. “Siegmund G. Warburg Folder.” Letter from Siegmund to Fritz Warburg, June 7, 1947. ●●

1947 2. JW. Box 21, Stevenson folder 1947–52, letter rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 2. JW. Box 21, Stevenson folder 1947–52, letter to Adlai Stevenson, March 17, 1952. ●●

1947 1. MMW. Fritz M. Warburg Akten. Paket 3 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 1. MMW. Fritz M. Warburg Akten. Paket 3. Siegmund G. Warburg Folder. Letter from Siegmund to Fritz Warburg, June 7, 1947. ●●

March 1947 The Truman Doctrine and the policy of containment 0 cit. President Truman pledges American support to nations resisting communism, launching the strategy of containment that would guide US policy for the whole Cold War. It committed the United States to a global contest with the Soviet Union. diplomacy / politics ●●●●

1947 Klaus Barbie, the Butcher of Lyon, works for US intelligence 0 cit. The US Army Counter Intelligence Corps employs and protects Klaus Barbie, the Gestapo chief responsible for torture and murder in Lyon, then helps him escape to Bolivia. The government later apologized, a documented case of a war criminal shielded for Cold War use. politics / war ●●●

1947 Operation Highjump: the US Navy invades the ice contested 0 cit. The US Navy sends its largest ever Antarctic expedition, Operation Highjump, with thousands of men, ships, and aircraft under Admiral Byrd. It has since spawned conspiracy theories about secret Nazi bases and a hollow earth, none of which the documented record supports. exploration / war ●●●

1947 Stalinist terror reimposed after the war ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The reimposition of Stalinist terror in the late 1940s involved large-scale arrests and frequent executions, extending Stalin's brutal control beyond the war years. ●●

1947 Soviet-American arms race lasts 40 years with impoverishing effects rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The forty-year-long arms race with the United States, lasting from the late 1940s to the late 1980s, had socially impoverishing effects throughout Soviet society. ●●

1947 he was again paroled. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story he was again paroled. ●●

1947 The ending of the Cold War, sought by American policy through eight administrations of both politica rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The ending of the Cold War, sought by American policy through eight administrations of both political parties, was much as George Kennan had foreseen in 1947. ●●

1947 The Rio Treaty of 1947 and the Pact of Bogotá of 1948 provided a security component that was institu rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Rio Treaty of 1947 and the Pact of Bogotá of 1948 provided a security component that was institutionalized in the Organization of American States. ●●

1947 account of his career, Speaking Frankly, narrates an entire chapter about Potsdam without once menti rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story account of his career, Speaking Frankly, narrates an entire chapter about Potsdam without once mentioning Stimson’s name, relegating his rival to a brief separate discussion of the decision to use the atomic bomb on Japan and awarding him there the d ●●

1947 memoir he recalled several: We feared that, if the Japanese were told that the bomb would be used o rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story memoir he recalled several: We feared that, if the Japanese were told that the bomb would be used on a given locality, they might bring our boys who were prisoners of war to that area. ●●

1947 1947: iring a reconfiguration of its hardware or cables. However, this disti rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story iring a reconfiguration of its hardware or cables. However, this distinction was largely unnoticed, both then and in history, because the Mark I (and ●●

1947 1947: earch universities, and the military could afford. Instead the true bi rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story earch universities, and the military could afford. Instead the true birth of the digital age, the era in which electronic devices became embedded in e ●●

1947 1947: ng and put it down on the same piece of germanium.” 23 When Brattain a rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ng and put it down on the same piece of germanium.” 23 When Brattain and Bardeen tried it on the afternoon of Tuesday, December 16, 1947, something am ●●

1947 Event of 1947 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ded in Europe. The world of the emerging Cold War sought its balances in the conduct and armament of two superpowers: the United States across the Atlantic and the Soviet Union at the geographic fringes of Europe. America had helped restart the Europ ●●

1947 up; visitor at the IAS ECP in 1947; author of Programming fo rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Bernal’s Biomolecular Structure Group; visitor at the IAS ECP in 1947; author of Programming for an Automatic Digital Calculator (1958) ●●

1947 and upgraded with 100 words of magnetic-core memory in 1953 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Converted to serial, stored-program control in 1947, and upgraded with 100 words of magnetic-core memory in 1953, the ENIAC logged a total of 80,223 h ●●

1947 top and to flash a light or ring a bell.”41 Some 175 copies rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Hence an order is needed which will tell the computer to stop and to flash a light or ring a bell.”41 Some 175 copies of the report were distributed ●●

1947 New Jersey—forty-two miles from Princeton—on March 19 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story —Julian Bigelow, 1947 JULIAN HIMELY BIGELOW, the fourth of five siblings, was born in Nutley, New Jersey—forty-two miles from Princeton—on March 19, ●●

1947 By February 1947 the first seventeen families rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By February 1947 the first seventeen families, including the Bigelows, were occupying the new apartments, and more were moving in ●●

1947 “we have come to know many of our neighbors quite well rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “Since we have been here,” Bigelow reported to Aydelotte, “we have come to know many of our neighbors quite well, not only those working in mathematic ●●

1947 been able to make an arithmetic unit that works when first p rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “I think that the fact that so many of us have been able to make an arithmetic unit that works when first plugged in and which requires no fussing, is ●●

1947 In 1947 most electronic devices were laid out in two dimensi rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1947 most electronic devices were laid out in two dimensions, with components above a flat chassis and wiring below ●●