Events, Verisoph

1946 By 1946 these groups had candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By 1946 these groups had been convicted as organizational perpetrators of war crimes and crimes against humanity by the Nuremberg tribunal, and the earlier assertion of criminality had taken on the force of international law. But Gehlen’s reassurances on the SS issue proved to be false. ●●

1946 Walter Rauff escapes the Rimini POW camp ai_extracted 1 cit. no story According to the Wiesenthal report, Rauff was interned at the Rimini POW camp for about eighteen months after the war but succeeded in slipping away under mysterious circumstances in December 1946. ●●

1946 4 Despite the official ban rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 4 Despite the official ban on hiring ex-Nazis, however, the Labor Service divisions began recruiting Waffen SS volunteers at least as early as 1946. ●●

1946 First Latvian labor company formed under Skaistlauks ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The first Latvian labor company, for example, was created on June 27, 1946, under the command of Voldemars Skaistlauks, a former Latvian SS general. All six of his top lieutenants in the U. ●●

1946 *Perhaps the most dramatic single rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story *Perhaps the most dramatic single escape through church channels was the 1946 deliverance of an entire Ukrainian Waffen SS division— some 11,000 men, plus many of their families—with the personal assistance of Pope Pius XII. ●●

1946 Operations—Pincher,” June 18, 1946 (top secret), cited in Evangelis... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Operations—Pincher,” June 18, 1946 (top secret), cited in Evangelista’s study. 8. ●●

1946 Army CIC Special Agent Leo J. Pagmotta in December 1946 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Army CIC Special Agent Leo J. Pagmotta in December 1946 in connection with Operation Circle, an investigation into a mass escape of prisoners from the Rimini POW camp north of Rome... ●●

1946 “Die Behandlung des russichen Problems wahrend der Zeit des nationa... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “Die Behandlung des russichen Problems wahrend der Zeit des national-sozialistischen Regimes in Deutschland,” typescript, n.d. (1946?). Burnham, James. ●●

1946 Case No. 4111, CIC Rome Detachment, Zone Five, December 26 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Case No. 4111, CIC Rome Detachment, Zone Five, December 26 (?), 1946, (secret). Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists. ●●

1946 FBI warns Truman that White leaked to Soviets ai_extracted 2 cit. no story In 1946, the FBI alerted President Truman that Treasury official Harry Dexter White had passed secret intelligence to the Soviet Union. White was removed from consideration as IMF leader but retained his position as an executive director. ●●

1946 Bretton Woods delegates reconvene at Savannah ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In March 1946, Bretton Woods delegates reconvened at Savannah, Georgia, to finalize and ratify the international monetary agreement. By then Cold War tensions were rising and Soviet-American cooperation had collapsed. ●●

1946 Souers named first Central Intelligence Group director ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Truman appointed Admiral Souers as director of the Central Intelligence Group, though Truman treated the appointment with ceremonial mockery. ●●

1946 Wisner's Romanian spy network destroyed by Soviets ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Wisner learned his Romanian intelligence network had been destroyed by the Soviet regime, with most agents imprisoned or dead. ●●

1946 Victoria oat variety wiped out by crown rust ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Victoria oat variety, bred to resist crown rust fungus and planted throughout the United States in 1940, succumbed to a devastating epidemic in 1946. ●●

1946 In 1946, he married a rejected ai_extracted 2 cit. no story In 1946, he married a tall, funny, formidably blunt lady named Wilma Shannon. On Jewish holidays, he was always in a quandary about whether to work... ●●

1946 As he had since 1946, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As he had since 1946, he continued to insist upon diversification, and in 1964 Mercury Securities added the British Gallup Poll firm to its portfolio... ●●

1946 In addition (1946) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After the Brandeis, Goldschmidt sale, he became a deeply depressed person, something of a misfit. In the drab atmosphere of 1946 Britain, he couldn’t ... ●●

1946 On January 29 (1946) candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On January 29, 1946, The Times of London ran a minute three-line notice on the bottom of page seven. It said in its entirety: “The name of the New Tra... ●●

1946 CHAPTER 39––Our Aryan At the end of World War II (1946) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “He was very constructive—always seeing the positive in life.”2 With Eric’s long history as a ladies’ man, Max and Alice pressed him to wrap things up... ●●

1946 1946 European rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As early as April 1946 the State Department was urging the need to give support to “the United Kingdom and the communications of the British Commonwealth.”110 The growing acceptanc... ●●

1946 1946 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story They were also aware that Moscow, in its turn, had been less than wholehearted in its support of the Chinese Communist Party and had, even as late as 1946 and 1948, tried to balanc... ●●

1946 13. AD. Box 27, letter from Eric Warburg rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 13. AD. Box 27, letter from Eric Warburg, October 3, 1946. ●●

5 March 1946 Churchill's Iron Curtain speech 0 cit. Winston Churchill declares that an iron curtain has descended across Europe, dividing the Soviet east from the free west. The phrase named the Cold War that would split the world for the next four decades. diplomacy / politics ●●●

1946 The US grants immunity to Unit 731's biowarfare scientists 0 cit. The United States secretly grants immunity to the Japanese doctors of Unit 731, who had conducted lethal human experiments, in exchange for their biological-warfare data. One of the darkest bargains of the postwar science grab, hidden for decades. science / war ●●●●

October 1946 Operation Osoaviakhim: the Soviets seize German experts 0 cit. In a single night the Soviet Union forcibly deports thousands of German scientists and their families east to work on Soviet weapons and rockets. It was Moscow's mass answer to America's Operation Paperclip. science / war ●●●

1946 Hitler's spymaster goes to work for the CIA 1 cit. Reinhard Gehlen, the Nazi army's chief of intelligence on the Eastern Front, is put in charge of a US-funded spy network against the Soviets, which becomes West Germany's intelligence service. The West rebuilt its Cold War espionage on a Nazi foundation. politics / war ●●●●

1946 The Babalon Working 0 cit. Parsons and the future Scientology founder L. Ron Hubbard perform the Babalon Working, a series of rituals meant to incarnate a goddess on earth. The strange episode links the birth of American rocketry to the occult and to Scientology. culture / religion ●●●

1946 Quoted in Elliott Roosevelt, As He Saw It (New York: Duell, Sloan and Pearce, 1946), pp rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quoted in Elliott Roosevelt, As He Saw It (New York: Duell, Sloan and Pearce, 1946), pp. ●●

1946 Quoted in Frances Perkins, The Roosevelt I Knew (New York: Viking, 1946), pp rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quoted in Frances Perkins, The Roosevelt I Knew (New York: Viking, 1946), pp. ●●

1946 Liebow used a British invention, the Standardized Casualty Rate, to compute that Little Boy produced rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Liebow used a British invention, the Standardized Casualty Rate, to compute that Little Boy produced casualties, including dead, 6,500 times more efficiently than an ordinary HE bomb. ●●

1946 Szilard Papers: “Only a man with [Szilard’s] brass would have pushed through to the President. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Szilard Papers: “Only a man with [Szilard’s] brass would have pushed through to the President. ●●

1946 1946: 8p, B 1, F 11, S 109 Mauchly: Apic/Contributor/Hulton Arch... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story S 109 Mauchly: Apic/Contributor/Hulton Archive/Getty Images Eckert: © Bettmann/Corbis ENIAC in 1946: University of Pennsylvania Archives Aiken and Hopper: By a staff photographer / © 1946 The Christia ●●

1946 1946: Howard Aiken and Grace Hopper (1906–92) with a part of Babbage’s Diffe rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Howard Aiken and Grace Hopper (1906–92) with a part of Babbage’s Difference Engine at Harvard in 1946. Jean Jennings and Frances Bilas with ENIAC. Jea ●●

1946 1946: who would have rights to the innovations on EDVAC. The wrangling was c rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story who would have rights to the innovations on EDVAC. The wrangling was complex, but the upshot was that Mauchly and Eckert left Penn at the end of March ●●

1946 1946: terfaces, and feature delightful graphic displays. STEVE RUSSELL AND S rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story terfaces, and feature delightful graphic displays. STEVE RUSSELL AND SPACEWAR The hacker subculture, as well as the seminal video game Spacewar , eman ●●

1946 1946: Aiken: Harvard University Archives, UAV 362.7295.8p, B 1, F 11, S 109 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Aiken: Harvard University Archives, UAV 362.7295.8p, B 1, F 11, S 109 Mauchly: Apic/Contributor/Hulton Archive/Getty Images Eckert: © Bettmann/Corbis ●●

1946 1946 There are two kinds of creation myths: those where lif rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story —John von Neumann, 1946 There are two kinds of creation myths: those where life arises out of the mud, and those where life falls from the sky ●●

1946 There was one notable exception: Julian Bigelow rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story There was one notable exception: Julian Bigelow, who arrived at the Institute, in 1946, as John von Neumann’s chief engineer ●●

1946 ound) was one of the principal organizers of the army’s Elec rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Army Ordnance and the Aberdeen Proving Ground) was one of the principal organizers of the army’s Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer, or ENIA ●●

1946 uld remember indefinitely without rejuvenation … just memori rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “One should be able to go to any element without having to go to all the others [and] it should remember indefinitely without rejuvenation … just memo ●●

1946 Not only was von Neumann impatient to get started on the com rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Not only was von Neumann impatient to get started on the computer, but Aydelotte was about to leave for Palestine, as a member of the Joint Anglo-Amer ●●

1946 At the time the computer project was launched in 1946 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story At the time the computer project was launched in 1946, Veblen occupied room 124 on the ground floor, with bay windows looking out toward the end of Ol ●●

1946 This he did.” The engineers also had to install their own wi rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story This he did.” The engineers also had to install their own wiring, and, reminiscent of Julian Bigelow’s installation of a single circuit to his bedroom ●●

1946 The new building would not be ready to move into until Chris rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The new building would not be ready to move into until Christmas of 1946 ●●

1946 rmined essentially by the existing amplitude of a voltage or rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Elements of which the state is determined essentially by the existing amplitude of a voltage or signal are called ‘gates.’ ”57 In 1946, on the eve of ●●

1946 Bernal sent Booth on a mission to survey the state of comput rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1946, Bernal sent Booth on a mission to survey the state of computing in the United States ●●

1946 magnetic wire was the recording medium of choice rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1946, magnetic wire was the recording medium of choice ●●

1946 re as Thompson did and carry down a large quantity of sugar rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “To come up here as Thompson did and carry down a large quantity of sugar in excess of your rations is not cricket,” Aydelotte continued, “and I shoul ●●

1946 He remembers: “1946 was a year of ferment rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story He remembers: “1946 was a year of ferment, for the formulation of the problem and the means of solving it were at last moving toward each other, albei ●●

1946 Orders will follow.’ ”17 Thompson arrived at the Institute rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Orders will follow.’ ”17 Thompson arrived at the Institute in December 1946, moving into one of the Mineville apartments at the foot of Olden Lane ●●

1946 but because they really wanted to believe that forecasting s rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As Thompson explained, they “were against it, not for any objective reasons but because they really wanted to believe that forecasting should be an ar ●●

1946 TEN Monte Carlo Between 1946 and 1955 we crossed the count rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story TEN Monte Carlo Between 1946 and 1955 we crossed the country twenty-eight times by car ●●

1946 1946 “ONCE IN MY LIFE I had a mathematical dream which prov rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story —John von Neumann to Edward Teller, 1946 “ONCE IN MY LIFE I had a mathematical dream which proved correct,” remembers Stanislaw Ulam, born in Lwów, P ●●

1946 the entire Theoretical Division had been reduced to eight pe rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story With the war over, the entire Theoretical Division had been reduced to eight people by 1946 ●●

1946 Emergency Committee of Atomic Scientists is founded ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Albert Einstein, Léo Szilárd, Harold Urey, Linus Pauling, Victor Weisskopf, and Hans Bethe formed the Emergency Committee of Atomic Scientists, holdin ●●

1946 He lectured on Einstein’s theory of relativity at the Univer rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story He lectured on Einstein’s theory of relativity at the University of Oslo, published a volume of lecture notes on the theory of probability and statist ●●

1946 ENIAC is publicly unveiled ai_extracted 2 cit. no story The ENIAC was publicly unveiled in February of 1946, while the existence of Colossus would not be officially acknowledged for thirty-two years ●●

1946 ll the other groups trying to build a practical implementati rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Well, they had a little vector started that turned out subsequently to be very important vectors.”22 How did the von Neumann vector manage to outdist ●●

1946 ” von Neumann reported to Klári in November 1946 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Bureau of Standards, at first for 1 year and 50 kilobucks,” von Neumann reported to Klári in November 1946 ●●

1946 Alan Turing receives the Order of the British Empire ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Alan Turing received the Order of the British Empire in 1946, yet, under the Official Secrets Act, he could never talk openly about his wartime work ●●

1946 see Los Alamos; Manhattan Project “Proposed Electronic Calcu rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Air Force) Project Whirlwind, 8.1, 17.1 Project Y, see Los Alamos; Manhattan Project “Proposed Electronic Calculator” (Turing, 1946) Proving Ground ●●

1946 Event of 1946 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Shortly after assuming his post in Paris in 1946, and without consulting any of the member na- tions, he issued a statement titled UNESCO, Its Purpose ●●

1946 mental in Nazi genocide. These additional trials would candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story mental in Nazi genocide. These additional trials would prosecute doctors, scientists and industrialists. Many of these tribunals would be conducted exclusively by the United States.66 On December 11, 1946, as the United States was readying its own prosecutions, the United Nations approved Resolution ●●

1946 Administrative Procedure Act passed ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Finally, there are mechanisms like the landmark Administrative Procedure Act, passed in 1946, that forces federal agencies to publicly post rule changes and to solicit comment on them. ●●

1946 There were a number of important legal steps leading up to this result, including the August 16, 194 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story There were a number of important legal steps leading up to this result, including the August 16, 1945, announcement by the emperor that Japan had accepted the Potsdam Declaration and unconditional surrender, and the Imperial Rescript of January 1, 19 ●●

1946 19 Congress mandated consultation in the landmark 1946 Administrative Procedure Act, which required rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 19 Congress mandated consultation in the landmark 1946 Administrative Procedure Act, which required regulatory agencies to publicly post proposed rule changes and to solicit notice and comment. ●●

1946 Two: Years of Trial and rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Two: Years of Trial and Hope, 1946-1953 (Great Britain, 1956), p ●●

1946 Parliamentary Debates, House of Commons, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Parliamentary Debates, House of Commons, 16 October 1946, column 887 (reference is made here to Bevin’s statement of 10 August) ●●

1946 (The British Foreign Secretary, Ernest rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story (The British Foreign Secretary, Ernest Bevin, acknowledged in August 1946 that there were 228 ex-members of the Nazi Security Battalions—whose main task had been to track down Greek resistance fighters and Jews—on active service in the new Greek army ●●

1946 When 1946 arrived, about 100,000 candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story When 1946 arrived, about 100,000 American military personnel were still in China, still supporting Chiang ●●

1946 For the 1948 election, scheduled candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story For the 1948 election, scheduled for 18 April, the PCI and PSI united to form the Popular Democratic Front (FDP) and in February won municipal elections in Pescara with a 10 percent increase in their vote over 1946 ●●

1946 Apparently because of this pressure, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Apparently because of this pressure, the elections held on May 30 were fair enough to allow “moderate” ele- ments to participate, and, as mentioned earlier, the Rhee government was decisively repudi-ated.27 The resentment was manifested in the form o ●●

1946 1946 election: Mark Gayn, Japan rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 1946 election: Mark Gayn, Japan Diary (New York 1948) p ●●

20 February 1946 Congress passes the Employment Act of 1946 2 cit. President Harry Truman signed the Employment Act on 20 February 1946, making maximum employment, production and purchasing power a formal federal policy responsibility. The final act was less sweeping than the original full-employment bill, but it created the Council of Economic Advisers and locked macroeconomic management into the machinery of the US state. economy / politics ●●●●

1946 The Employment Act of 1946 passed only through the concerted efforts of liberal... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Employment Act of 1946 passed only through the concerted efforts of liberal and labor groups ●●

1 August 1946 Fulbright Act signed into law 0 cit. President Harry Truman signed the Fulbright Act, proposed by Senator J. William Fulbright, using proceeds from the sale of surplus American war material abroad to fund international academic exchange. The program was explicitly framed as a tool to build mutual understanding and reduce the chance of future wars, a form of cultural diplomacy rather than military power. It grew into the largest US government-funded international exchange program. culture / diplomacy ●●●

1946 Milton Friedman joins the University of Chicago economics department 0 cit. Milton Friedman joins the economics faculty at the University of Chicago, where he would spend three decades building what became known as the Chicago School of economics. The department emphasized free markets, monetary discipline, and skepticism of government intervention, in direct contrast to the Keynesian consensus dominant at the time. economy ●●●

1946 Mauchly and Eckert found their own computer company ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Unable to resolve patent disputes with the university, Mauchly and Eckert leave Penn to start the Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation. ●●

1946 Houphouet-Boigny tells France's Assembly Ivory Coast rejects separatism candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In the French National Assembly, the future president of the Ivory Coast argued for continued union with France, a position mass pressure for independence would later force him to abandon. ●●

18 February 1946 Mendez v. Westminster 0 cit. A federal district court ruled in favor of Mexican American parents, led by Gonzalo and Felicitas Méndez, who had sued four Orange County school districts for segregating their children into separate 'Mexican schools.' The Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed the ruling in April 1947, and California Governor Earl Warren signed a state law that June repealing school segregation statutes. The case is widely cited as a legal precursor to Brown v. Board of Education. politics / society ●●●

c. 1 June 1946 GC&CS becomes GCHQ 0 cit. After the war the Government Code and Cypher School was renamed the Government Communications Headquarters, GCHQ, and placed under the Foreign Office. It retained the signals intelligence role built up at Bletchley Park, now directed at the emerging Cold War rather than Germany. It moved its main site to Cheltenham in the early 1950s. politics / technology ●●

c. 1 January 1946 MI5 formalizes its Security Liaison Officer network 0 cit. After the Second World War, MI5 posted Security Liaison Officers (SLOs) to colonial territories to advise governors and coordinate local Special Branches with London. The SLO network gave MI5 an informal but wide-reaching supervisory role over political policing across the empire, standardizing methods and sharing intelligence between colonies. politics ●●

c. June 1946 Interpol reconstituted in postwar Europe 0 cit. Following the collapse of Nazi Germany, police officials from Allied and other nations rebuilt the international policing body at a Brussels-then-Paris-based organization, moving its headquarters to Paris and gradually restoring the cooperative functions the Nazi takeover had corrupted. It formally adopted the name International Criminal Police Organization-Interpol a decade later, in 1956. diplomacy / politics ●●

c. 1946 The disputed School of the Americas connection contested 0 cit. The US Army School of the Americas, founded in 1946 and later based at Fort Benning, trained thousands of Latin American military and police officers during the Cold War. Critics and human rights groups have attributed later abuses to graduates and pointed to interrogation manuals the Pentagon acknowledged and withdrew in the 1990s. Supporters counter that only a small share of graduates were implicated, so the causal link between the school and specific atrocities is contested rather than settled. diplomacy / politics / war ●●

4 July 1946 Philippine independence from the United States 0 cit. The United States granted independence to the Philippines, following an earlier promise and the disruption of the Second World War. The country had been a US colony since Spain ceded it in 1898, after Filipino forces had already declared their own republic. Independence made it one of the first Asian colonies of the postwar era to become fully sovereign. diplomacy / politics ●●

16 February 1946 The Soviet Union casts the first veto 0 cit. Within months of the UN's birth, the Soviet delegate used the veto for the first time, over the withdrawal of foreign troops from Syria and Lebanon. It was the opening move in a pattern that would repeat for decades. The veto quickly became a tool of great-power rivalry rather than a safeguard for peace. diplomacy / politics ●●

1946 to 1947 The South Sulawesi killings 0 cit. During the independence war, Dutch special forces under Captain Raymond Westerling run a campaign of terror in South Sulawesi to crush resistance. They summarily execute suspected fighters and villagers, killing thousands. It is one of the documented atrocities of the Dutch attempt to hold the colony. politics / war ●●

1946 The atomic bomb is born secret 0 cit. The Atomic Energy Act created a category called Restricted Data covering all information about nuclear weapons and material. Under the born secret doctrine, such knowledge counts as classified from the moment it exists, even if a private citizen works it out independently and the government never stamped it. Legal scholars have long debated whether classifying ideas at birth can survive a free-speech challenge, a question courts have never fully settled. politics / science ●●●

c. 1946 Britain builds a mixed economy through postwar nationalization 0 cit. The postwar Labour government took the Bank of England, coal, railways, electricity, gas, and steel into public ownership between 1946 and 1951. The state became the direct operator of large parts of industry alongside a private sector, the arrangement usually called the mixed economy. It set the pattern for Western Europe until the privatizations of the 1980s reversed much of it. economy / politics ●●

c. 1946 Nordic countries keep permanent home guards 0 cit. After the Second World War the Nordic states built lasting home guards, Sweden's Hemvarnet, Norway's Heimevernet and Denmark's Hjemmevaernet, of part-time local volunteers under military command. They mixed the wartime home-guard idea with a standing role in defence and disaster response. These forces kept the model alive through the Cold War and into the present. society / war ●●

1946 Stanford Research Institute takes on defense work 0 cit. Stanford set up a research institute to do contract work, much of it for the military and intelligence agencies during the Cold War. SRI became a hub where Pentagon money paid for advances in computing, networking, and artificial intelligence. science / technology / war ●

1946 The UKUSA agreement and the Five Eyes 0 cit. The United States and Britain signed a secret pact to share signals intelligence, later joined by Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. This Five Eyes alliance divided the globe among its members and pooled the take from intercepted communications. It became the backbone of Western electronic surveillance through the Cold War and after. diplomacy / politics / war ●●●

c. 1946 The Post-War Soldier-Settler Scheme 0 cit. After the Second World War the government ran a fresh European settlement scheme, recruiting British ex-servicemen and others to take up highland farms and enlarge the white population. It came just as pressure on African land was at its worst and settlers were pushing squatters off the same estates. The mismatch, more whites arriving on the land while Africans were being evicted from it, sharpened the grievance that soon exploded as Mau Mau. economy / politics ●●

c. 1946 Mass Squatter Evictions Feed the Revolt 1 cit. In the late 1940s settlers and the state pushed tens of thousands of Kikuyu squatters off the Highlands farms and back to reserves that had no room for them. Uprooted, landless, and bitter, many carried their grievance into Nairobi's slums and into the movement that became Mau Mau. The squatter question, land and a living taken away, was one of the direct roads to the Emergency of 1952. economy / politics / society ●●●

1946 Kenyatta Returns to Kenya 0 cit. Kenyatta sailed home in 1946 after some fifteen years abroad, returning as the most famous African political figure in the colony. He took charge of a teacher training college at Githunguri and stepped into the leadership of organised African politics. His homecoming was greeted by large crowds and raised expectations that he would press the settler government hard on land and the vote. politics ●●

September 1946 Kenyatta Returns and Takes the Helm of KAU 0 cit. Jomo Kenyatta came home in September 1946 after fifteen years in Britain, where he had studied, written Facing Mount Kenya, and helped organize the 1945 Pan-African Congress. In June 1947 he was elected president of the Kenya African Union, taking over from James Gichuru and becoming the recognized national spokesman for African grievances. He built KAU into a mass movement while insisting on constitutional methods, a moderation that later left him caught between the colonial state and the militants who wanted more than petitions. politics / society ●●●

September 1946 Return to Kenya to lead, leaving Edna and Peter behind 0 cit. In September 1946 Kenyatta sailed home after fifteen years away, leaving his English wife Edna and their son Peter in Sussex. He soon took over the Kenya African Union and became the country's leading nationalist. Whether he abandoned Edna or simply could not bring her into colonial Kenya is still argued; the two never lived together again. politics / society ●●●

July 1946 The Anglo-American Loan makes Britain a supplicant 0 cit. With Lend-Lease abruptly cut off at the end of the war, a near-bankrupt Britain negotiated a loan of roughly 3.75 billion dollars from the United States. The terms required Britain to make the pound freely convertible, a condition that triggered a sterling crisis in 1947 and underlined how far the balance of power had shifted. Correlli Barnett cites the episode as evidence of Britain's postwar illusions about its own strength. diplomacy / economy / politics ●●●

1946 Karl Popper joins the School 0 cit. The philosopher Karl Popper joined the LSE in 1946 and later held a chair in logic and scientific method. His books The Open Society and Its Enemies and The Logic of Scientific Discovery argued against grand historical theories and closed political systems. Popper and Hayek were allies, and together they strengthened the School's reputation as a centre of anti-collectivist thought. politics / science ●●

1946 Forced Repatriation of Rift Valley Squatters ai_extracted 1 cit. As white farmers imposed harsh new labour contracts and cattle limits after the war, more than 100,000 Kikuyu squatters were driven off the Rift Valley farms between 1946 and 1952. Forced to sell their livestock cheaply and returning to overcrowded reserves with no land, these embittered evictees became a major source of Mau Mau support. ●●